Ground beetle species (Carabidae,Coleoptera) activity and richness in relation to crop type,fertility management and crop protection in a farm management comparison trial

Ground beetle activity and species richness was monitored using pitfall traps in a plot trial system on a farm in northern England where the effects of organic and conventional fertility and crop protection management were separated within different crop types between 2005 and 2008. As well as analyses on species activity the beetles were split into small, medium‐sized and large groups, and into groups of herbivores and specific Collembola feeders. Crop type had significant effects on the activity of the 20 most abundant species and all groups, generally with most in beans and winter barley and least in vegetables and spring barley. Most significant reactions to crop protection and fertility management were in cereals and grass/clover. Activity of small species was highest in conventionally crop‐protected cereals but not in vegetables, with more medium‐sized and herbivorous species in organic plots, but there was little influence of crop protection management on large and Collembola feeding species. However, large species were significantly more active in organically fertilised cereals and grass/clover, but not in vegetables, and there were more Collembola feeders in conventional cereals but not in grass/clover. Small species were more abundant in conventionally fertilised grass/clover but there were more in organic cereals and vegetables. These inconsistent activity reactions to management were also observed with individual species but most preferred organically managed plots. There were few significant crop protection : fertility management interactions. Species richness was also significantly affected by crop type and where management had an influence, more species were found in organically managed plots. Constrained ordination emphasised that ground beetle activity was influenced more by crops than by management. Given the diverse nature of organic crop rotations, crop type should be considered a major influence in any environmental manipulation aimed at increasing ground beetle activity for provision of ecosystem services.     

The effects of soil tillage on beneficial invertebrates within the vineyard

1 Tillage, commonly used in agroecosystems, can influence the abundance of invertebrates through factors such as habitat change and food availability.
2 The effects of tillage on the composition and abundance of invertebrates were examined in a vineyard near Mildura in Victoria, Australia, focusing particularly on groups that might act as natural enemies in vineyards. We used pitfall traps at ground level and sticky traps in the canopy.
3 The collections were first sorted to order. Beetles (Coleoptera) were sorted to family and ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) to genus.
4 Ants were the only group to be affected by tillage when all months were considered. The same genera occurred in both treatments but the abundance of several genera was reduced by tillage. Families of several beetles, including predators, increased in tilled areas. Spider, millipede, centipede and earwig numbers were decreased by tillage. In the canopy, Trichogrammatidae and other parasitoids decreased in abundance after tillage.
5 These results indicate that tillage influences the composition of invertebrates and has the potential to negatively affect the abundance of beneficial groups.     

Effects of weed harrowing frequency on beneficial arthropods,plants and crop yield

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Hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) benefit from a cultivation of the bioenergy crop Silphium perfoliatum L. (Asteraceae) depending on larval feeding type,landscape composition and crop management

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植物-害虫-天敌互作机制研究前沿

植物-害虫-天敌之间的三级营养互作关系是当今进化生态学和化学生态学研究领域的前沿课题,也是寻找害虫可持续控制途径的重要基础。自2006年以来,我国昆虫学家在973项目《重大农业害虫猖獗危害的机制及可持续控制》的支持下,围绕害虫、植物、天敌协同进化机理的关键科学问题,以棉花-害虫-天敌、水稻-害虫-天敌和蔬菜-害虫-天敌系统为研究对象开展研究,发现OsHI-LOX参与虫害诱导的水稻茉莉酸(JA)信号途径合成,并通过水稻对二化螟和褐飞虱不同抗性作用的调控;寄主植物烟草受到棉铃虫和烟青虫危害后将被诱导产生化学防御作用,但它们的作用不同;绿叶挥发物(3Z)-hexen-ol是寄生蜂天敌定位寄主的最关键化合物,植物-害虫-天敌之间的互作关系受到光周期和CO2浓度升高而改变;植物对害虫直接的防御和通过寄生蜂对害虫的间接防御存在"权衡"关系;转基因棉花种植加重了盲椿象灾变。这些研究成果在Science,New Phytology,Plant Journal,Plant,Cell and Environment等刊物上发表论文150余篇,极大地提高了我国在作物-害虫-天敌三者之间关系的研究水平。     

