长鞭红景天中一个新的葡萄糖甙

从云南怒江产的长鞭红景天 (Rhodiolafastigiata (Hook .f.etThoms.)S .H .Fu)根茎中分离得到 13个化合物 ,它们的结构通过波谱和化学方法得到鉴定。其中 ,化合物 1被鉴定为新的葡萄糖甙 (2_O_β_D_吡喃葡糖基_3_甲基_戊酸甲酯 ) ,命名为长鞭红景天素甲 ,化合物 2和 5～ 9首次从该植物中分离得到     

长鞭红景天中一个新的葡萄糖甙

从云南怒江产的长鞭红景天(Rhodiola fastigiata (Hook. f. et Thoms.) S. H. Fu)根茎中分离得到13个化合物,它们的结构通过波谱和化学方法得到鉴定.其中,化合物1被鉴定为新的葡萄糖甙(2-O-β-D-吡喃葡糖基-3-甲基-戊酸甲酯),命名为长鞭红景天素甲,化合物2和 5～9首次从该植物中分离得到.     

Allopolyploid origin and niche expansion of Rhodiola integrifolia(Crassulaceae)

Polyploidy after hybridization between species can lead to immediate post-zygotic isolation,causing saltatory origin of new species.Although the incidence of polyploidization in plants is high,it is thought that a new polyploid lineage can succeed only if it establishes a new ecological niche divergent from its progenitor lineages.We tested the hypothesis that Rhodiola integrifolia from North America is an allopolyploid produced by R. rhodantha and R.rosea and determined whether its survival can...     

喜马红景天叶绿体基因组特征及其系统发育分析

以青藏高原特有药用植物——喜马红景天（Rhodiola himalensis）为试验材料,利用高通量测序技术对喜马红景天进行叶绿体基因组测序、组装和注释,获得完整的叶绿体基因组。结果显示：喜马红景天叶绿体基因组全长为151 074 bp,GC含量为37.8%,具有1个长单拷贝区、1个短单拷贝区和1对反向重复区的典型四分体结构,其序列长度分别为82 309、17 017、25 874 bp;叶绿体基因组共编码130个基因,其中编码蛋白的基因86个、编码tRNA的基因37个、编码rRNA的基因7个;叶绿体基因组共检测出25 513个密码子,其中编码亮氨酸（Leu）的密码子占比最大;喜马红景天IRa和IRb区的rps19和ycf1基因缺失,长单拷贝区的trnH基因收缩;喜马红景天与圣地红景天（R. sacra）亲缘关系最近;短单拷贝区域的单核苷酸多态性（SNP）变异频率最高。本研究报道了喜马红景天的叶绿体基因组,并对其进行了组装、注释和序列分析,为今后开展喜马红景天的遗传多样性研究和合理开发利用提供理论依据。     

狭叶红景天的组织培养与快速繁殖

1植物名称狭叶红景天(Rhodiola kirilowii). 2材料类别项芽. 3培养条件以MS为基本培养基.(1)芽体启动培养基:MS 6-BA 2 mg.L-1(单位下同) NAA 0.5 LH 300;(2)不定芽增殖培养基:MS 6-BA 1.5 NAA 0.05 LH 300;(3)生根培养基:1/2MS0.以上培养基均含3%蔗糖、0.7%琼脂,pH 5.8.培养温度(22±2)℃,光照度2 000 lx,光照时间16h.d-1.     

Mating system and pollination biology of a high-mountain perennial plant,Rhodiola dumulosa (Crassulaceae)

Aims Rhodiola dumulosa is a perennial herb growing in a naturally fragmented habitat of high-mountain rocks. This research aims to (i) investigate the mating system characteristics and pollination biology of R. dumulosa, (ii) study the effects of ecological factors on the mating system and pollination biology of R. dumulosa and (iii) assess the relationship between its pollination and mating system.Methods Mating system parameters were analysed using allozyme markers. Growth of pollen tubes from artificial self- and cross-pollination was also examined. Field investigations were conducted on insect flower visitation during the blooming period of R. dumulosa. Relationships among mating system, insect flower visitation frequency and environmental factors were assessed.Important findings The results showed that (i) R. dumulosa has a mixed-mating system: it is self-compatible and primarily outbreeding, with the multilocus outcrossing rate (t m) ranging from 0.589 ± 0.078 (± standard deviation) to 0.846 ± 0.077; inbreeding coefficients of maternal parents (F) were zero, indicating that inbreeding depression was intense. (ii) Light intensity and temperature impacted the visitation of the principal pollinators, the syrphid Eristalis tenax and the bumblebee Bombus pyrosoma. (iii) Population size plays an important role in the mating system and pollination. Populations received more frequent visits by the principal pollinators usually had higher outcrossing rates. Pollination to some extent affects the mating system of R. dumulosa and it is important to maintain large populations to prevent further inbreeding and to maintain pollinators to facilitate outcrossing.     

