Utilization of Citrus by-products

Proceeds from the production oi by-products may spell the difference between profit and loss in the citrus canning industry. The three primary by-products of citrus are dried citrus pulp, molasses, and citrus peel oil. The most important utilization of citrus wastes is as stock feed, which consumes large quantities of dried pulp and citrus molasses. Citrus seed oil, alcohol, pectin, bland syrup, and feed yeast have been produced to a lesser extent.     

用于柑桔成熟度无损检测的色度频度序列法研究

农产品内部品质无损检测技术是确定水果最合适的采收期和对成熟度不一致的农产品进行准确分级的关键．为了建立利用计算机视觉技术进行柑桔成熟度的无损检测的方法,本研究建立了用于柑桔成熟度检测的计算机视觉系统,研究了柑桔图像颜色的描述方法,通过分析比较,认为在利用水果可见光彩色图像检测水果成熟度时,宜采用HSI颜色模型空间;提出了用与各个色度对应的像素在图像中出现的频度构成的频度序列描述图像的颜色信息的新方法,并利用人工神经网络方法建立了根据柑桔图像的色度频度序列判断柑桔成熟度的映射器,这一映射器检验252只成熟度不同的尾张系柑桔的结果为,对成熟果实和未熟果实的判断正确率分别为 79 1％和63．6％,总的判断正确率为77．8％,这表明尾张系柑桔果实的表皮颜色与成熟度之间具有相关性,可以通过利用计算机视觉技术测定柑桔的表皮颜色信息来判断柑桔的成熟度．     

柑橘全爪螨种群空间格局的地学统计学分析

应用地学统计学方法分析了柑橘园主要害螨柑橘全爪螨Panonychus citri（McGregor）种群的空间格局及其动态。结果表明,柑橘全爪螨种群具有空间相关性,变程介于1．10～21．0m,其半变异函数主要符合高斯模型,表现为聚集分布,其中3月、8月和9月的聚集强度较大;种群空间格局动态显示,4月、10月为该种群的两个发生高峰期,柑橘全爪螨种群数量快速上升扩散。地学统计学方法能够应用于柑橘全爪螨种群的空间格局分析,并有助于对该害螨进行发生预测与控制处理。     

叶面肥对柑橘全爪螨生长发育和繁殖及柑橘苗生长的影响(英文)

【目的】柑橘全爪螨Panonychus citri在中国是一种重要的柑橘害虫,叶面肥在橘园的应用很普遍。本研究是为了明确柑橘施用尿素和复合氨基酸2种叶面肥对这种害螨生长发育和繁殖及柑橘苗生长的影响。【方法】在室内分别用尿素(0.50%)和复合氨基酸(0.17%)2种叶面肥喷施盆栽沙糖橘Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Shatangju苗,以喷施清水为对照,探究叶面施肥对柑橘全爪螨生命表参数［净 增殖率(R₀)、平均代时(T)、内禀增长率(r_m)、周限增长率(λ)和种群趋势指数(I)］及柑橘苗生长参数(叶长、宽和面积, 茎长, 株高, 新梢的长度和数量)和叶片养分(N, P和K)含量的影响。【结果】柑橘全爪螨未成熟螨态的发育历期没有受到叶面肥的影响,但施用0.50%尿素的柑橘苗上第2若螨的存活率(95.40%)显著高于施用清水的对照(78.26%)和喷施0.17%复合氨基酸的处理(75.61%),其雌螨的繁殖力(42.1/♀)也显著高于对照(33.1/♀)。复合氨基酸处理柑橘苗上的雌螨寿命(19.5 d)显著长于尿素处柑橘苗上的雌螨寿命(14.8 d)和对照(14.5 d),复合氨基酸处理柑橘苗上的雄螨寿命(17.6 d)也显著长于对照(13.1 d)。总体上,在尿素处理的柑橘苗上柑橘全爪螨的净增殖率(R₀)(17.88)和种群趋势指数(I)(18.08)值最高,2个参数都显著高于对照(分别为10.08和11.17)。施用2种叶面肥显著促进了柑橘苗叶片生长(叶长、叶宽、叶面积),其N, P和K含量以及氮钾比(N/K)也显著增加。【结论】柑橘苗叶面喷施尿素和复合氨基酸都可促进柑橘苗生长,喷施尿素会导致柑橘全爪螨种群的显著增长,而喷施复合氨基酸没有导致柑橘全爪螨种群显著增长。因此,推荐使用复合氨基酸代替尿素作为柑橘的叶面肥施用。但是,喷施复合氨基酸可显著延长柑橘全爪螨成螨的寿命,所以在使用时还应该加强对其种群的监测。     