Effects of crop diversification levels and fertilization regimes on abundance of Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) and its parasitization by Diaeretiella rapae (M’Intosh) in broccoli

1 The effects of intercropping via competition on crop yields, pest [cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae (L.)] abundance, and natural enemy efficacy were studied in the Brassica oleracea L. var. italica system. 2 From May to December 2004, insect populations and yield parameters were monitored in summer and autumn in broccoli monoculture and polyculture systems with or without competition from Brassica spp. (mustard), or Fagopyrum esculentum Moench (buckwheat), with addition of organic (compost) or synthetic fertilizer. 3 Competition from buckwheat and mustard intercrops did not influence pest density on broccoli; rather, aphid pressure decreased and natural enemies of cabbage aphid were enhanced in intercropping treatments, but this varied with the intercropped plant and season (summer vs. autumn). 4 In compost‐fertilized broccoli systems, seasonal parasitization rates of B. brassicae by Diaeretiella rapae (M’Intosh) increased along with the expected lower aphid pressure compared with synthetically fertilized plants.     

Spiders (Araneae) in the biological and integrated pest management of apple in the Czech Republic

Abstract:  Two management systems, biological and integrated, were compared to control the major pest, codling moth ( Cydia pomonella ) in apple orchards. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of these two systems on arboreal spiders. The biological system was based on the use of biological preparations, whereas in the integrated system selective pesticides were employed. The control plot had no pesticide treatment. The abundance of spiders was similar in all study plots during 3 years of study. Diversity, however, was higher in the biological plot than in the control and the integrated plots, suggesting that the response of spiders to management was guild-specific. Four spider families dominanted in all plots: Araneidae (orb weavers), Theridiidae (space-web weavers), and Philodromidae and Thomisidae (ambushers). While Araneidae and Thomisidae were similarly abundant on all plots, the density of Theridiidae and Philodromidae differed. In the integrated plot there were significantly more theridiid spiders, whereas in the control plot philodromid spiders were significantly more abundant. On the biological plot, the two families were similarly abundant. These differences were attributed to different age of trees in the control and treated plots, different prey spectrum, different susceptibility of the two families to applied chemicals and intraguild predation of theridiids by philodromids.     

Nursery treatments with resistant inducers,soil amendments and biocontrol agents for the management of the Fusarium wilt of lettuce under glasshouse and field conditions

Lettuce Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae, represents a major problem in most lettuce production areas worldwide. In the present study, a number of resistance inducers, organic amendments and biocontrol agents were applied in a preventative way, in experimental and commercial situations, to soils artificially or naturally infested with race 1 of the pathogen, and to moderately susceptible lettuce cultivars. Potassium phosphite, acibenzolar‐S‐methyl, green composts, and Bacillus subtilis Qst713, Trichoderma asperellum + Trichoderma gamsii, and Pseudomonas strains achieved the most consistent disease control under the experimental conditions. Moreover, potassium phosphite, green compost, B. subtilis Qst713 and T. asperellum + T. gamsii, also showed a positive effect on plant development. In general, the results of the different treatments in naturally infested soil were similar to those observed in glasshouse trials under artificial inoculation. Potassium phosphite provided a consistent disease reduction (48%–62% in artificially infested soil and 60%–75% in naturally infested soil). The effects of adding 10% compost to a peat growing medium in the nursery, followed by a soil mixing application when lettuce was transplanted, significantly reduced the severity of Fusarium wilt (50%–59% efficacy) and increased fresh biomass production. Compost enrichment with Trichoderma TW2 generally further increased its efficacy. When tested under field conditions, the commercially available Trichoderma spp. and B. subtilis, together with experimental strains of Pseudomonas and Trichoderma spp., applied at the nursery level, provided a disease reduction of 30%–78%. Early application of the different control measures under nursery conditions and at lettuce transplant is noteworthy because it was carried out at a more localized level, with reduced amounts of products. Their use in practice should be integrated with other control strategies.     

