高等植物基因组中的反转录转座子

高等植物基因组中的反转录转座子王石平张启发（华中农业大学作物遗传改良国家重点实验室武汉４３００７０）关键词植物,反转录转座子,遗传多样性,转座ＲＥＴＲＯＴＲＡＮＳＰＯＳＯＮＳＩＮＴＨＥＧＥＮＯＭＥＳＯＦＨＩＧＨＥＲＰＬＡＮＴＳＷＡＮＧＳｈｉＰｉｎ...     

植物反转录转座子及其在功能基因组学中的应用

高等植物中的反转录转座子是构成植物基因组的重要成分之一.它分病毒家族和非病毒家族两类,病毒家族包括反转录病毒和类似于反转录病毒的非病毒转座子,病毒家族中的反转录转座子可再细分为Ty3-gypsy类和Ty1-copia类;非病毒家族可细分为LINE类和SINE类.正常情况下大部分反转录转座子不具有活性,某些生物或非生物因素胁迫可激活部分反转录转座子转座.反转录转座子自身编码反转录酶进行转录,以"拷贝-粘贴"的转座模式导致基因组扩增和进化.具有活性的反转录转座子通过插入产生新的突变,可作为一种基因标签技术,应用于功能基因组学研究,并成为研究植物基因功能和表达的重要技术平台.本文综述了近几年来在植物反转录转座子方面的研究进展,主要包括植物反转录转座子的结构、特征、活性及其对基因组的影响和它们在功能基因组学中的应用.     

反转录转座子标记及在作物遗传育种中的应用

反转录转座子通过RNA中间体进行反转录而转座,广泛分布于各种植物基因组中,拷贝数多,异质性高,在种内和种间表现出较高的序列差异性和丰富的插入多态性。针对这些特点,开发出了几种基于反转录转座子的分子标记,如SSAP、RIVPI、RAP、REMAP和RBIP等。由于反转录转座子标记能揭示出丰富的多态性,因而在遗传多样性和系谱研究、遗传连锁图谱构建及性状基因定位等方面得到了应用。随着分离技术的不断改进,获取序列信息更加容易,反转录转座子作为分子标记用于作物遗传育种将具有广阔前景。     

基于逆转座子的植物分子标记技术及其应用

逆转座子特异的结构和功能使其作为一种有效的遗传工具应用于许多方面。本文就植物逆座子的组成、类别、以及其作为分子标记体系应用在遗传多样性、种系发生和基因作图等的新进展作一综述。     

Molecular diversity analysis of grape varieties based on iPBS markers

Thirty-five grape varieties were evaluated for their molecular diversities based on inter-primer binding site (iPBS) markers. Fifteen selected iPBS primers generated a total of 99 polymorphic DNA bands with 86.3% polymorphism. The effectiveness of iPBS marker is comparable to or even more efficient than other retrotransposon-based markers in grape. The differentiation between cultivated and wild grape varieties were clearly showed by both UPGMA cluster analysis and PCoA analysis revealing that Chinese cultivated and wild grape germplasm are highly divergent and possess abundant genetic diversities. This study also confirmed that the iPBS marker is a simple, informative, reproducible and suitable method for grape genetic diversity evaluation.     

植物无融合生殖研究的新进展

植物无融合生殖是指不经过雌雄配子融合而产生种子的一种特殊生殖方式,能使基因型的杂合性得以保持,从而可固定杂种优势。对近几年来植物无融合生殖的研究进展及发展动态作一综述,列举了新发现的具有无融合生殖特性的植物种类：总结了控制无融合生殖的遗传机理：指出该研究领域中存在的问题：展望了该领域的发展前景。     

植物LTR反转录转座子的研究进展

反转录转座子是真核生物基因组中普遍存在的一类可移动的遗传因子,它们以RNA为媒介,在基因组中不断自我复制。在高等植物中,反转录转座子是基因组的重要成分之一。反转录转座子可以分为5大类型,其中以长末端重复（LTR）类型报道较多。LTR类型由于其首尾具有长末端重复序列,内部含有PBS、PPT、GAG和POL开放阅读框、TSD等结构,可以采用生物信息学软件进行预测。LTR反转录转座子的活性受到自身甲基化和环境因素的影响,DNA甲基化抑制反转录转座子转座,而外界环境的刺激能够激活转座子,从而影响插入位点周边基因的表达。同时由于LTR反转录转座子在植物中普遍存在,丰富的拷贝数以及多态性为新型分子标记（RBIP、SSAP、IRAP、REMAP）的开发提供了良好的素材。该文对近年来国内外有关植物反转录转座子的类型、结构特征、 LTR反转录转座子的活性及其影响因素、 LTR反转录转座子的预测以及标记开发等方面的研究进展进行综述。     

Retrotransposons and Tandem Repeat Sequences in the Nuclear Genomes of Cryptomonad Algae

The cryptomonads are an enigmatic group of unicellular eukaryotic algae that possess two nuclear genomes, having acquired photosynthesis by the uptake and retention of a eukaryotic algal endosymbiont. The endosymbiont nuclear genome, or nucleomorph, of the cryptomonad Guillardia theta has been completely sequenced: at only 551 kilobases (kb) and with a gene density of ∼1 gene/kb, it is a model of compaction. In contrast, very little is known about the structure and composition of the cryptomonad host nuclear genome. Here we present the results of two small-scale sequencing surveys of fosmid clone libraries from two distantly related cryptomonads, Rhodomonas salina CCMP1319 and Cryptomonas paramecium CCAP977/2A, corresponding to ∼150 and ∼235 kb of sequence, respectively. Very few of the random end sequences determined in this study show similarity to known genes in other eukaryotes, underscoring the considerable evolutionary distance between the cryptomonads and other eukaryotes whose nuclear genomes have been completely sequenced. Using a combination of fosmid clone end-sequencing, Southern hybridizations, and PCR, we demonstrate that Ty3-gypsy long-terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons and tandem repeat sequences are a prominent feature of the nuclear genomes of both organisms. The complete sequence of a 30.9-kb genomic fragment from R. salina was found to contain a full-length Ty3-gypsy element with near-identical LTRs and a chromodomain, a protein module suggested to mediate the site-specific integration of the retrotransposon. The discovery of chromodomain-containing retroelements in cryptomonads further expands the known distribution of the so-called chromoviruses across the tree of eukaryotes. [Reviewing Editor: Dr. Debashish Bhattacharya]     

