濒危植物裂叶沙参的大小孢子发生及雌雄配子体发育

本文以近缘广布种泡沙参为对照,对濒危物种裂叶沙参进行了大小孢子发生和雌雄配子体发育的研究。裂叶沙参的药壁发育为双子叶型,绒毡层为腺质型,细胞含两核。小孢子母细胞在减数分裂过程中胞质分裂为同时型。小孢子四分体为四面体型,成熟花粉粒为2-细胞型。胚珠倒生,单珠被,薄珠心,大孢子四分体为线形排列,胚囊发育为蓼型。成熟胚囊中两极核在受精之前融合为一个大的次生核。当胚囊发育至单核胚囊时,珠被的最内层细胞发育为珠被绒毡层。濒危植物裂叶沙参在大、小孢子发生及雌、雄配子体的发育过程中,未见有败育及其它异常现象;与对照种泡沙参相比,也未见有差异,这说明裂叶沙参的致濒原因不在于有性生殖过程。     

裂叶沙参和泡沙参气孔行为与蒸腾特性的关系

采用LI-6400便携式光合分析系统对裂叶沙参和泡沙参进行了不同遮光水平蒸腾速率的测定,并同步测定了叶片气孔大小、气孔密度、气孔开度和气孔导度等气孔行为.采用相关系数和通径系数分析方法分析了不同遮光水平裂叶沙参和泡沙参气孔行为与蒸腾特性的关系.结果表明:不同遮光水平测定的气孔行为对裂叶沙参和泡沙参蒸腾作用的直接影响大致相同,其中,两种沙参的气孔密度对蒸腾速率的直接影响较大.但泡沙参的气孔导度与蒸腾作用具有极显著的相关关系.     

濒危物种裂叶沙参及其近缘广布种泡沙参的遗传多样性研究

根据对１２个形态性状的统计分析和１０个基因位点的等位酶检测,探讨了濒危植物裂叶沙参及其近缘广布种泡沙参的遗传多样性水平,对３个裂叶沙参和６个泡沙参天然群体的遗传分析表明,两种沙参属植物均具有很高的遗传变异水平,这种变异性既体现在形态学水平上,也体现在酶位点水平上,在２个茎叶形状以及１０个花果和种子形状上,濒危种裂叶沙参的变异性均与广布种相当,同样,根据７个酶系统１０个等位酶位点的度量,裂叶沙参群体     

Comparative Studies of Sexual Reproduction and Asexual Propagation Between Populations of Adenophora lobophylla and A. potaninii

To reveal the internal mechanism which lead to the endangerment of the AdenophoUa lobophylla Hong population, comparative studies of sexual reproduction and asexual propagation between the populations of A. lobophylla and A. potaninii Korsh were carried out. Young seedlings of A. lobophylla had less ability to occupy the uper space of the herbaceous layer than those of A. potaninii. The A. lobophylla population produced much more seeds and lived a long reproductive life to adapt the ambient environment. Though the number of flowers and fruits of A. lobophylla population was more than those of A.potaninii population, the number of its ripe seeds as well as the quality was less. Thus, the development rate from its seeds to one-year old seedlings was very low, and viability of its young seedlings was very poor. This could be the important factor causing the imminent population endangerment of A. lobophylla. Besides the sexual reproduction, the A. lobophylla population also had a comparatively tiny ability of asexual propagation, which was advantageously complementary to its sexual reproduction.     

Gas Exchange and Water Use Efficiency of Adenophora lobophylla (Campanulaceae) at Different Altitudes on the East Boundary of the Qing- Zang Plateau

