11例吸毒死亡法医学鉴定回顾性研究分析

目的：奉文时吸毒及体内藏毒死亡法医学尸体检验与鉴定中的相关问题进行回顾性研究。强调该类法医学鉴定中应该特别注意的问题。方法：将2003年初至2006年底昆明市及周边地区11例吸毒死亡法医学鏊定案例进行回顾性研究分析,同时对毒品作用机理、死亡原因、吸毒流行病学特征、吸毒死亡者的病理组织学特征、体内藏毒死亡特征、吸毒死亡法医学尸体检验与鉴定应注意的问题等进行论述。结果：吸毒或体内藏毒死亡的法医学尸体检验与鉴定具有一定的形态学特征,吸毒死亡法医学检验与鉴定工作具有相当的难度。结论：吸毒及体内藏毒死亡法医学尸体检验与鉴定,必须在充分进行尸体剖验的基础上并结合毒物检验、现场勘验、案情调查、临床表现和死亡经过等资料进行充分的案情研究并排除其他原因致死,才能得出正确的结论。     

Forensic cultures in historical perspective: Technologies of witness,testimony, judgment (and justice?)

This article explores the history of forensic science in terms of ideologies and institutions rather than developing technique. It presents an analytical framework for characterising forensic institutions and practices, past and present. That framework highlights the distinct issues of means of witness, accredited testimony, and the reaching of juridical decisions. The article applies the framework by comparing four forensic ‘formations,’ (or ‘cultures’) which have been prominent at various times and places in the western world from the early modern period onward: these are the central European heritage of the Caroline code, a eugenically-oriented forensic enterprise of late nineteenth-century America, the forensic perspective in nineteenth-century British India, and the representation of forensic certainty in contemporary American popular culture. The article concludes with a critique of what seems an increasingly common expectation: that forensic science evolves independently of legal institutions, and can ultimately displace them.     

Population aspects of forensic genetics

The paper presents the methodology of forensic genetics as a synthesis of population genetics and forensic medicine. Main population genetic problems, appearing in calculation of probability statistics and interpretation of the results of forensic genetic investigations, are discussed in detail.     

Population aspects of forensic genetics

The paper presents the methodology of forensic genetics as a synthesis of population genetics and forensic medicine. Main population genetic problems, appearing in calculation of probability statistics and interpretation of the results of forensic genetic investigations, are discussed in detail.     

The forensic analysis of foodborne bacterial pathogens in the age of whole‐genome sequencing

The forensic evaluation of bacterial pathogens presents new challenges to the forensic science community. This review examines bacterial pathogens as objects of forensic comparison, focusing on their nucleic acid sequences as an important aspect of the comparison process. Because of the clonal propagation of most bacterial pathogens, a phylogenetic approach to understanding the diversity and using this understanding to address common forensic questions is explored. As a general phylogenetic framework is now employed in human mitochondrial DNA analysis, we will use the relevant concepts and approaches common in this area to develop this approach further. We also address the impact of the current ease and prevalence of whole‐genome DNA sequence analysis in the forensic comparison process.     

The Identification of Human Remains

The identification of human remains, especially if they have been mutilated or burnt, or occur in skeletal form, may pose a major problem for the forensic physician. It may involve the co-operation of coroner, police officer, forensic pathologist and forensic laboratory. It is first necessary to demonstrate that the remains are human, and that the tissue in question represents one, or more than one, body. A meticulous postmortem examination by the forensic pathologist will reveal all anatomical peculiarities for study and record. Photographs, radiographs, dental charts, fingerprints and blood type all contribute materially to the solution of the problem.     