Seed surface morphology in some representatives of the Genus Rhodiola sect. Rhodiola (Crassulaceae) in the Russian Far East

The seed coat morphology and anatomy of Rhodiola angusta, Rh. alsia, Rh. integrifolia, Rh. ishidae, R. rosea subsp. arctica, Rh. rosea subsp. rosea and Rh. rosea subsp. sachalinensis were examined comparatively using scanning and light microscopy methods in order to evaluate their characteristics for use in systematic studies. Based on the features of the arrangement of cells and cell outline, three morphological types of seed coats were identified – laticostate (Rh. rosea subsp. rosea), tenuicostate (Rh. integrifolia, Rh. rosea subsp. rosea R. rosea subsp. arctica and Rh. rosea subsp. sachalinensis) and colliculate (Rh. alsia, Rh. angusta, Rh. ishidae). Exotesta sculpture features are stable across a range of habitats in all taxa except Rh. rosea subsp. rosea. Considerable variability of seed coat morphology is reported in the latter species and its possible implication for species taxonomy is discussed.     

Population genetic diversity and structure of a naturally isolated plant species, Rhodiola dumulosa (Crassulaceae)

AIMS: Rhodiola dumulosa (Crassulaceae) is a perennial diploid species found in high-montane areas. It is distributed in fragmented populations across northern, central and northwestern China. In this study, we aimed to (i) measure the genetic diversity of this species and that of its populations; (ii) describe the genetic structure of these populations across the entire distribution range in China; and (iii) evaluate the extent of gene flow among the naturally fragmented populations. METHODS: Samples from 1089 individuals within 35 populations of R. dumulosa were collected, covering as much of the entire distribution range of this species within China as possible. Population genetic diversity and structure were analyzed using AFLP molecular markers. Gene flow among populations was estimated according to the level of population differentiation. IMPORTANT FINDINGS: The total genetic diversity of R. dumulosa was high but decreased with increasing altitude. Population-structure analysis indicated that the most closely related populations were geographically restricted and occurred in close proximity to each other. A significant isolation-by-distance pattern, caused by the naturally fragmented population distribution, was observed. At least two distinct gene pools were found in the 35 sampled populations, one composed of populations in northern China and the other composed of populations in central and northwestern China. The calculation of Nei's gene diversity index revealed that the genetic diversity in the northern China pool (0.1972) was lower than that in the central and northwestern China pool (0.2216). The populations were significantly isolated, and gene flow was restricted throughout the entire distribution. However, gene flow among populations on the same mountain appears to be unrestricted, as indicated by the weak genetic isolation among these populations.     

Intraspecific divergences of Rhodiola alsia (Crassulaceae) based on plastid DNA and internal transcribed spacer fragments

In the present study, we used two maternally inherited plastid DNA intergenic spacers, rpl20‐rps12 and trnS‐trnG, and the biparentally inherited nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region to explore genetic variation and phylogeographical history of Rhodiola alsia, a herb endemic to the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau (QTP). Based on range‐wide sampling (18 populations and 227 individuals), we detected 45 plastid DNA haplotypes and 19 ITS sequence types. Only three plastid DNA haplotypes were widespread; most haplotypes were restricted to single sites or to neighbouring populations. Analysis of molecular variance revealed that most of the genetic variance was found within populations (51.24%) but that populations were also distinct (F_ST = 0.48759). We found three areas with relatively high plastid DNA diversity and these could further be recognized as potentially isolated divergence centres based on the ITS sequence type distribution. These represent three potentially isolated glacial refugia for R. alsia: one of them has long been recognized as an important refugium on the south‐eastern edge of the QTP, whereas the others are new and located in the north and south of the Tanggula Mountains on the plateau platform. Divergence time estimates based on ITS suggest that the main lineages of R. alsia diverged from each other 0.35–0.87 Mya, indicating that climatic oscillations during the Pleistocene may have been an important driver of intraspecific divergence in R. alsia. Rhodiola alsia probably experienced a phylogeographical history of retreat to isolated glacial refugia during Quaternary glaciations that led to different degrees of allopatric intraspecific divergence. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 168 , 204–215.     