华南地区柑橘木虱与柑橘粉虱内共生菌检测及其Wolbachia共生菌的系统发育关系分析

【目的】探明不同地理种群的柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri Kuwayama和柑橘粉虱Dialeurodes citri Ashmead体内昆虫内共生菌的种类及其感染率,并以Wolbachia共生菌为代表,对其系统发育关系进行分析,为今后自共生菌角度研发柑橘木虱和柑橘粉虱的新型防控技术奠定基础。【方法】以16S r DNA、23S r DNA以及wsp为目标基因,利用PCR技术检测采自于广州、湛江、南宁、桂林、厦门的柑橘木虱以及采自广州的柑橘粉虱体内共生菌的种类及其感染率;利用多位点序列分型(MLST)技术和MEGA 5.0软件对不同昆虫样本中的Wolbachia进行系统发育关系分析。【结果】本研究采集的柑橘木虱和柑橘粉虱均含有原生共生菌Portiera和次生共生菌Wolbachia、Cardinium、Rickettsia,但该3种次生共生菌在不同木虱与粉虱种群的感染率有所不同;Arsenophonus只在广州和湛江种群的柑橘木虱中检出。基于wsp基因及MLST基因序列的Wolbachia系统发育分析表明,华南地区柑橘木虱和柑橘粉虱体内的Wolbachia均属于Wolbachia的B大组Con亚组。【结论】不同地理种群的柑橘木虱与柑橘粉虱体内感染的共生菌种类及其感染率不同;Wolabchia共生菌与柑橘木虱寄主不存在协同进化关系,在同一采集点存在Wolbachia通过柑橘寄主在柑橘木虱之间、柑橘木虱与柑橘粉虱之间水平传播的可能性。     

柑橘重要害虫寄生性天敌的研究与利用进展

柑橘是我国重要的岭南特色水果,种植面积广,产量大。在生产过程中,柑橘容易受到各类病虫害的危害。因为害虫抗药性的产生以及化学农药使用带来的负面影响,害虫生物防治成为今后柑橘害虫可持续防控的重要策略。本文以桔小实蝇、柑橘木虱、介壳虫以及柑橘潜叶蛾、柑橘卷叶蛾、柑橘凤蝶等柑橘重要害虫及其寄生蜂为研究对象,对近年来国内外在柑橘害虫生物防治领域,尤其是寄生蜂的研究与利用等方面取得的最新进展进行了综述,以期不断推进我国柑橘害虫生物防治技术的研究与应用,保障我国柑橘产业的健康发展。     

薇苷菊提取物对桔全爪螨的产卵驱避作用及有效组分分析

使用甲醇、乙酸乙酯、乙醚提取薇苷菊 Mikania micrantha H.B.K.地上部植株并测试 3种提取物对桔全爪螨 Panonychuscitri Mc Gregor产卵的驱避作用 ,结果发现这些提取物处理后 1d都有显著的产卵驱避效果 ,其中极性最强的甲醇提取物效果最好 ,处理后 1d的产卵驱避率为 74 .2 2 %。用乙醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇、水依次对薇苷菊甲醇提取物进行萃取 ,生测结果表明只有极性最强的水萃取物具有显著的产卵驱避效果。进一步研究发现薇苷菊甲醇提取物经柱层析分离得到的 6个组分中有 3个对桔全爪螨有显著的产卵驱避作用 ,但效果都不及提取物 ,说明薇苷菊对桔全爪螨的产卵驱避作用是各组分共同作用的结果。用GC- MS对最有效组分的分析表明 :2 ,2′-亚甲基双 (6 -叔丁基 - 4 -甲基 )苯酚是含量最大的成分 ,占 70 .2 4 % ,β-谷甾醇和岩藻甾醇也是有效成分 ,但含量较低 ,分别占 12 .0 3%和 5 .6 1%     

Citrus replant problem in Iraq III. Interactive effect of soil fungi and allelopathy

The interactive effects of citrus root residues and soil fungi on citrus replant problems were investigated. The results indicated that incorporation of citrus root residues in combination with the pathogenic fungiPhytophthora citrophthora, Pythium aphanidermatum andFusarium solani in soil caused more reduction to sour orange growth than did the root residues alone. Subsequent experiments showed that extracts of different parts of sour orange and leachates of some soil fungi increased the disease index of citrus roots grownin vitro. The citrus extracts did not affect growth of the test fungi.Thus, it appears that allelopathic compounds of plant and microbial origins build up in old citrus soil and may act as predisposal agents for the infection of citrus roots by soil pathogens.     