Field measurements were made of leaf net photosynthetic rate (Pn), apparent quantum yield (AQY), dark respiration (Rd), transpiration (Tr), water use efficiency (WUE), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), leaf temperature (TI), stomatal density, air temperature (Ta) and relative soil water content (SWC) for Adenophora lobophylla Hong in August, 1996. The species grows in the region from an altitude of 2 300 m to 3 400 m on the eastern boundary of the Qing-Zang Plateau in Sichuan Province, China. Leaf gas exchange, water use efficiency and plasticity of populations in field were compared among different altitudes to evaluate the possible interactions between adaptation of A. lobophylla and environmental factors in these habitats. Pn and AQY at low altitudes were lower than those at high altitudes. They strongly responded to SWC and Ta. On the other hand, Rd at low altitudes was higher than that at high altitudes because of the higher air temperature there. The growth rates at low altitudes were associated with the increases in Rd and a relevant less Pn. Stomata showed strong responses to leaf-to-air vapor pressure deficit at the leaf surface (Vpdl) and Tl in these habitats. Increasing stomatal limitations to photosynthesis appeared to be responsible for the reduction in Pn at high Tl, Vpdl and low available soil water for A. lobophylla at low ahitudes. Nonstomatal limitation to photosynthesis also happened at extreme soil water deficits and high Tl and Vpdl at an altitude of 2 300 m. Tr had a close relationship with stomatal conductance and was also affected by leaf temperature and leaf-to-air vapor pressure deficit at the leaf surface among habitats grown in different ahitudes. WUE increased with altitude. Increasing stomatal densities showed different plasticity of A. lobophylla as altitude increased. SWC and Ta appeared to be important factors to limit carbon assimilation in A. lobophylla at low altitudes, primarily through the process of stomatal closure. The overall results are in consistence with the hypothesis that strong pressure from tmfavorable environmental factors to gas exchange and wateruse of A. lobophylla may prevent their population expansion at low altitudes, which indicate that the above-mentioned restrictions might lead to the endangerment of A. lobophylla.     

A Biosystematic Study on Adenophora gmelinii Complex (Campanulaceae)

Seven species were included in this complex before 《Fl. Reip. Pop. Sin.》, which recognized 3 species. Carried out in this work were population sampling ( 46 populations in total), cultivation, experimental observation, chromosome observation (published), crossing, isozymogramatic comparison, character analysis (including numerical taxonomical analysis), stem anatomy and palynological observation. The results are shown as follows. 1. This complex is found almost always out-pollinated as it is always protandrous. No apomixis is found. Seedlings are of only basal leaves in the first year, and it is only in the second year that they develop stems and come into flowering. 2. Among 32 chromosome-counted populations, all in eastern Liaoning, most in western Liaoning and two in Haoxian County of Shanxi Province are found to be 2x (2n=34), and all the others 4x (2n=68). 3. A rather wide range of zymogramatic variation of leaf esterase was detected in the complex. But seed esterase was quite constant. 4. Based on the character analysis (including numerical taxonomical analysis) and stem anatomy, the populations'are found to be different from one another in size and form of corollas, size of fruits, size and indumentum of calyces, size and form of leaves (ratios of length and width), teeth of leaves, relative length of styles and corollas, seed form as well as presence or absence of medullary fibre. As a result, 8 races are recognized. A diploid distributed in western Liaoning, which was recognized as a variety, A. polantha var. contracta, is so distinct in gross morphology that it is treated here as a species, A. contracta (Kitag.) J.Z. Qiu et Hong. With the other 7 races, 3 species (A. gmelinii, A. polyantha and A. elata) and 5 subspecies are recognized. 5. As a result of crossing among 9 populations, some F1 seeds were produced between the tetraploids, but none between the tetraploids and the diploids from eastern Liaoning. 6. 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Biosystematic studies on Adenophora potaninii Korsh.complex (Campanulaceae) V.A taxonomic treatment