Forensic culture as epistemic culture: The sociology of forensic science

This paper explores whether we can interpret the notion of ‘forensic culture’ as something akin to what Knorr-Cetina called an ‘epistemic culture’. Can we speak of a ‘forensic culture’, and, if so, how is it similar to, or different from, other epistemic cultures that exist in what is conventionally called ‘science’? This question has important policy implications given the National Academy Science’s (NAS) recent identification of ‘culture’ as one of the problems at the root of what it identified as ‘serious deficiencies’ in U.S. forensic science and ‘scientific culture’ as an antidote to those problems. Finding the NAS’s characterisation of ‘scientific culture’ overly general and naïve, this paper offers a preliminary exploration of what might be called a ‘forensic culture’. Specifically, the paper explores the way in which few of the empirical findings accumulated by sociologists of science about research science seem to apply to forensic science. Instead, forensic science seems to have developed a distinct culture for which a sociological analysis will require new explanatory tools. Faithful sociological analysis of ‘forensic culture’ will be a necessary prerequisite for the kind of culture change prescribed by external reformist bodies like the NAS.     

A Forensically Sound Adversary Model for Mobile Devices

In this paper, we propose an adversary model to facilitate forensic investigations of mobile devices (e.g. Android, iOS and Windows smartphones) that can be readily adapted to the latest mobile device technologies. This is essential given the ongoing and rapidly changing nature of mobile device technologies. An integral principle and significant constraint upon forensic practitioners is that of forensic soundness. Our adversary model specifically considers and integrates the constraints of forensic soundness on the adversary, in our case, a forensic practitioner. One construction of the adversary model is an evidence collection and analysis methodology for Android devices. Using the methodology with six popular cloud apps, we were successful in extracting various information of forensic interest in both the external and internal storage of the mobile device.     

Planning for exercises of chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) forensic capabilities

A forensic capability to help identify perpetrators and exclude innocent people should be an integral part of a strategy against terrorist attacks. Exercises have been conducted to increase our preparedness and response capabilities to chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) terrorist attacks. However, incorporating forensic components into these exercises has been deficient. CBRN investigations rely on forensic results, so the need to integrate a forensic component and forensics experts into comprehensive exercises is paramount. This article provides guidance for planning and executing exercises at local, state, federal, and international levels that test the effectiveness of forensic capabilities for CBRN threats. The guidelines presented here apply both to situations where forensics is only a component of a more general exercise and where forensics is the primary focus of the exercise.     

Application of Next-generation Sequencing Technology in Forensic Science

Next-generation sequencing （NGS） technology, with its high-throughput capacity and low cost, has developed rapidly in recent years and become an important analytical tool for many genomics researchers. New opportunities in the research domain of the forensic studies emerge by harnessing the power of NGS technology, which can be applied to simultaneously analyzing multi- ple loci of forensic interest in different genetic contexts, such as autosomes, mitochondrial and sex chromosomes. Furthermore, NGS technology can also have potential applications in many other aspects of research. These include DNA database construction, ancestry and phenotypic inference, monozygotic twin studies, body fluid and species identification, and forensic animal, plant and microbiological analyses. Here we review the application of NGS technology in the field of forensic science with the aim of providing a reference for future forensics studies and practice.     

突发性公共卫生事件中法医工作者的角色探究

突发性公共卫生事件已经成为当前人类社会面临的一项重大难题和挑战。在应对和处置各类突发性公共卫生事件法医工作者被社会和国家赋予了重要的义务和责任。本文对法医工作者在解决各类突发性公共卫生事件中的角色定位进行了探讨,阐明法医工作者在应对和处置突发性公共卫生事件中发挥的重要作用。同时,针对现在和未来突发性公共卫生事件的发生发展趋势,对法医工作者在应对和处置这些事件中的角色作用提出了展望,并对法医工作者如何来提高自身的综合业务能力和素质,以便更好地来扮演好在突发性公共卫生事件中的角色。     

Application of Short Tandem Repeat markers in diagnosis of chromosomal aneuploidies and forensic DNA investigation in Pakistan

Purpose

Short Tandem Repeat (STR) genetic markers hold great potential in forensic investigations, molecular diagnostics and molecular genetics research. AmpFlSTR® Identifiler™ PCR amplification kit is a multiplex system for co-amplification of 15 STR markers used worldwide in forensic investigations. This study attempts to assess forensic validity of these STRs in Pakistani population and to investigate its applicability in quick and simultaneous diagnosis and tracing parental source of common chromosomal aneuploidies.