Long‐term farming systems and last crop sown shape the species and functional composition of the arable weed seed bank

Questions: The assembly of arable weed communities is the result of local filtering by agricultural management and crop competition. Therefore, soil seed banks can reflect the effects of long‐term cumulative field management and crop sequences on weed communities. Moreover, soil seed banks provide strong estimates of future weed problems but also of potential arable plant diversity and associated ecological functions. For this, we evaluated the effects of different long‐term farming systems under the same crop rotation sequence on the abundance, diversity and community assembly of weed seed bank, as well as on the functional diversity and composition. Location: DOK (biodynamic [D], bioorganic [O], conventional [K]) long‐term trial, Therwil, Switzerland. Methods: The effects of long‐term contrasted farming systems (i.e., biodynamic, organic, conventional, mineral and unfertilised systems) and last crop sown (i.e., wheat and maize) were evaluated on different indicators of species and functional diversity and composition of the weed soil seed bank. Results: The results showed significant influences of 40 years of contrasted farming systems on the diversity and composition of the seed bank, with higher diversities being found in unfertilised and organic farming systems, but also higher abundances than those found under conventional systems. Organic farming also allowed higher functional richness, dispersion and redundancy. Different farming systems triggered shifts in species and functional assemblies. Conclusions: The results highlight the importance of organic management for the maintenance of a diverse arable plant community and its functions. However, such results emphasise the need for appropriate yearly management to reduce the abundance of settled weediness and prevent affecting crop production. The farm management filtered community composition based on functional traits. Although the soil seed bank buffers the long‐term farming and crop sequence, the last crop sown and, thus, the yearly management were important determinants of seed bank composition.     

不同人为干扰措施对天然次生灌丛土壤肥力及蓄水能力的影响

亚热带常绿阔叶林遭反复干扰后退化形成的天然次生灌丛在未管护模式下难以恢复为乔木林。在浙江省临安市选择典型天然次生灌丛,以强度人为干扰为对照、分别进行保护性干扰和适度人为干扰,探讨灌丛土壤蓄水能力和肥力质量的响应。4年试验结果表明:与强度人为干扰相比,保护性干扰和适度人为干扰后的土壤总贮水量、吸持贮水量和滞留贮水量分别提高了12.41%、5.33%、17.37%和29.13%、33.23%和26.24%;最大持水量、毛管持水量和最小持水量分别提高了23.35%、9.51%、17.55%和48.63%、56.08和71.05%;与强度人为干扰相比,保护性干扰和适度人为干扰的综合肥力分别提高了1.9%和38.5%,其中保护性干扰的水解氮、有机碳和有机质含量提高了12.11%、38.91%和38.94%,适度人为干扰的水解氮、有效磷、有机碳和有机质含量提高了61.97%、90.57%、130%和130.04%,保护性干扰和适度人为干扰的土壤综合评价指数分别提高了15.43%和58.94%。研究表明,与保护性干扰相比,适度人为干扰在土壤的蓄水保水、肥力和固碳增汇等方面更能达到预期的目标。在有条件经营的情况下,可以选择适度人为干扰措施对天然次生灌丛进行管理从而达到加快土壤恢复的目的。     