Adenophora is an extremely variable genus,and its taxonomy is very controversial.Of the genus,Adenophora potaninii complex,including A.potaninii,A.bockiana,A.wawreana,A.lobophylla,A.biformifolia,A,polydentata,and A.wawreana var.lanceifolia,is a typical group with different taxonomical treatments due to high level of morphological diversity.We carried out extensive biosystematic studies based on population sampling,transplantation experiments and offspring tests,cluster analysis,and a crossing experiment.The results reveal four main findings.(i) Leaf forms of the A.potaninii complex were extremely polymorphic; the leaf form of A.potaninii and A.bockiana,and that ofA.wawreana and A.biformifolia could be found,respectively,on a single population or among the offsprings of a single plant.(ii) Cluster analysis and a crossing experiment indicated that A.bockiana and A.polydentata could not be separated from A.potaninii,nor d.biformifolia from A.wawreana.(iii) Adenophora potaninii and A.wawreana were gradational in morphology and their compatibility value was slightly reduced compared to that within each entity.(iv) Adenophora lobophylla was distinct from the other members of the complex in shape and size of corolla,relative length of style,and shape of capsule.This species was incompatible reproductively with the other members of the complex,but partly compatible with A.stenanthina,a species in another section.Therefore,we recognized only one species with two subspecies in the complex,A.potaninii subsp.potaninii and subsp,wawreana,moved A.lobophylla out of the complex,and reduced all the other names as new synonyms.     

Biosystematic studies on Adenophora potaninii Korsh. complex (Campanulaceae) V. A taxonomic treatment

Abstract Adenophora is an extremely variable genus, and its taxonomy is very controversial. Of the genus, Adenophora potaninii complex, including A. potaninii, A. bockiana, A. wawreana, A. lobophylla, A. biformifolia, A. polydentata, and A. wawreana var. lanceifolia, is a typical group with different taxonomical treatments due to high level of morphological diversity. We carried out extensive biosystematic studies based on population sampling, transplantation experiments and offspring tests, cluster analysis, and a crossing experiment. The results reveal four main findings. (i) Leaf forms of the A. potaninii complex were extremely polymorphic; the leaf form of A. potaninii and A. bockiana, and that of A. wawreana and A. biformifolia could be found, respectively, on a single population or among the offsprings of a single plant. (ii) Cluster analysis and a crossing experiment indicated that A. bockiana and A. polydentata could not be separated from A. potaninii, nor A. biformifolia from A. wawreana. (iii) Adenophora potaninii and A. wawreana were gradational in morphology and their compatibility value was slightly reduced compared to that within each entity. (iv) Adenophora lobophylla was distinct from the other members of the complex in shape and size of corolla, relative length of style, and shape of capsule. This species was incompatible reproductively with the other members of the complex, but partly compatible with A. stenanthina, a species in another section. Therefore, we recognized only one species with two subspecies in the complex, A. potaninii subsp. potaninii and subsp. wawreana, moved A. lobophylla out of the complex, and reduced all the other names as new synonyms.     

Biosystematic Studies on Adenophora potaninii Korsh. Complex (Campanulaceae) III. Genetic Variation and Taxonomic Value of Morphological Characters

Adenophora potaninii Korsh．complex is a morphologically variable group including six species．As shown in many species in the genus Adenophora,the variability of many morphological characters in the complex under investigation is amazingly great,which brings difficulties in the delimitation and indentification of taxa．In the present study,six populations representing five species in the complex were systematically sampled to investigate the pattern of morphological variation within population and to detect the genetic basis of the variation with progeny tests and controlled crosses．The results are as follows： Great morphological variation within population is found (Fig.1),including characters such as leaf shape,teeth number and size of leaf margins,teeth number of calyx lobes,and indumentum on the surface of stems and leaves,which were previously considered as diagnotic．Systematic sampling and statistical analysis show that the differences in the above characters exhibit continuous patterns of variation within population (Fig．1,2),though they are highly correlated (Table 2)．From progeny testing and crossing between two contrast types of individuals (oblong,dentate and pubescent leaves vs．narrow,entire and glabrous leaves)it is evident that those characters show continuous variability in segregating progenies (Fig.3,4)and appear to be influenced by large numbers of loci with individually slight effects．Since most wild populations were highly heterozygous for those characters,the individuals in one extreme of variation can produce their variable offsprings including individuals similar to those in the other extreme (Fig. 3). This is also true for the indumentum density on stems and teeth number of calyx lobes. In this complex, A. biformifolia Y. Z. Zhao, A. bockiana Diels and A. polydentata P.F. Tu et G. J. Xu were described exclusively based on leaf shapes, teeth number of leaf margins and calyx lobes, teeth size of leaf margins, and indumentum on the surface of stemsand leaves. It is demonstrated, however, that the variation of those characters is of a quantitative nature and show no discontinuities. As a result, genetic analysis of diagnostic characters along with their sympatric distribution and same habitats, strongly suggest that A.biformifolia as well as A. bockiana and A. polydentata are actually the extreme individuals within A. wawreana and A. potaninii respectively and should not be recognized as taxa at any taxonomic level.     