Methodology

Samples from 554 healthy Pakistani individuals from 5 different ethnicities were analyzed for forensic parameters using Identifiler STRs and 74 patients' samples with different aneuploidies were evaluated for diagnostic strengths of these markers.

Results

All STRs hold sufficient forensic applicability in Pakistani population with paternity index between 1.5 and 3.5, polymorphic information content from 0.63 to 0.87 and discrimination power ≥ 0.9 (except TPOX locus). Variation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium was observed at some loci reflecting selective breeding and intermarriages trend in Pakistan. Among aneuploidic samples, all trisomies were precisely detectable while aneuploidies involving sex chromosomes or missing chromosomes were not clearly detectable using Identifiler STRs. Parental origin of aneuploidy was traceable in 92.54% patients.

Conclusion

The studied STR markers are valuable tools for forensic application in Pakistan and utilizable for quick and simultaneous identification of some common trisomic conditions. Adding more sex chromosome specific STR markers can immensely increase the diagnostic and forensic potential of this system.     

Forensic entomology: a template for forensic acarology?

Insects are used in a variety of ways in forensic science and the developing area of forensic acarology may have a similar range of potential. This short account summarises the main ways in which entomology currently contributes to forensic science and discusses to what extent acarology might also contribute in these areas.     

Predictors of aggressiveness in schizophrenic patients treated in inpatient forensic institutions

Aggressiveness is a frequent and problematic aspect of the treatment of forensic patients. This study examines the correlation of aggressiveness and its subtypes with quality of life enjoyment and satisfaction, personality dimensions and family functioning. The research is conducted on 99 psychiatric patients diagnosed with schizophrenia or psychotic disorder similar to schizophrenia (F20-F29) in two forensic psychiatry institutions. The patients committed criminal offence in state of insanity. These offences had signs of aggressive acts and the patients were therefore admitted to inpatient psychiatric forensic institutions. The research was conducted by using the Aggressiveness Questionnaire (AG-87), the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, the Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire and the Family Functioning Scale. The results show that aggressiveness has a negative correlation with the quality of life enjoyment and satisfaction. Regression analyses indicate that bad family relations and psychoticism are significant predictors of aggressiveness and its subtypes. We can conclude that forensic patients who committed aggressive offence in psychotic state, who at the same time score higher values on psychoticism scale and report negative family relations, are more likely to express aggressiveness also during their stay in forensic psychiatric hospital.     

RNA 检测技术在法医病理学中的应用研究

DNA技术广泛应用于法医学中,RNA分析技术为调查疾病和死亡原因提供依据,RNA检测可以作为法医病理学检测一个有效的工具。RNA还可以应用在损伤时间和死亡后间隔时间的检测。在法医案件分析中,体液中细胞特异mRNA的表达的分子检测已经为DNA分析的重要补充手段。本文综述了RNA检测技术在法医病理学中的研究进展及其应用。     

X染色体STR基因座的法医学研究进展

对X染色体的结构特征、遗传特征等相关基础知识及其短串联重复序列(STR)基因座在法医学领域的研究历史、现状, 复合扩增的研究动态和应用等方面进行了综述。同时收集了国内外X染色体STR 基因座在法医DNA工作者实践中的研究和应用资料, 分析了X染色体STR基因座在法医学应用中的利弊, 以促进X染色体STR基因座在法医学实践中的应用。     

Applications of supercritical fluid extraction and chromatography in forensic science

Supercritical fluid technology is a rapidly expanding analytical technique. Here we give a brief insight into the background of supercritical fluid technology and how supercritical fluid extraction and supercritical fluid chromatography work in analysis. The applications of these two techniques in forensic science are known to be important. The main area of forensic use of supercritical fluid technology is in the sample preparation and separation of drugs of abuse particularly opiates, cannabinoids, cocaine and sedatives. Supercritical fluid technology can be used for both time-of-death-related drug analysis and for obtaining information relating to long term drug abuse. We also give a review of the use of supercritical fluids in two other major forensic areas, fingerprinting and the extraction and separation of explosives from both bombing events and gunshot residues. Overall we show that supercritical fluid technology is fast becoming a major part of forensic investigations and that it is an invaluable analysis technique.     