植物性别分化的遗传基础与标记物研究

性别分化是植物个体发育的重要阶段 ,其分化机理的阐明不仅在发育生物学中具有重要的理论意义 ,而且具有极为重要的实践价值。遗传标记 ,尤其是近年来快速发展起来的蛋白质、分子标记等技术 ,在揭示植物性别分化机理的研究中起着越来越重要的作用。本文在比较不同开花系统植物性别分化的遗传基础上 ,综述了各类遗传标记在植物性别分化中的研究和应用 ,包括形态标记、蛋白质标记、同工酶标记和分子标记等 ,并对各种遗传标记在性别分化研究应用中的优缺点进行了分析。     

Pea Ty1-copia group retrotransposons: transpositional activity and use as markers to study genetic diversity in Pisum

The variation in transposition history of different Ty1-copia group LTR retrotransposons in the species lineages of the Pisum genus has been investigated. A heterogeneous population of Ty1-copia elements was isolated by degenerate PCR and two of these (Tps12 and Tps19) were selected on the basis of their copy number and sequence conservation between closely related species for further in-depth study of their transpositional history in Pisum species. The insertional polymorphism of these elements and the previously characterised PDR1 element was studied by sequence-specific amplification polymorphism (SSAP). Each of these elements reveals a unique transpositional history within 55 diverse Pisum accessions. Phylogenetic trees based on the SSAP data show that SSAP markers for individual elements are able to resolve different species lineages within the Pisum genus. Finally, the SSAP data from all of these retrotransposon markers were combined to reveal a detailed picture of the intra and inter-species relationships within Pisum. Received: 23 January 2000 / Accepted: 24 March 2000     

Properties of Shaker-type Potassium Channels in Higher Plants

Potassium (K⁺), the most abundant cation in biological organisms, plays a crucial role in the survival and development of plant cells, modulation of basic mechanisms such as enzyme activity, electrical membrane potentials, plant turgor and cellular homeostasis. Due to the absence of a Na⁺/K⁺ exchanger, which widely exists in animal cells, K⁺ channels and some type of K⁺ transporters function as K⁺ uptake systems in plants. Plant voltage-dependent K⁺ channels, which display striking topological and functional similarities with the voltage-dependent six-transmembrane segment animal Shaker-type K⁺ channels, have been found to play an important role in the plasma membrane of a variety of tissues and organs in higher plants. Outward-rectifying, inward-rectifying and weakly-rectifying K⁺ channels have been identified and play a crucial role in K⁺ homeostasis in plant cells. To adapt to the environmental conditions, plants must take advantage of the large variety of Shaker-type K⁺ channels naturally present in the plant kingdom. This review summarizes the extensive data on the structure, function, membrane topogenesis, heteromerization, expression, localization, physiological roles and modulation of Shaker-type K⁺ channels from various plant species. The accumulated results also help in understanding the similarities and differences in the properties of Shaker-type K⁺ channels in plants in comparison to those of Shaker channels in animals and bacteria.     

RFLP variability in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars and wild species

Summary RFLP variability was studied in eight U.S. peanut cultivars, representing the four market types, and in 14 wild Arachis species accessions, using random genomic clones from a PstI library. Very low levels of RFLP variability were found among the allotetraploids, which included the U.S. cultivars and Arachis monticola, a wild species. The diploid wild species were very diverse, however. RFLP patterns of the allotetraploids were more complex than the diploids, and the two constituent genomes could usually be distinguished. On the basis of RFLP band sharing, A. ipaensis, A. duranensis, and A. spegazzinii appeared most closely related to the diploid progenitor species of the allotetraploids. A dendrogram of relationships among the diploid wild species was constructed based on band sharing.     

转录因子在植物抗病基因工程中的研究进展

转录因子与顺式作用元件结合,可调控下游一系列基因的表达。通过基因工程手段使一个抗病转录因子基因在植物中超表达就相当于转入了多个抗病基因,从而提高综合抗病能力,因此,转录因子已成为近年来的研究热点。综述了乙烯应答元件结合因子(Ethylene-responsive element binding factors,AP2/EREBP)、MYB、WRKY、碱性亮氨酸拉链家族和homeodomain蛋白5种植物抗病相关转录因子的结构、功能特性、调控机制以及它们在植物抗病基因工程方面的研究成果,并展望了其应用前景。     

高等植物果聚糖研究进展

果聚糖是高等植物重要的贮藏碳水化合物 ,因植物种类和发育阶段而异 ,主要存在 5种类型的结构 :线型菊糖型果聚糖、菊糖型果聚糖新生系列、线型梯牧草糖型果聚糖、混合型梯牧草糖型果聚糖和梯牧草糖型果聚糖新生系列。果聚糖的代谢模型随着代谢酶—蔗糖 :蔗糖果糖基转移酶、蔗糖 :果聚糖_6_果糖基转移酶、果聚糖 :果聚糖果糖基转移酶、果聚糖 :果聚糖_6_果糖基转移酶、果聚糖外水解酶等的发现、纯化和克隆日趋清晰。此外 ,果聚糖分子生物学研究也取得了一定的进展