DNA Barcoding of Rhodiola (Crassulaceae): A Case Study on a Group of Recently Diversified Medicinal Plants from the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

DNA barcoding, the identification of species using one or a few short standardized DNA sequences, is an important complement to traditional taxonomy. However, there are particular challenges for barcoding plants, especially for species with complex evolutionary histories. We herein evaluated the utility of five candidate sequences — rbcL, matK, trnH-psbA, trnL-F and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) — for barcoding Rhodiola species, a group of high-altitude plants frequently used as adaptogens, hemostatics and tonics in traditional Tibetan medicine. Rhodiola was suggested to have diversified rapidly recently. The genus is thus a good model for testing DNA barcoding strategies for recently diversified medicinal plants. This study analyzed 189 accessions, representing 47 of the 55 recognized Rhodiola species in the Flora of China treatment. Based on intraspecific and interspecific divergence and degree of monophyly statistics, ITS was the best single-locus barcode, resolving 66% of the Rhodiola species. The core combination rbcL+matK resolved only 40.4% of them. Unsurprisingly, the combined use of all five loci provided the highest discrimination power, resolving 80.9% of the species. However, this is weaker than the discrimination power generally reported in barcoding studies of other plant taxa. The observed complications may be due to the recent diversification, incomplete lineage sorting and reticulate evolution of the genus. These processes are common features of numerous plant groups in the high-altitude regions of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.     

红景天线粒体nad7基因内含子2序列测定及其系统发育意义

开展濒危藏药红景天的分子生物学研究, 可以为红景天遗传资源鉴定与保护提供指导。利用线粒体中nad7基因的保守序列设计的引物, 对分布于四川的大花红景天、长鞭红景天和吉林的高山红景天等9份材料进行PCR分析, 发现在所有的红景天材料中均获得约800 bp的扩增产物。进一步对扩增片段进行序列测定, 结果表明该片段除具有53 bp的外显子区外, 其内含子长度均为738 bp, 有9个核苷酸变异位点。将测定序列进行比对和聚类分析表明, 红景天线粒体nad7内含子2序列被单独聚类。而且测定的红景天的nad7 内含子 2序列, 其长度均小于其他高等植物的同源序列, 体现了红景天属植物的该基因区域的特异性, 可能与特殊的生态环境有关。     

A Late Miocene Accipitrid (Aves: Accipitriformes) from Nebraska and Its Implications for the Divergence of Old World Vultures

Background

Old World vultures are likely polyphyletic, representing two subfamilies, the Aegypiinae and Gypaetinae, and some genera of the latter may be of independent origin. Evidence concerning the origin, as well as the timing of the divergence of each subfamily and even genera of the Gypaetinae has been elusive.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Compared with the Old World, the New World has an unexpectedly diverse and rich fossil component of Old World vultures. Here we describe a new accipitriform bird, Anchigyps voorhiesi gen. et sp. nov., from the Ash Hollow Formation (Upper Clarendonian, Late Miocene) of Nebraska. It represents a form close in morphology to the Old World vultures. Characteristics of its wing bones suggest it was less specialized for soaring than modern vultures. It was likely an opportunistic predator or scavenger having a grasping foot and a mandible morphologically similar to modern carrion-feeding birds.

Conclusions/Significance

The new fossil reported here is intermediate in morphology between the bulk of accipitrids and the Old World gypaetine vultures, representing a basal lineage of Accipitridae trending towards the vulturine habit, and of its Late Miocene age suggests the divergence of true gypaetine vultures, may have occurred during or slightly before the Miocene.     

Species Delimitation and Morphological Divergence in the Scorpion Centruroides vittatus (Say, 1821): Insights from Phylogeography

Scorpion systematics and taxonomy have recently shown a need for revision, partially due to insights from molecular techniques. Scorpion taxonomy has been difficult with morphological characters as disagreement exists among researchers with character choice for adequate species delimitation in taxonomic studies. Within the family Buthidae, species identification and delimitation is particularly difficult due to the morphological similarity among species and extensive intraspecific morphological diversity. The genus Centruroides in the western hemisphere is a prime example of the difficulty in untangling the taxonomic complexity within buthid scorpions. In this paper, we present phylogeographic, Ecological Niche Modeling, and morphometric analyses to further understand how population diversification may have produced morphological diversity in Centruroides vittatus (Say, 1821). We show that C. vittatus populations in the Big Bend and Trans-Pecos region of Texas, USA are phylogeographically distinct and may predate the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). In addition, we suggest the extended isolation of Big Bend region populations may have created the C. vittatus variant once known as C. pantheriensis.     

八宝属(Crassulaceae)一新变种

Ｈｙｌｏｔｅｌｅｐｈｉｕｍ　ａｎｇｕｓｔｕｍ（Ｍａｘｉｍ）Ｈ．Ｏｈｂａｖａｒ－ｐｏＪ．Ｍ．Ｚｈａｎｇ耐丑．Ｔ．Ｆｕ,ｖａｒ．ｎｏｖ．Ａｔｎ出ｄ江ＤｒｔｗｈｏＤ回ｒ巴ｌｌｔｉａａｘｉｌｌａｒｅｓ３—５,ｐｅｕｎｃｕｌｉｓ８。１２ｃｍｌｏｎｇｉｓ．Ｓｈａ...     