影响柑桔树开花结果性能的生态生理因素

本文报道1988年和1989年春夏之际异常和正常的桔园小气候环境对柑桔树开花结果物候期、抽梢生长、幼果发育、生理落果、当年果实产量和品质等性能的影响。结果表明,柑桔树的座果率受许多生态生理因素制约,但第一次生理落果主要与开花期桔园的小气候环境有关,第二次生理落果则与树体营养生理代谢密切相关。据此提出了预测预报柑桔树第二次生理落果的指标及其防御措施。     

Citrus replant problem in Iraq II. Possible role of allelopathy

The role of allelopathy in citrus replant problems was investigated in Iraq. The failure of citrus seedlings to grow normally in old citrus orchards was not caused by differences between old and non-citrus soils in electrical conductivity, pH, organic matter, soil texture and those minerals tested. Extracts of soil collected from old citrus orchards significantly reduced the growth of sour orange seedlings. Extracts and decaying sour orange roots reduced the growth of sour orange seedlings as did extracts of non-senescent sour orange leaves and decaying senescent leaves. Thus it appears that allelopathy is at least partly involved in the citrus replant problem.     

柑橘园扩张对生态系统服务和景观格局的影响——以江西省信丰县为例

柑橘园扩张是我国柑橘主产区较典型的土地利用/覆盖变化过程之一。但柑橘园扩张对区域生态系统服务和景观格局的影响尚不清楚,探明柑橘园种植的生态效应对柑橘主产区实现生态-经济协同发展具有重要的理论和现实意义。以江西省信丰县为研究区,基于第二次、第三次全国国土调查数据,借助InVEST模型、景观格局指数、图谱分析等方法,结合地形梯度和相关性分析,对柑橘园扩张所致的生态系统服务和景观格局变化及其权衡与关联进行分析。结果表明：①2010-2019年,柑橘园扩张方向以占用林地和耕地为主,柑橘园面积从9961.29 hm²增至12633.84 hm²,其中新增柑橘园7504.72 hm²,退出柑橘园4832.16 hm²,区域内柑橘园转换频繁。②柑橘园扩张导致信丰县景观格局总体呈现破碎化趋势,景观连通性降低,并对土壤保持服务和碳储量服务产生负向影响,对柑橘供给服务产生正向影响,对产水服务几乎无影响。③不同类型柑橘园在不同地形梯度上的扩张对生态系统服务的影响方向和程度存在差异。④在权衡与协同分析中,供给服务与支持服务呈权衡关系,碳储量-产水、碳储量-土壤保持等支持服务之间呈协同关系;景观破碎化与生态系统服务显著关联。研究结果可为经济作物大规模种植区的园地合理开发利用和生境保护提供科学依据。     

柑桔潜叶蛾对柑桔的为害及经济阈值的研究

调查福州市郊柑桔园柑桔潜叶蛾（Ｐｈｙｌｏｃｎｉｓｔｉｓｃｉｔｒｅｌａ）在雪柑、芦柑、蕉柑、福桔４个品种上的为害情况．根据其为害特性和柑桔果实产量大小年份可能给经济阈值带来的误差,采用同一树上以秋梢为计量单位,环割被测枝条（避免枝条间养分重新分配而带来误差）的方法,研究了为害秋梢的叶片光合作用强度,当年和翌年春夏梢的生长量,翌年果实品质和重量,以及叶片被害程度与柑桔潜叶蛾幼虫密度的关系．结果表明,柑桔受潜叶蛾为害后具有一定的光合补偿及组织愈伤的补偿能力;根据福州地区１９９４年柑桔生产力,以雪柑为品种确定经济阈值为１．２１头１龄幼虫／嫩叶;缩小了经济阈值受果实产量大小年份差异而带来的误差;同时考虑品种、柑桔园水热条件、产量水平、天敌作用等多种生态因子,建立了多因子经济阈值模型     

Mission and Modern Citrus Species Diversity of Baja California Peninsula Oases

The spring-fed mission oases of the Baja California peninsula, Mexico, hold several species, varieties and unique hybrids of heritage citrus, which may represent valuable genetic resources. Citrus species first arrived to the peninsula with the Jesuit missionaries (1697-1768), and new varieties were introduced during the colonial and rancho periods following the mission era. These heritage trees are grown in field and house gardens as ornamental, fruit and shade trees. Commercial citrus varieties introduced from the United States have become a strong source of economic revenue for peninsula agriculturalists. A few of the peninsula oases support commercial citrus groves, though these are primarily found in the broader valleys of the peninsula where groundwater is tapped for irrigation. The isolated environments of the mission oases and surrounding ranches have facilitated propagation of unique citrus types, and these have stabilized through integration into the cultural practices of the region. We identify and document citrus of the peninsula oases to serve as a baseline for those interested in the cultural ecology of citrus and citrus genetic resources.     

