Cassava starch fermentation pattern ofRhizopus oligosporus

Summary Rhizopus oligosporus UQM 145F was grown on cassava starch medium without a preliminary treatment of starch. The fermentation pattern ofR. oligosporus is shown to be influenced significantly by the medium composition, pH of the growth culture and the size of the spore inoculum. By varying the carbon, nitrogen and mineral salt concentrations, it was found that either glucose accumulated due to excess hydrolysis of starch or single cell protein production became dominant. In the case of the carbon source, increases in the concentration of starch led to higher biomass values, but lower rates of protein production. These observations led to a new formulated medium, resulting in an 82.9% cassava starch utilization and a true protein yield of 5.32 g/100 g initial substrate. The response ofR. oligosporus to inorganic compounds such as (NH₄)₂SO₄, urea, NaCl and MgSO₄ indicates an interesting fermentation control system.

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Resumen Rhizopus oligosporus UQM 145F se hizo crecer en un medio a base de almidón de casava sin que hubiera pasado por un tratamiento previo con almidón. Se demostró que el patrón de fermentación seguido porRh.oligosporus estaba significativamente influenciado por: la composición del medio, su pH y el tamaño del inóculo. Al variar las concentraciones de carbono, nitrógeno y sales minerales se observó que predominaba la acumulación de glucosa o bien la producción de proteínas unicelulares. Un incremento en la fuente de carbono aumentó la biomasa pero disminuyó el ritmo de producción de proteínas. Estas observaciones permitieron elaborar un nuevo medio de cultivo que resultó en la utilización del 82.9% del almidón de casava con un rendimiento en proteínas de 5.32 g/100 g de sustrato inicial. La respuesta deRh. oligosporus a compuestos inorgánicos como sulfato amónico, urea, cloruro sódico y sulfato magnésico indican la existencia de un sistema de control de la fermentación muy interesante.

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Résumé On a fait croîtreRhizopus oligosporus UQM 145 F sur un milieu à base d'amidon de manioc sans traitement préalable de l'amidon. Le profil de fermentation parR. oligosporus apparaît être influencé de manière significative par la composition du milieu, le pH de la culture en croissance et la taille de l'inoculum de spores. En variant les concentrations en carbone, en azote et en sels minéraux, on remarque la prédominance tantôt de la protéine unicellulaire, tantôt de l'accumulation de glucose. Un accroissement en concentration conduit à des valeurs plus élevées de la biomasse mais en une moindre production de protéines. Ces observations ont abouti à une nouvelle formulation du milieu avec pour résultat une utilisation à 82.9% de l'amidon de manioc et un rendement vrai en protéines de 5.32 g/100 g de substrat initial. La réponse deR. oligosporus aux composés inorganiques comme le sulfate d'ammonium, l'uréi, le chlorure de sodium et le sulfate de magnésium sont indicateurs d'un système très intéressant de contrôle de la fermentation.

     

Degradation of stachyose,raffinose, melibiose and sucrose by different tempe-producing Rhizopus fungi

Forty-six strains of tempe-forming Rhizopus species were screened for their ability to grow on raffinose as the sole carbon source. Six of the strains showed good growth and sporulation. These isolates were one Rhizopus oligosporus, one Rhizopus microsporus var. chinensis, three Rhizopus oryzae and one Rhizopus stolonifer. These six moulds and R. oligosporus strain NRRL 2710 were investigated for their metabolism of the raffinose family of -galactoside carbohydrates. Degradation experiments were performed in submerged culture in a medium containing soybean -protein, sodium phytate and either stachyose, raffinose or melibiose. R. oryzae and R. stolonifer completely consumed the tested carbohydrates as carbon source. R. microsporus var. chinensis failed to hydrolyse the -galactosidic bonds of raffinose, stachyose or melibiose, whereas it was able to use sucrose and the fructose moiety of raffinose or stachyose for growth. R. oligosporus NRRL 2710 was unable to hydrolyse any of the tested carbohydrates. The results of the oligosaccharide degradation experiments could be verified during tempe production from soybeans with the selected fungal species.     