猪粪和土霉素对不同肥力土壤微生物数量及活性的影响

在不施肥和施用猪粪两种情况下,采用培养试验研究了不同浓度土霉素污染(0、0.1、1、10、100和1000 mg·kg^-1)对土壤细菌丰度、酶活性和NO₃-N浓度等的影响.试验培养温度为25 ℃,培养时间为30 d,取样分析时间分别为1、4和30 d.结果表明：在不施肥条件下,土霉素污染对土壤细菌数量及微生物活性的影响较小,土壤S₁、S₂和S₃细菌数量、呼吸强度、酶活性和NO₃-N浓度下降10%时土霉素的剂量（EC₁₀）分别为36～1000 mg·kg^-1、20～1000 mg·kg^-1和4～1000 mg·kg^-1;而在施用猪粪的情况下,对应的数值分别为2～656 mg·kg^-1、2～81 mg·kg^-1和1～42 mg·kg^-1.添加土霉素对土壤细菌及酶活性的影响随土壤肥力的提高而增大,且其对土壤细菌数量和呼吸强度的影响大于对酶活性和NO₃-N浓度的影响.土霉素污染对土壤微生物数量和活性的影响随时间变化而变化,一般在培养4 d时的影响最为明显.土霉素对土壤微生物的影响总体上表现为抑制作用.     

有机稻田褐稻虱种群动态及天敌作用分析

为组建有机稻田褐稻虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stl)种群生态控制系统,系统调查实施有机耕作1年后褐稻虱种群动态,并应用生命表技术评价自然天敌的作用。结果表明,有机晚稻田中褐稻虱种群发生2个世代。高峰期分别为9月底~10月初、10月下旬,平均百丛达502.3,164.5头,种群增长率为常规稻田的31.76%。水稻移栽后天敌数量迅速回升,有机稻田中蜘蛛、捕食性天敌、寄生性天敌分别比常规稻田增长66.10%,166.67%,44.24%。将各类天敌作用相加,以"捕食及其它"、"寄生"对褐稻虱种群的控制作用最强,其EIPC值均显著高于常规稻田相应天敌因子EIPC。     

Identification of the parasitoid community associated with an outbreaking gall wasp,Zapatella davisae,and their relative abundances in New England and Long Island,New York

Gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) are phytophagous insects that often go unnoticed; however, when they are introduced to a new area or released from their natural enemies, they have the capacity to outbreak and cause extensive foliar damage. One such outbreaking pest, Zapatella davisae (Cynipidae: Cynipini), causes significant damage and mortality to black oak, Quercus velutina, in the northeastern United States. In this study, we aimed to identify the parasitoid community associated with Z. davisae, compare differences in percent parasitism of Z. davisae in Cape Cod and Long Island, and determine which parasitoid species contribute most to parasitism in each region. From both locations, we reared parasitoids, identified morphological groups, analyzed percent parasitism rates for each group, and used DNA barcoding to provide species‐level identifications. On Long Island, there was nearly 100% parasitism in 2015 followed by a near total collapse of the population in 2016. In contrast, parasitism rates were lower and remained consistent on Cape Cod between 2015 and 2016, which may explain the greater canopy damage observed in that region. Species of Sycophila were the dominant parasitoids, with one species Sycophila nr. novascotiae representing ~65% of reared parasitoids from Long Island, and two species of Sycophila (S. nr. novascotiae and S. foliatae) with near equal representations on Cape Cod. In order to manage an insect pest, it is important to understand factors that influence its mortality and survival. An understanding of how these infestations progress overtime can help predict the impact that newer infestations in Nantucket, MA, and coastal Rhode Island will have on black oak populations and will aid in the management of this rapidly spreading gall wasp pest.     

Effects of ground cover (straw and compost) on the abundance of natural enemies and soil macro invertebrates in vineyards

1 Herbicides are commonly applied under grapevines in Australia to remove weeds and thereby to avoid water loss through transpiration. 2 Interest in sustainability promotes a reduction in chemical inputs, including herbicides, leading to trials with surface mulches to suppress weeds. 3 Surface mulches may also influence the abundance of a range of invertebrates. Potentially, an increase in natural enemies will contribute to pest control and encourage a reduction in pesticide application. 4 We used three trapping methods and direct soil sampling to assess invertebrates at ground level, in the canopy and in the soil to determine the influence of mulch on natural enemies, potential pests and soil macroinvertebrates, including earthworms. 5 Collections sorted to family demonstrated that the addition of straw or compost mulches increased natural enemies collected with pitfall traps and soil organisms. However, there was no clear indication of the overall superiority of either mulch. 6 Abundance of ground beetles, parasitoid Hymenoptera and spiders collected with pitfall traps were increased by the addition of mulches. In the canopy, predatory and parasitic Diptera and predatory Hemiptera increased after mulching. 7 Earthworms collected by hand sorting soil increased with straw mulching. 8 No influence on pests was detected. Although Lepidoptera and Sigmurethra, collected in pitfall traps, increased with straw mulching, neither included pest species. 9 The results are discussed with reference to the potential economic impact of mulches.     

