盐度对墨西哥湾扇贝幼虫和稚贝生长与存活的影响

2000年4月和2001年4月在浙江省玉环县抛西水产育苗场研究了海水盐度对墨西哥湾扇贝浮游幼虫和稚贝生长和存活的影响。结果表明：浮游幼虫的适宜盐度为16．54—36．58,最适生长盐度为23．38—30．02;稚贝的适宜盐度为23．38—42．70,最适生长盐度为23．38—36．58。     

低温和饥饿对华贵栉孔扇贝幼虫生长和存活的影响

为了弄清我国南方低温季节能否利用自然水温进行华贵栉孔扇贝人工育苗以及饵料缺乏对幼虫的影响,于2008年10月上旬和11月下旬,分别在水温25.5—28.0℃和18.2—22.5℃条件下,研究了低温和饥饿对幼虫生长、存活的影响。实验分两次设置常温、低温和饥饿3个组进行。结果表明,低温情况下,幼虫摄食较少,活力差、绝大部分沉入水底,生长缓慢,发育迟缓,但存活率仍较高;饥饿不但抑制幼虫的生长和发育,同时也显著地降低幼虫的存活率。此外,低温和饥饿的结合会加剧对幼虫生长、发育、存活等的抑制作用。这些结果说明在我国南方水温低于23℃的季节利用自然水温已不适合进行华贵栉孔扇贝苗种生产。     

基于AFLP技术对中国虾夷扇贝群体种质资源的研究

利用AFLP技术对国内较具代表性的5个群体与日本群体虾夷扇贝相比照进行遗传多样性的分析.采用6对引物组合对6个群体178个个体进行扩增,共得到308个位点,6个群体的多态位点比例为62.66% ～69.81%,其中日本群体最高,小长山群体最低,且呈显著性差异;香农氏指数为0.337 ～0.374,其中日本群体最高,小长山群体最低.凌水桥群体与旅顺群体间遗传相似性最高(0.9810),小长山群体与凌水桥群体间遗传相似性最低(0.9641);相对的遗传距离的计算结果与遗传相似性结果一致.数据分析表明养殖方式对虾夷扇贝遗传多样性影响不大.本试验结果为我国虾夷扇贝种质遗传多样性维持、保护和可持续利用提供参考.     

臭氧对春小麦生长的影响及稀土的防护效应

臭氧对春小麦生长的影响及稀土的防护效应ＥＦＦＥＣＴＯＦＯＺＯＮＥＯＮＧＲＯＷＴＨＯＦＳＰＲＩＮＧＷＨＥＡＴＡＮＤＴＨＥＰＲＥＶＥＮＴＩＯＮＯＦＲＡＲＥＥＡＲＴＨＴＯＯＺＯＮＥＩＮＪＵＲＹ臭氧是一种严重危害植物的大气污染物,虽然目前对臭氧防护的机制尚待...     

虾夷扇贝过敏原tropomyosin的克隆表达、纯化及免疫学鉴定

从虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)肌肉中提取总RNA,RT-PCR克隆虾夷扇贝中变应原原肌球蛋白的全长基因,根据序列设计带有酶切位点的特异性引物,扩增扇贝tropomyosin的完整开放阅读框,与pET-28a载体连接并转化大肠杆菌Escherichia.coli BL21(DE3),诱导表达后,Ni2+亲和层析柱纯化重组蛋白,Western-blot检测其免疫学活性。经序列测定,该基因含有长度为855bp的开放阅读框,编码284个氨基酸,其在GenBank数据库中的登录号为EU839640。SDS-PAGE检测该重组变应原在大肠杆菌中高效表达36kD的目的蛋白,且重组变应原具有良好的IgE结合活性。研究获得了具有变应原活性的重组虾夷扇贝tropomyosin,为扇贝过敏性疾病的诊断和治疗奠定了基础。       

温、湿度对扬子鳄卵孵化的影响

本文提出扬子鳄卵最适宜孵化温度为31.5±1℃;孵化湿度分三期:前期(第1—24天)控制在95%左右,中期(第25—40天)80—90%,后期(第41天到孵出)90%左右;破损卵另行提出单独处理,整个孵化期湿度略低于正常纽约5%。经以上处理,1987年和1988年孵化率均在95%以上,成活率97%以上。     

臭氧处理对常用饵料微藻生长的影响

利用臭氧处理培养液中的野生金藻(XR-03-02)(Chryso-alyae)和云微藻。测定和分析了这2种藻的生长速率、细胞密度的变化,及最终的色素含量。结果表明,一定剂量的臭氧处理可提高野生金藻(XR-03-02)、云微藻的生长速率和生物量,但过高剂量的臭氧处理反而抑制它们的生物量。经过臭氧处理后,饵料藻的色素含量都有所提高。     