Agar plate growth studies of Rhizopus oligosporus and Aspergillus oryzae to determine their suitability for solid-state fermentation

Summary Colony radial growth rates of Rhizopus oligosporus and Aspergillus oryzae were compared under various conditions on agar plates containing cassava starch. Both organisms grew well on cassava starch as their sole source of carbon and energy, although growth was stimulated by the addition of yeast extract and peptone. Neither organism utilized ungelatinized starch effectively. The optimum initial pH for R. oligosporus was 7, although good growth was obtained at pH 5 when ammonium sulfate was partially replaced by urea. A. oryzae grew well over a range of initial pH values from 5 to 8. Growth of R. oligosporus was inhibited by NaCl concentrations above 0.5% (w/v) while A. oryzae was unaffected up to 4% NaCl. The best colony radial growth rate obtained for R. oligosporus was 1.01 mm/h, which was far superior to that obtained for A. oryzae (0.29 mm/h). R. oligosporus was chosen as the more suitable organism for future studies of the protein enrichment of cassava by solid-state fermentation.     

Reduction of incubation time for tempeh fermentation by use of pregerminated inoculum

Spores ofRhizopus oligosporus, pregerminated 8–12 h on cooked white rice, were used to inoculate cooked soybeans, reducing the incubation time of the tempeh fermentation by up to 4 h.A potato extract-yeast extract-glucose broth containing germinated spores as inoculum for tempeh reduced incubation time by 4–5 h. Reduction of up to 17% of the tempeh fermentation time using spores pregerminated in a solid substrate may be of considerable economic value to soyfoods manufacturers.     

Oats tempeh

Oats was used as a substrate in tempeh fermentation. The time needed to obtain sufficient mold growth was at least 30 hours at 31°C (Rhizopus oligosporus NRRL 2710). pH was decreasing during the first 32 hours of incubation reaching pH = 5.30. Fermentation of oats led to an increase in water soluble nitrogen, but it did not change protein nitrogen content. R. oligosporus proteinases of optimum pH = 5.50 are postulated to play an important role in oats tempeh fermentation. When a mixture of oats and soybean (1:1) was used, mold growth was faster and the cake tougher. Mixing cereals with legumes to produce good tempeh is recommended.     

Optimization of cassava starch conversion to glucose byRhizopus oligosporus

Summary Incubation temperature, inoculum size, initial pH and pH control play a major role in cassava starch to glucose conversion byRhizopus oligosporus. Maximal glucose production was obtained after 45 to 48 h fermentation at 45°C, pH control at 4.0, 5% cassava starch, agitation rate of 300 rev./min. and aeration rate of 85 ml/min. Under these conditions, starch hydrolysis was 99.4% with a starch-to-glucose conversion efficiency of 91.6% and a final yield of 35.2 g/l glucose with a biomass yield of only 2.8 g/100 g cassava starch.

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Optimisation de la conversion de l'amidon de manioc en glucose par Rhizopus oligosporus

Résumé La température d'incubation, la taille de l'inoculum, le pH initial et le contrôle du pH jouent un rôle majeur dans la conversion de l'amidon de manioc en glucose parRhizopus oligosporus. On obtient la production maximum de glucose après 45–48 h de fermentation à 45°C, avec un contrôle de pH à 4.0, 5% d'amidon de manioc, une vitesse d'agitation de 300 tpm et une vitesse d'aération de 85 ml/min. Dans ces conditions, l'hydrolyse de l'amidon atteint 99.4% avec une efficacité de conversion de l'amidon en glucose de 91.6% et un rendement final de 35.2 g de glucose par litre pour un rendement en biomasse de 2.8 g seulement par 100 g d'amidon de manioc.

     

The effect of urea on growth of moulds and biomass yield in solid-state cultivation

Urea, added at 2 to 20 mg/g in solid bran medium supporting growth of Aspergillus oryzae and Rhizopus oligosporus, led to a higher concentration of NH₄ ⁺ and pH but a decrease in biomass production.The authors are with the Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 61000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.     