集约和粗放经营下毛竹林土壤活性有机碳的变化

以集约和粗放经营的毛竹(Phyllostachys heterocycla ‘Pubescens’)林为研究对象, 探讨了春季毛竹林集约经营后土壤有机碳的变化。结果表明: (1)集约经营后毛竹林0-10和10-20 cm土层土壤总有机碳含量分别下降了7.01%和18.90%, 易氧化碳含量分别下降了31.22%和46.03%, 0-20 cm土层轻组有机质含量下降了19.87%。(2)两种毛竹林的土壤有机碳含量在剖面上整体上均随土层深度的增加而呈下降趋势, 但下降幅度不同。粗放经营的毛竹林土壤易氧化碳的剖面特征与总有机碳相似, 而集约经营的毛竹林存在明显差异。轻组有机质具有表聚性, 主要分布在土壤表层(0-20 cm)。(3)土壤总有机碳、易氧化碳、轻组有机质与土壤养分之间的相关性均达到极显著水平(p < 0.01), 总有机碳与速效磷显著相关(p < 0.05)。(4)集约经营后, 毛竹林0-10 cm土层土壤易氧化碳的碳素有效率和土壤碳库活度分别下降了26.01%和50.52%, 差异显著(p < 0.05); 10-20 cm土层分别下降了35.51%和54.41%。因此, 施加适当配比的有机肥和无机肥, 有利于土壤中各种有机碳的积累, 也可改善土壤的生物化学活性。     

农田景观和管理方式对稻田系统植物多样性的复合影响

农田生物多样性对于维持农田生态系统服务功能和农业可持续发展具有重要意义.为揭示农田景观特征和管理方式对农田生态系统植物群落和物种多样性的影响,以有机稻田(ON)、常规化防稻田(天然林脚下,CN)、常规化防稻田(距天然林>10km,CF)系统为研究对象,调查了田内、田埂和沟渠生境的植物物种组成和多样性特征,并对三种类型稻...     

Comparison of the effect of market crop wastes and chemical soil fertility amendments on insect pests, natural enemies and yield of Brassica oleracea

Field studies were conducted over three growing seasons during 2 years to assess the relative effect of market crop waste (MCW)‐derived soil fertility amendments and conventional fertiliser (NPK) on tritrophic relations as well as yield performance of white cabbage. A randomised complete block design with four treatments and a control replicated four times was used. Treatments were (a) MCW compost incorporated in the soil, (b) uncomposted MCW incorporated in the soil, (c) uncomposted MCW applied as surface mulch, (d) a conventional chemical fertiliser (NPK) incorporated in the soil and (e) the untreated control. Results indicated that relative to NPK‐amended plants, MCW‐amended cabbage performed better in plant growth parameters as well as yield, despite having sustained aphid and Plutella xylostella infestations that could be as much as double as those in the NPK treatment. Natural enemy occurrence followed the trend of host insect infestations. The average yield performance and net financial benefits from MCW‐compost‐amended plants were three‐fold as that of NPK‐amended plants. Soil analysis results indicated an advantage in soil quality accruing from the MCW amendments. This study, therefore, provides documentation for the utilisation of MCW, previously handled as garbage to be disposed of, as a key component in integrated management of insect pests and depleted soils in crop production in sub‐Saharan Africa and beyond.