A Reevaluation of the Status of A. lobophylla Based on ITS Sequence,with Reference to the Utility of ITS Sequence in Adenophora

Adenophora Fisch. (Campanulaceae)is a medium-sized and diverse genus, which occurs mainly in eastern Asia, particularly in China. Although several taxonomic systems have been proposed, there is still much debate on the delimitation and systematic arrangement of the species within the genus, due mainly to high variation in morphology, habitats, phenotypic plasticity, and potential hybridization. A. lobophylla Hong is a rare perennial endemic to several counties of Sichuan, China. Since this species was recognized, much work has been done on its taxonomic status, including morphology, crossing experiment and allozymes. However, evidence available is not concordance so far, and its relationship with other species within the genus remains largely uncertain. In the present paper, the internal transcribed spacer(ITS) region of 18s～26s nuclear ribosomal DNA was sequenced in 10 representatives of Adenophora and two outgroup species of Campanula to assess its utility for phylogenetic reconstruction in Adenophora, in addition to reevaluation of the taxonomic status of A. lobophylla. The results indicate that there exist high sequence alignability and length conservation among ITS sequences, with informative sites being 3.9% and length ranging from 539 to 541 bp and G + C content varying from 57% to 60%. Phylogenetic　analyses using Fitch parsimony show that A. lobophylla is closely related to A. himalayana instead of A. potaninii or A. stenanthina as revealed by previous morphological work and crossing experiment. The ITS phylogeny is generally congruent with other evidence in that A. lobophylla should be removed from the A. potaninii complex or even subsect. Microdiscus. Its appropriate placement, however, should be further explored. In pairwise comparisons at unambiguously aligned sites, sequence divergence was relatively low among Adenophora species with the values ranging from 0.0 to 3.9% in spite of the fact that the species surveyed covered all of the sections and subsections of the genus. In contrast, high sequence divergence is found among Adenophora and Campanula species with the values from 17.8 % to 19.2 %. The low divergence among Adenophora species is justified considering its recent origin, and also suggests that ITS sequence would provide a promising source of nuclear phylogenetic markers to reconstruct the phylogeny within Campanulaceae on the tribe and family levels.     

内蒙古沙参属一新异名和一新名称

索伦沙参Adenophora suolunensis P. F. Tu &; X. F. Zhao与小花沙参A. micrantha D. Y. Hong为同一种植物, 故将前者处理为后者的异名; 坛盘沙参A. urceolata Y. Z. Zhao是壶花沙参A. urceolata C. Y. Wu的晚出同名, 另提出新名库伦沙参A. kulunensis Y. Z. Zhao。     

裂叶沙参与泡沙参解剖生态学的比较研究

借助于光镜和扫描电镜,系统观察了濒危植物裂叶沙参(Adenophora lobo-phylla Hong.)的根、芦头、茎和叶的解剖特征及茎、叶、种子的表面形态特征,并将有关性状与广布种泡沙参(A.potaninii Korsh.)作了对比研究。结果表明,两种沙参在叶表皮细胞形状,垂周壁式样,角质层初级雕纹及次级雕纹;叶片气孔形状及外拱盖外缘纹饰及内缘形状,保卫细胞上角质层薄厚及蜡质纹饰;叶表毛状体形状及纹饰,茎中皮层占茎横切面的比例;茎中有无髓纤维等方面存在着明显差异。相对于泡沙参,裂叶沙参单株叶面积大,生物量高,表皮角质层薄,单位面积内被毛数量少,栅栏组织薄,气孔周围蜡质沉积颗粒少;茎的直径大,皮层较薄等。这些特征表明裂叶沙参对旱生生境适应能力弱,而泡沙参对旱生生境适应能力强。     