温度对扬子鳄卵野外孵化的影响

Influence of temperature on egg incubation of the wild Chinese alligator was studied during the summer seasons of 1999 and 2000(July to October and August to September,respectively)at three observation sites, Zhuangtou of Xuanzhou County,Shuangkeng and Zhongqiao of Jingxian county, Anhui Province. One nest at each of the above sites was monitored, bearing 19,17 and 19 eggs,respectively. According to the width of the band on the eggs, we estimated the dates that the eggs were laid. We recorded both the nest temperature and atmosphere temperature with an automated temperature data logger (HOBO Temp) during the whole observation period.We found that the average nest temperature maintained around 25 26℃ during incubation throughout day and night,within over two thirds of time in each day the nest temperature being higher than the atmosphere temperature. Analysis of our data revealed that alligator nests have buffering effect on the inside temperature. Higher nest temperature (27 30℃)increased the hatching rate. It was also noticed that the hatching rate varied considerably from site to site(between 0 100%). We conclude that climate is an important factor influencing egg hatching in the wild, and prolonged rainy season which caused large temperature fluctuation can decrease the hatching rate of the alligator eggs.     

拟目乌贼受精卵孵化及室内附卵基附卵效果的研究

在实验室条件下,对福建沿海的拟目乌贼受精卵进行了孵化实验,研究结果表明,在水温为21℃~30℃,盐度为24~33条件下,受精卵均能孵化。在盐度为30的条件下,最适温度为24℃,孵化率达（93.3±2.9）%,孵化高峰期为23~24 d;在温度为24℃的条件下,最适盐度为30,孵化率达（93.3±2.9）%,孵化高峰期为23~24 d。不同附卵基的附卵效果研究结果表明：不同附卵基的附卵效果差异显著（P〈0.05）,网目为27 mm的聚乙烯网片附卵效果最佳,平均附卵量为193.4粒,平均附卵率32.51%;其次是15 mm的网片,平均附卵量为137.5粒,平均附卵率23.14%。直径为8 mm和10 mm的尼龙绳附卵效果也较好,平均附卵量分别为119.6粒和120.0粒,平均附卵率分别为20.09%和20.13%;直径为2 mm和4 mm的尼龙绳以及网目为2.5 mm的网片的附卵效果明显较差,平均附卵率分别为0.92%、1.45%和1.76%,基本不附卵。无论是尼龙绳还是网片,都是以直径或网目较大的附卵效果较好。     

饲养条件对黄粉虫幼虫生长及存活的影响

采用5因素2次正交旋转组合设计,以黄粉虫幼虫饲养过程中饲养温度(X1)、相对湿度(X2)、虫粪筛除频率(X3)、饲养密度(X4)以及饲料含水量(X5)5因素为参试因素,考查它们对黄粉虫高龄幼虫的生长及存活的影响,建立并进行了简化得到了以黄粉虫幼虫增重率及死亡率为目标函数的回归模型：Y增＝127．5079 18．6559x5 2．7894x3x4-2．3854x3x5-3．0594x1^2 1．824lx3^2-3．8559x5^2;y死＝1．7459 0．4l08x1 0．0975x2 0．9025x4 0．3442x5 0．0834x1^2 0．3060x4^2-0．2623x5^2。分析结果表明：影响黄粉虫幼虫生长后期增重及死亡的主要因素分别为饲料含水量和饲养密度;饲料含水量和温度对黄粉虫增重有着重要的影响,饲养密度、温度、饲料含水量对黄粉虫的死亡有着重要的影响,其影响均达1％或5％显著水平;推荐的饲养条件为：温度24—27℃、相对湿度64％一70％、筛粪频率2—4d／次、饲养密度0．42-0．49g／cm^2、饲料含水量l3．48％-l7．48％。     

The Role of the Oldest Mariculture Farm in Restoration of Stock of the Japanese Scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis (Jay, 1856) in Posyet Bay, Sea of Japan

The pilot mariculture facility for rearing commercial invertebrates has existed in Minonosok Bay of Posyet Bay, Sea of Japan, since 1971. This bay is one of the few in Primorsky Krai where the risk of destruction of mariculture plantations from the effect of storms is a minimum. The total annually yield of spat of the Japanese scallop varied from 6 to 10 million individuals. Two-thirds of this amount was placed in cages for further rearing, and the rest was seeded on the bottom or passed to other enterprises. From 1972 to 2002 there were 104 million individuals of fitted juveniles (yearlings) and 24 million young-of-the-year seeded on the bottom in coastal water areas of the Primorsky Krai from Minonosok Bay. Thanks to the activity of the mariculture farm (two farms since 1994) in Posyet Bay, the stock of the Japanese scallop, which had been depleted by over-fishing in 1934–1935, was completely restored, and, according to our assumption, the total stock of the Japanese scallop was increased two times in Peter the Great Bay.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Biologiya Morya, Vyshkvartsev, Regulev, Reguleva, Grigorjev, Lebedev.     