Fermented tempeh-like products as useful way of utilizing legume seeds

The in vitro effect of fermented tempeh-like food on intensive flatulence caused by intestinal bacteria after consuming soybeans (Glycine max) was studied. Six fungi strains of Rhizopus and Actinomucor were tested. Rhizopus oligosporus NRRL 2710 proved to have the highest antibacterial activity. In vitro tests vs. Clostridium perfringens 546 showed that the soybean extract from the food fermented with the fungi mentioned above in about 80% of the experiments slowed the bacterial growth rate remarkably. The homogenization of tempeh-like food increased its antimicrobial activity. Cultures of Rh. oligosporus NRRL 2710 grown on the brewery wort medium did not show any antibacterial activity.     

Baffles increase performance of solid-state fermentation in rotating drum bioreactors

Summary Rhizopus oligosporus grew better on wheat bran in a rotating drum when baffles were fitted. The maximum O₂ uptake rates for the baffled and unbaffled runs were 9.0 and 5.7 mmol/min.kg initial dry substrate respectively. The RQ remained at 1.0 throughout the baffled run but varied between 1.0 and 1.2 for the unbaffled run.     

Changes in the antibiotic production by co-culture of Rhizopus peka P8 and Bacillus subtilis IFO3335

The co-culture of Bacillus subtilis IFO 3335 with Rhizopus peka P8 or Rhizopus oligosporus P12 in liquid medium was found to increase production of antibiotic activity and to alter the spectrum of activity relative to the pure cultures. However, a mixed culture of Rhizopus arrhizus P7 and Rhizopus oryzae P17 did not produce antibiotic activity. The concentration, ratio, and time of addition of B. subtilis to the R. peka culture was found to influence antibiotic yields. Solid-state fermentations using mixed cultures of R. peka and B. subtilis were investigated. The growth of Escherichia coli IFO 3792 as a target bacterium was inhibited by the mixed culture. These results suggest the possibility of biopreservation of fermented foods by novel co-culture systems.     

Protein measurement in solid-state fermentation

Summary Membrane filter culture was used as a model system for the investigation of the growth of Rhizopus oligosporus in solid-state fermentation. The biuret method gave more accurate estimations of protein than the Folin-Lowry method. However, due to the change in the protein content of the biomass during the fermentation, protein cannot be considered to be a reliable index of growth in solid-state fermentation.     

Low-temperature scanning electron microscopy of hyphal colonisation of Chenopodium quinoa during fermentation with Rhizopus oligosporus

In a study of tempe made by fermenting quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) with Rhizopus oligosporus Saito, the interaction between the substrate and the fungus varied according to the raw material used. Low-temperature scanning electron microscopy confirmed that hyphal infiltration in quinoa was normally limited by the seed coat, but a massive penetration was found in fragments of quinoa where the testa was broken. This finding has implications for the texture and quality of tempe fermentation of grains and pulses.     

Linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid,and monolinolenins as antibacterial substances in the heat-processed soybean fermented with Rhizopus oligosporus

ABSTRACT

Antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis were found in an ethanol fraction of tempe, an Indonesian fermented soybean produced using Rhizopus oligosporus. The ethanol fraction contained free fatty acids, monoglycerides, and fatty acid ethyl esters. Among these substances, linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid exhibited antibacterial activities against S. aureus and B. subtilis, whereas 1-monolinolenin and 2-monolinolenin exhibited antibacterial activity against B. subtilis. The other free fatty acids, 1-monoolein, monolinoleins, ethyl linoleate, and ethyl linolenate did not exhibit bactericidal activities. These results revealed that R. oligosporus produced the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and monolinolenins as antibacterial substances against the Gram-positive bacteria during the fungal growth and fermentation of heat-processed soybean.     

Real-time monitoring of the accretion of Rhizopus oligosporus biomass during the solid-substrate tempe fermentation

We describe a novel method for the real-time estimation of the accretion of blomass during the solid-substrate tempe fermentation of soy beans, lupins and quinoa by Rhizopus oligosporus Salto. The method is based on measurements of the dielectric permittivity at radio-frequencies, using a four-terminal instrument (the Bugmeter). In all cases, excellent Ilnearity is observed during the growth phase between the dielectric permittivity and the hyphal length as determined microscopically.     