裂叶沙参与泡沙参种群分布格局分形特征的分析

 裂叶沙参与泡沙参种群在不同海拔区域分布格局的计盒维数与其在群落中占据空间的能力成正比,并且与环境因素密切相关。在裂叶沙参与泡沙参种群较为适生的区域,海拔2700～3100m,两者在群落中占据空间的能力最强,他们的计盒维数达到最高。在低于海拔2700m或高于海拔3100m,环境条件严酷的区域,裂叶沙参种群与泡沙参种群占据空间的能力不同程度的下降。在不同的海拔区域,广布种泡沙参种群占据空间的能力均比裂叶沙参种群高,而其受环境因素影响较弱。在海拔2700m以下地区,泡沙参种群水平分布格局的计盒维数比裂叶沙参种群高4.5倍;在两种群较为适生的区域,海拔2700～3100m,泡沙参计盒维数比裂叶沙参种群高1.5倍,差异最小;在泡沙参与裂叶沙参种群分布的上限,海拔3100m以上地区,两者计盒维数差异又增加,泡沙参计盒维数比裂叶沙参种群高1.8倍。这说明裂叶沙参种群的内在适应力、竞争力比泡沙参种群相对较弱。     

濒危种裂叶沙参种群生命表和存活曲线的研究及其与广布种泡沙参的对照

以近缘广布种泡沙参为对照,本文编制了濒危种裂叶沙参种群的标准生命表、存活曲线以及海拔２３００～２４００ｍ、２７００～２９００ｍ、２９００～３１００ｍ和３１００～３４００ｍ区域４个种群的生命表,存活曲线。根据其生活史,讨论了裂叶沙参各种群特定年龄的存活量、死亡量和死亡率等重要参数。裂叶沙参种群存活曲线属ＤｅｖｅｙＣ型,１～５年生死亡率最高,个体最长寿命２５年。而泡沙参种群的死亡高峰期是１～３年,个体最长寿命２１年。导致裂叶沙参种群幼龄个体死亡的内在原因是其较弱的抗逆性和适应能力;外在原因是严重的干旱、外界干扰和群落内的光照不足。裂叶沙参种群适应不良环境的能力较泡沙参弱：在海拔２７００ｍ以下地区,由于外界干扰和环境干旱,除水份条件较好的特殊生境,大多种群呈严重衰退趋势,不能满足编表条件,只有海拔２７００ｍ以上区域的种群呈稳定或扩展趋势;而泡沙参各种群在不同海拔区域均呈稳定或扩展趋势,满足编表条件。从海拔２３００ｍ到３４００ｍ,不同裂叶沙参种群个体寿命呈：短长短的格式,与外界严酷较好严酷的环境相对应。这表明裂叶沙参种群在严酷环境条件下改变了其生存对策,缩短了个体寿命。     

A new species ofAdenophora (Campanulaceae) from Korea

Adenophora erecta S. Lee, J. Lee et S. Kim, is described as a new species from an open north-facing mountain slope on the coast of Sukpo-Dong, Ullungdo Is., Kyungsangbukdo, Korea. This species resemblesA. remotiflora Miq., but is well separated by having the leaves compactly arranged along the upper part of the stem, condensed raceme, distinct veins on the corolla and especially shallow dome-shaped epigynous nectar disc.     