Phylogeography of Podocarpus matudae (Podocarpaceae): pre‐Quaternary relicts in northern Mesoamerican cloud forests

Aim Cloud forests of northern Mesoamerica represent the northern and southern limit of the contact zone between species otherwise characteristic of North or South America. Several phylogeographic studies featuring temperate conifer species have improved our understanding of species responses to environmental changes. In contrast, conifer species that presumably colonized northern Mesoamerica from South America are far less studied. A phylogeographic study of Podocarpus matudae (Podocarpaceae) was conducted to identify any major evolutionary divergences or disjunctions across its range and to determine if its current distribution is associated with pre‐Quaternary climatic and/or long‐distance dispersal events. Location Northern Mesoamerica (Mexico and Guatemala). Methods Sixteen populations (157 individuals) of P. matudae were screened for variation at two plastid DNA markers. The intra‐specific phylogenetic relationships among haplotypes were reconstructed using Bayesian inference. Population genetic analyses were undertaken to gain insight into the evolutionary history of these populations. To test whether genetic divergence among populations occurred at different time‐scales plastid DNA sequence data and fossil‐ and coalescent‐based calibrations were integrated. Results The combination of plastid markers yielded 11 haplotypes. Differentiation among populations based on DNA variation (G_ST) (0.707, SE 0.0807) indicated a clear population structure in P. matudae. Differentiation for ordered alleles (N_ST) (0.811, SE 0.0732) was higher than that for G_ST, indicating phylogeographical structure in P. matudae. Most of the total variation (81.3%, P < 0.0001) was explained by differences among populations. The estimated divergence time between the unique haplotypes from a Guatemalan population and the two most common haplotypes from the Sierra Madre Oriental in Mexico was between 10 and 20 Ma, and further haplotype divergence in the poorly resolved clade of the Sierra Madre Oriental occurred between 3 and 0.5 Ma. Main conclusions Divergence estimations support the hypothesis that extant Podocarpus matudae populations are pre‐Quaternary relicts. This finding is consistent with fossil and pollen data that support a Miocene age for temperate floristic elements in Mesoamerican cloud forests, whereas further haplotype divergence within the Sierra Madre Oriental, Chiapas and Guatemala occurred more recently, coinciding with Pleistocene cloud forest refugia.     

Genetic Variation Within and Among Populations of Rhodiola alsia (Crassulaceae) Native to the Tibetan Plateau as Detected by ISSR Markers

Genetic variation of 10 Rhodiola alsia (Crassulaceae) populations from the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau of China was investigated using intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. R. alsia is an endemic species of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Of the 100 primers screened, 13 were highly polymorphic. Using these primers, 140 discernible DNA fragments were generated with 112 (80%) being polymorphic, indicating pronounced genetic variation at the species level. Also there were high levels of polymorphism at the population level with the percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB) ranging from 63.4 to 88.6%. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that the genetic variation was mainly found among populations (70.3%) and variance within populations was 29.7%. The main factors responsible for the high level of differentiation among populations are probably the isolation from other populations and clonal propagation of this species. Occasional sexual reproduction might occur in order to maintain high levels of variation within populations. Environmental conditions could also influence population genetic structure as they occur in severe habitats. The strong genetic differentiation among populations in our study indicates that the conservation of genetic variability in R. alsia requires maintenance of as many populations as possible.     

Phylogeography of the temperate grassland plant Tephroseris kirilowii (Asteraceae) inferred from multiplexed inter-simple sequence repeat genotyping by sequencing (MIG-seq) data

Journal of Plant Research - A group of temperate grassland plant species termed the “Mansen elements” occurs in Japan and is widely distributed in the grasslands of continental East...     

Alkaloids of theSedum acre-group (Crassulaceae)

The 16 species of theSedum acre-group were investigated for the presence of alkaloids. They areS. acre ofS. ser.Acria, S. alpestre, S. annuum, S. apoleipon, S. borissovae, S. euxinum, S. grisebachii, S. laconicum, S. multiceps, S. sexangulare, S. tuberiferum, S. tuberosum, S. ursi, andS. urvillei ofS. ser.Alpestria, S. samium ofS. ser.Samia, andS. litoreum ofS. ser.Litorea. S. acre differs significantly from the other species. It contains sedamine, hydroxy sedamine, and a number of 2,6-disubstituted piperidine alkaloids. The leafy parts of the species ofS. ser.Alpestria, S. ser.Samia, andS. ser.Litorea contain 4 piperidine alkaloids which also occur inS. acre, and in addition 4 pyrrolidine alkaloids not present inS. acre. The composition of the alkaloid fraction agrees with the infrageneric classification (series) based on the hybridization patterns of the species (comparia).