Distribution and management of citrus in California: implications for management of glassy-winged sharpshooter

The epidemiology of Pierce's disease of grape (Vitis spp.) in California has changed over the past 10 yr due to the introduction of an exotic vector, Homalodisca vitripennis (Germar), the glassy-winged sharpshooter. Although this insect is highly polyphagous, citrus (Citrus spp.) is considered a preferred host and proximity to citrus has been implicated as a significant risk factor in recent epidemics of Pierce's disease in southern California. Consequently, a detailed knowledge of the distribution and management of citrus in relation to grape is needed to improve insect and disease management. Analysis of data on the area planted to these two commodities indicates that only five counties in California concomitantly grow >1,000 ha of grape and >1,000 ha of citrus: Riverside, Kern, Tulare, Fresno, and Madera counties. Comparison of the distribution of grape and citrus within each of these counties indicates that the percentage of grape that is in proximity to citrus is greatest for Riverside County, but the total area of grape that is in proximity to citrus is greater for Fresno, Kern, and Tulare counties. The use of carbamates, neonicotinoids, organophosphates, and pyrethroids as part of the citrus pest management program for control of key insect pests was compared among the same five counties plus Ventura County from 1995 to 2006. Ventura County was included in this analysis as this county grows >10,000 ha of citrus and has established glassy-winged sharpshooter populations. The use of these broad-spectrum insecticides was lowest in Riverside and Ventura counties compared with the other four counties. Analysis of historical trapping data at the county scale indicates a negative association of broad-spectrum insecticide use with glassy-winged sharpshooter abundance. These results are used to retrospectively analyze the Pierce's disease outbreaks in Kern and Riverside counties.     

Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of MATE gene family in citrus fruit (Citrus clementina)

Multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) proteins are a class of secondary active multidrug transporters. In plants, this family has significantly expanded and is involved in numerous plant physiological processes. Although MATE proteins have been identified in an increasing number of species, the understanding about this family in citrus remains unclear. In this study, a total of 69 MATE transporters were identified in the citrus genome (Citrus clementina) and classified into four groups by phylogenetic analysis. Tandem and segmental duplication events were the main causes of the citrus MATE family expansion. RNA-seq and qRT-PCR analyses were performed during citrus fruit development. The results indicated that CitMATE genes showed specific expression profiles in citrus peels and flesh at different developmental stages. Combined with the variations of flavonoids and citrate levels in citrus fruit, we suggested that CitMATE43 and CitMATE66 may be involved in the transport process of flavonoids and citrate in citrus fruit, respectively. In addition, two flavonoids positive regulators, CitERF32 and CitERF33, both directly bind to and activated the CitMATE43 promoter. Our results provide comprehensive information on citrus MATE genes and valuable understanding for the flavonoids and citrate metabolism in citrus fruit.     

中国亚热带地区柑桔的气候适宜性

应用生态适宜度理论和模糊数学方法,建立柑桔气候适宜度模型,对中国亚热带地区柑桔生产的气候适宜性及其时空差异进行了计算、评价,并分析了中国亚热带地区柑桔各生育期气候适宜性以及中国亚热带地区各县区的平均气候适宜度.结果表明:柑桔花芽分化期、发芽期、果实成熟期的适宜性较低、风险较高,其他各生育期的适宜性较高、风险较低,影响中国亚热带地区柑桔生产的关键问题是冷害和伏旱.柑桔温度适宜性的地域分异呈纬度地带性规律;降水适宜度最适宜型分布在亚热带中部"射阳-那坡"一线区域,其东南为适宜型区,西北为次适宜型区,高山区为不适宜型区;日照适宜度与实际日照时数的区域变化规律基本一致,大致呈高纬度区高于低纬度区、高海拔区高于低海拔区;受温度因子的限制,气候适宜度与温度适宜度的分布情况大体一致,南部大于北部,基本也呈纬度地带性规律.从中国亚热带地区柑桔气候适宜度的年际变化分析可知,整个亚热带地区柑桔气候适宜度呈下降趋势,且存在区域差异,说明气候变化引起了中国亚热带柑桔适宜区和关键生育期的变动.     

柑橘溃疡病及其微生物防治研究进展

柑橘是我国第一大水果,柑橘溃疡病是导致柑橘产量和品质下降的最具破坏性细菌性病害之一,给柑橘产业造成了巨大的经济损失,严重阻碍了柑橘产业的可持续发展。微生物防治柑橘溃疡病具有安全、环保、高效等优点,是当前研究的热点。本文主要概述了柑橘溃疡病特征及其病原菌分类、分布,全面分析了柑橘溃疡病病原菌主要致病机理和协助致病机理;系统梳理了柑橘溃疡病生防微生物的多样性;重点总结了微生物通过产生活性物质、诱导激活植物免疫防御系统等防治柑橘溃疡病的作用机制;最后,我们提出了柑橘溃疡病微生物防治面临的挑战以及未来可能的解决途径,以期为柑橘产业的健康发展提供参考。