河南汉族群体短串联重复vWA遗传多态性研究

研究人类短串联重复序列vWA在河南汉族人群中遗传多态性,探讨该基因座在法医学和基因诊断中的应用的可能性;同时和中国成都人群、美国黑人、高加索人群、西班牙人群、西班牙南方人群的vWA遗传多态性进行比较,以期了解该基因座在人种、地域上是否有差异。采集河南地区无血缘关系汉族个体血样,应用Chelex法提取DNA,聚合酶链式反应扩增,非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分型,χ2检验。得到vWA在河南汉族群体中的基因频率,有8个等位基因,24个基因型,杂合度为0.80,个体识别率为0.84,非父排除率为0.61;河南汉族人群和中国成都人群vWA遗传多态性无显著性差异（χ2=9.6, P＞0.05）,而与美国黑人群（χ2=118,48,P＜0.05）、高加索人群（χ2=45.48,P＜0.05）、西班牙人群（χ2=86.87,P＜0.05）、西班牙南方人群（χ2=85.68,P＜0.05）均有显著性差异。说明该基因座多态性较好,分布符合Hardy-Weinberg 平衡,可以用于个体识别和亲权鉴定。同时也说明河南汉族人群具有一定的代表性,其群体遗传特征的调查研究对群体遗传学和人类学有着重要意义。 Genetic Polymorphisms of Human Short Tandem Repeat vWA LI Yi,HAO Bing-tao,YANG Yan-li,ZHU Wen-yu,SI Yan-mei,WANG Ying-tai (Genetics Department,the People`s Hospital of Henan Province,Zhengzhou 450003,China) Abstract:We researched the genetic polymorphisms of vWA in Henan population and its usfulness in forensic science.DNA extracted from non-relative persons in Henan population with Chelex was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and was typed by nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis silver staining.A total of 8 alleles and 19 genotypes were found in Henan population,its heterozygosity is high and the locus can be used in forensic genetics.We obtained the allelic frequency of the locus vWA in Henan population.The results of amniotic fluid,villus,blood stain indicate vWA is a good locus for forensic study. Key words：polymorphism; short tandem repeats; polymerase chain reaction; vWA     

人指甲中氢、氧稳定同位素在法医学领域的应用

氢、氧稳定同位素作为一类化学示踪物质,在地理科学、环境生态和法庭科学等领域均有应用。在法庭科学研究领域,指甲作为一种记录人在不同时段内摄入氢、氧稳定同位素情况的载体,在推断人的生活地域变化轨迹方面具有很大的潜力,具有广阔的应用前景。本文从氢、氧稳定同位素溯源的基本原理,人指甲中氢、氧稳定同位素前处理方法和检验方法,人指甲氢、氧稳定同位素溯源技术的法医学应用等方面展开综述,并对稳定同位素溯源技术的发展等方面做了简要展望。     

Basic research in evolution and ecology enhances forensics

In 2009, the National Research Council recommended that the forensic sciences strengthen their grounding in basic empirical research to mitigate against criticism and improve accuracy and reliability. For DNA-based identification, this goal was achieved under the guidance of the population genetics community. This effort resulted in DNA analysis becoming the 'gold standard' of the forensic sciences. Elsewhere, we proposed a framework for streamlining research in decomposition ecology, which promotes quantitative approaches to collecting and applying data to forensic investigations involving decomposing human remains. To extend the ecological aspects of this approach, this review focuses on forensic entomology, although the framework can be extended to other areas of decomposition.