Conservation Genetics of an Endangered Herb, Hanabusaya asiatica (Campanulaceae)

Abstract: Hanabusaya asiatica (Nakai) Nakai (Campanulaceae), a bee- pollinated, perennial herb, is restricted to the mountainous regions of the eastern-central Korean peninsula. Allozyme analyses for 348 individuals assessed the levels of genetic diversity for five populations. Spatial autocorrelation statistics were also used to examine the spatial distribution of allozyme polymorphisms. The species maintains high levels of allozyme diversity ( H _eS = 0.217) and it exhibits low allozyme differentiation among populations ( G _ST = 0.132) compared with other endemics (mean H _e = 0.096, G _ST = 0.248). There is an apparent pattern of isolation by distance among populations. These results suggest that H. asiatica is at a genetic equilibrium. A considerable deficit in numbers of heterozygotes suggests mating among relatives in populations. At least three populations of H. asiatica should be sampled or conserved to capture or maintain > 99 % of the genetic diversity in the species as a whole. Within local populations, individuals are distributed in a structured, isolation by distance, manner. Approximate genetic patch width in the populations of H. asiatica examined is 5 - 8 m. For conservation purposes, it is suggested that, in general, the sampling of H. asiatica should be conducted at intervals in order to efficiently sample the genetic diversity across an entire population.     

川西北泡沙参种群根系生长动态及其与环境因素关系研究

对川西北地区泡沙参种群根系生物量累积和形态发育过程及其与环境因素的关系进行了研究。结果表明,泡沙参种群根系生物量累积一般规律符合Logisticc增长过程。较高的泡沙参根系生物量累积和形态发育时期可以持续到15～17年生以后,根系采收直径应在1．7cm以上。动物啃食、人为采挖、土壤、气候等环境条件与不同海拔各种群的根系生物量累积等有着密切联系,中海拔地区(2800～3300m)人为干扰少,土壤和水热条件适宜,根系生物量和形态发育达到较高水平,适合高产栽培。而低海拔和高海拔地区的不利环境条件限制了泡沙参根系生长,在进行野生资源保护利用以及人工栽培泡沙参时应充分考虑环境因素,努力减少放牧、采挖等人为破坏,有条件的地区应实行分区禁牧、禁采挖,为泡沙参种群恢复和药材品质提高创造条件。     

Phylogeny of Hanabusaya (Campanulaceae), a Korean endemic,based on ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA

The phylogenetic position of the genus Hanabusaya was verified using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences data of 181 individuals of 176 taxa in Campanulaceae, including allied genera such as genus Campanula, Adenophora, Symphyandra, and Zeugandra. The phylogenetic analysis showed thatHanabusaya is more closely allied to Adenophora than to Symphyandra, Zeugandra, and Campanula. Accordingly, the connate anthers of Hanabusaya are considered to have evolved independently of Symphyandra or Zeugandra. However, Hanabusaya and sect. Remotiflorae of Adenophora were unresolved within a clade. Therefore, the relationship between Hanabusaya and its allies should be more accurately determined through a broader study on diverse genetic regions.     

苞叶姜大小孢子发生和雌雄配子体发育

对苞叶姜（Pyrgophyllum yunnanense）大小孢子发生和雌雄配子体发育进行了显微观察,研究结果表明：苞叶姜花药2室,药壁发育属基本型,绒毡层为分泌型。小孢子母细胞经减数分裂形成左右对称型四分体,胞质分裂为连续型,成熟花粉粒为2-细胞型;子房下位,3室,胚珠多数,倒生,具双珠被、厚珠心,中轴胎座。大孢子母细胞经减数分裂形成线型（或T形）四分体,珠孔端3个大孢子退化,合点端的1个发育成功能大孢子,胚囊发育为蓼型。比较苞叶姜、黄花大苞姜（Caulokaempferia coenobialis）和海南三七（Kaem pferia rotunda）的早期胚胎学特征,表明苞叶姜与黄花大苞姜系统学关系较近,与海南三七系统学关系较远。在分类等级上,胚胎学证据支持苞叶姜独立成属。     