Variations in amylase and protease activities amongRhizopus isolates

Summary Variations in amylase and protease activities among 16 local isolates ofRhizopus spp. were assessed.Rhizopus microsporus and theR. arrhizus isolates were consistently good producers of amylase. Good producers of protease wereR. microsporus and theR. oligosporus isolates. No amylase or protease activity was detected inR. stolonifer. The results also showed that

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Resumen Se evaluaron las variaciones en las actividades amilasa y proteasa de 16 aislados locales deRhizopus spp. Los aislados deR. microsporus y deR. arrhizus fueron buenos productores de amilasa en tanto que los aislados deR. microsporus y deR. oligosporus lo fueron de proteasa. No se detectó actividad amilasa ni proteasa enR. stolonifer. Los resultados mostraron además que la producción enzimática variaba entre las deferentes especies deRhizopus spp. aislados y tambien entre aislados de la misma especie. UnRhizopus spp. aislado de pan seco fue tan activo como varias cepas aisladas de tempeh.

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Résumé Les variations en activités amylolytique et protéolytique chez 16 souches isolées localement deRhizopus spp. ont été mesurées. Les souches deRhizopus microsporus et deR. arrhizus se sont avérées systématiquement bonnes productrices d'amylase. Les souches deR. microsporus et deR. oligosporus se sont avérées bonnes productrices de protéase. Ni amylase ni protéinase n'ont été détectées chezR. stolonifer. Les résultats ont également montré que la productivité enzymatique variait d'espèce chezRhizopus, et même parmi différentes souches de la même espèce. La souche deRhizopus isolée de pain bis était aussi active en production d'enzyme que certaines souches isolées de tempeh.

     

Genetically modified soybeans: false-positive detection in fermented natural soybean (tempe)

Tempe was prepared using mixtures of natural soybean and genetically modified Roundup Ready (RUR) soybean fermented with natural Rhizopus sp. The amount of RUR soybean was quantified using an ELISA plate test. The RUR signal decreased during fermentation. In the control experiments on fermentation of non-RUR soybean, the tempe gave a false-positive RUR signal. The cross-reacting substance was generated only in non-RUR soybean during fermentation by Rhizopus sp., Rhizopus oligosporus, R. oryzae, Mucor rouxii and Aspergillus awamori.     

Effect of water activity on production and activity of Rhizopus oligosporus polysaccharidases

Summary During tempeh fermentation, Rhizopus oligosporus produced polysaccharidases to degrade soya bean cell walls; the maximum activity for all polysaccharidases tested occurred 20–30 h after inoculation. R. oligosporus was also grown in a soya bean extract model medium to which glycerol was added to control water activity (a _w). The overall activities of the major enzymes produced by the fungus, polygalacturonase, endocellulase and xylanase, appeared to be strongly influenced by a _w. The production of enzymes as well as their specific activities were affected by a _w. The optimum a _w for polygalacturonase and xylanase activity coincided with that for mycelial growth, namely 0.99–1.00. In contrast, the optimum a _w for (endo)cellulase was 0.98, at which mycelial growth was significantly reduced. Correspondence to: M. Sarrette     

Optimization of single cell protein production from cassava starch (Rhizopus oligosporus)

The fermentation pattern of cassava starch utilization was investigated at 37°C using Rhizopus oligosporus UQM 145 F and eight different media. Depending on the medium used, the addition of zinc or zinc plus iron to a combination of calcium plus manganese switches the fermentation from glucose accumulation to biomass (single cell protein) production. Complete starch hydrolyzation was obtained in both cases, with a complete glucose utilization resulting in 24 g biomass containing 30% true protein per 100 g cassava starch (= 7.45 g SCP/100 g substrate) in 24 hours. In the case of glucose accumulation, biomass was kept low and 15.5 g/l glucose representing 57.3% of starch supplied were obtained in 36 hours. R. oligosporus UQM 145 F grows well between 30° and 45°C. At 45°C and pH 5.0, 7.0 g SCP/100 g substrate were obtained, which rose to 8.6 g if cassava starch is replaced by ground cassava tuber.