Echinocodon Hong,a New Genus of Campanulaceae and Its Systematic Position

Echicocodon Hong (Wahlenbergieae); Gen. nov. Calyx 2-5-saepe 4-fidus; lobis utrinque 2-4-lobulis spiniformibus praeditis. Corolla tubulosa; ad medium parterm (3-) 4 (-5)-lobata. Stamina (3-) 4 (-5); libera; sed inter se eonniventia; filamentis basi parum expansis. Ovarium fere inferum; 3-5-1oculare; stigmata 3-5; demum recurva; linearia; ovula ∞. Capsula globosa; 3-5-locularis; spice loculicide dehiscens; valvis calycis lobis alternantibus. Semina ∞ ; minima; ellipsoidea; obtuse triquetra.——Herbae perennes; lactesentes; radicibus palaribus crassiusculis. Folia alterna; pinnatipartita. Flores solitarii terminalesque vel 2-3 in cymam conferti. Genus monotypicum; in provincia Hubei Sinae cresens. Typus generis: Echinocodon lobophyllus Hong. Echinocodon lobophyllus Hong; sp. nov. plate 1 Herbae diffusae; omnino glabrae; radicibus palaribus ad 5 mm crassis. Caulis ad 40 cm longus; ramosissimus. Folia alterna; petiolis 5-10 mm longis; laminis ellipticis; 5-20 mm longis; 3-15 mm latis; basi anguste cuneatis; apice obtusis; pinnatisectis vel ad medium pinnatipartitis. Flores solitarii terminales vel 2-3 in cymam conferti; pedicellis 1-5 cm longis. Calycis lobi ovato-lanceolati; 2-6 mm longi; lobulis spiniformibus exclusis 1-3 mm lati. Corolla purpureo-caerulea; tubulosa; 3-4.5 mm longa; ad medium (3-)4(-5)-lobata; lobis late ovato-diltoideis; ad 3 mm latis. Stamina inter se conniventia; filamentis liberis; 1.5 mm longis; basi expansis; ciliatis; antheris oblongis; 1 mm longis. Stylus 1 mm longus; stigmata linearia; demum recurva. Capsula globosa; 3-5 mm diam.; sed parte supera conica et 2 mm longa. Semina minima; luteo-fusca; ellipsoidea; obtuse triquetra; 0.3 mm longa. China: Hubei Province; Yunxi County; near the town; 300 m alt.; 1 Jul. 1983. Ma Yuan-jun and Hong De-yuan PB83006 (holotype; PE); the same locality; 11 Jul. 1978; Ma Yuan-jun 3921. The new genus; Echinocodon Hong; shows its systematic position in the tribe Wahlenbergieae by the inferior ovary and capsule which loculicidally dehisces above the calyx and is closely related to the genera Codonopsis; Platycodon and Wahlenbergia; from all of which it differs in having the calyx lobes with spinelike lobules and the pinnatisect or pinnatipartite leaves. From Codonopsis it differs also in having the linear stigma lobes; from Platycodon also in the capsule valves alternate with the calyx lobes and from Wahlenhergia also in having the 4(5)-colpate pollen grains. Meiosis in pollen mother cells was examined and; 8 bivalents in MI and 8 chromosomes in MII were always observed (Plate 2: 1-2). The chromosomt number is thus determined to be n=8. The pollen grains taken from the flowers which were fixed in the fields with Carnoy II fixative (6:3:1 absolute alcohol/chloroform/glacial acetic acid) were examined without further treatment under SEM; and under LM after acetolysis. The result shows that they are oblate; 4(5)-colpate (Plate 2: 3-4); with colpi 10.5μm long and 2.5μm wide and with a smooth colpus membrane (Plate 2: 5). The exine is 2-layered; with a distinct baculate layer (Plate 2:7-8). The sexine surface is covered with spinules almost regularly spaced; 0.6μm high and basally divided. The sexine between spinules consists of short ridges (Plate 2: 6). The new genus is closely related to the genera Codonopsis; Wahlenbergia and Platycodon from gross morphological point of view; but its pollen grains differ markedly from all of them. The pollen grains in Codonopsis are longly 5-colpate; and with the sexine consisting of a low relief reticulum; those in Platycodon longly 5-colporate and those in Wahlenbergia 3-porate. The pollen type of the new genus Echinocodon with short colpi is therefore probably derived from the longly colpate type of pollen like that of Codonopsis or directly from longly colporate type like that of Platycodon; and is likely more primitive than thatin Wahlenbergia.