Macrofouling of the Scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensisin the Polluted Area of Amursky Bay, Sea of Japan

The fouling structure of the Japanese scallop was studied in Amursky Bay near Vladivostok. Fifty-six species of hydrobionts were identified. Barnacles prevailed in biomass and population density, and algae dominated in the number of species. The change in the dominant barnacle species observed in the fouling was caused, apparently, by the reproductive strategy of Hesperibalanus hesperius, which is more labile than that of Balanus rostratus, and by the anthropogenic impact on the ecosystem of the bay. The fouling was marked by bivalve and sea anemone species resistant to silting and pollution. The main groups of epibionts were classified as suspension feeders, and as selective detritophages that are characterized by their type of feeding. The total infestation of shells of the Japanese scallop by boring polychaetes and the depressed condition of most mollusks and algae evidenced the unfavorable ecological situation in the area surveyed.     

Assessment of the state of the Japanese scallopMizuhopecten yessoensis in Alekseeva Bight (Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan) based on morphological and biochemical parameters

The results of an integrated examination of the state of the scallopMizuhopecten yessoensis in Alekseeva Bight (Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan) are presented. In mollusks of different ages, shell height was measured; in animals of commercial size (over 100 mm), some size and weight characteristics (annual increment of shell and adductor muscle and soft tissue weight) were determined. The morphology of the digestive gland and gills was studied. In the adductor muscle and digestive gland, the concentration of heavy metals (HMs) (Hg, Cu, Zn, Mn, Pb, Cd, Ni, Co, and Cr) was determined. In the digestive gland, metallothionein and reduced glutathione concentration was also determined, as was the activity of glutathione-dependent enzymes (glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase). In scallops collected outside Alekseeva Bight, the linear growth rate and adductor muscle weight were on average 1.3 and 1.7 times greater, respectively, than in those collected in the bight. In scallop organs, numerous histomorphological alterations were revealed: digestive cell vacuolization and hemocyte infiltration of the digestive gland, hyperplasia and vacuolization of the respiratory epithelium, and connective tissue hypertrophy in gill filaments. The biochemical parameters of scallops from Alekseeva Bight differed substantially from those of mollusks collected outside the bight. We conclude that one of the factors negatively affecting the state of theM. yessoensis population in Alekseeva Bight is the contamination of the bight with HMs, especially mercury. This is consistent with the results of chemical analysis of bottom sediments and tissues of two mytilid species,Modiolus kurilensis andCrenomytilus grayanus, specimens of which were collected in the bight together with the scallops [3].     

Development of Expressed Sequence Tags from the Bay Scallop, Argopecten irradians irradians

The bay scallop, Argopecten irradians irradians, introduced from North America, has become one of the most important aquaculture species in China. Inan effort to identify scallop genes involved in host defense, a high-quality cDNA library was constructed from whole body tissues of the bay scallop. A total of 5828 successful sequencing reactions yielded 4995 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) longer than 100 bp. Cluster and assembly analyses of the ESTs identified 637 contigs (consisting of 2853 sequences) and 2142 singletons, totaling 2779 unique sequences. Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) analysis showed that the majority (73%) of the unique sequences had no significant homology (E-value ≤ 0.005) to sequences in GenBank. Among the 748 sequences with significant GenBank matches, 160 (21.4%) were for genes related to metabolism, 131 (17.5%) for cell/organism defense, 124 (16.6%) for gene/protein expression, 83 (11.1%) for cell structure/motility, 70 (9.4%) for cell signaling/communication, 17 (2.3%) for cell division, and 163 (21.8%) matched to genes of unknown functions. The list of host-defense genes included many genes with known and important roles in innate defense such as lectins, defensins, proteases, protease inhibitors, heat shock proteins, antioxidants, and Toll-like receptors. The study provides a significant number of ESTs for gene discovery and candidate genes for studying host defense in scallops and other molluscs.     

Development of Microsatellite Markers for Japanese Scallop (Mizuhopecten yessoensis) and Their Application to a Population Genetic Study

Abstract The Japanese scallop (Mizuhopecten yessoensis) is one of the main fishery products in Japan, but with the expansion of culture operations of the Japanese scallop, various problems have been encountered including high mortality, poor growth, poor seed production, and so on. Moreover, there is concern that many years of cultivation may have affected the genetic structure of the scallop population. To approach these problems and concerns, we developed microsatellite markers as a molecular tool for population genetic studies. By using 4 microsatellite markers as well as a mitochondrial marker, we investigated the genetic structure of samples from the islands of Hokkaido (14 populations) and Honshu (Tohoku, 3 populations) in Japan, and south Primorye (4 populations) in Russia. All the populations sampled had high genetic diversity (average expected heterozygosity, 0.7011 to 0.7622; haplotype diversity, 0.6090 to 0.8848), and almost all showed a tendency of homozygote excess, which was significant in 2 populations. Hierarchical analysis of molecular variance tests based on the microsatellite and mitochondrial markers indicated that the 3 geographic regions were genetically divergent from one another, with little evidence of divergence within regions. Homogeneity in allele frequency distributions between natural and cultured scallops and allele frequency stability over a period of 2 decades indicated that the culturing operations have probably not had a substantial effect on the genetic structure of the populations.     

虾夷扇贝脂多糖诱导的肿瘤坏死因子LITAF基因的克隆及表达分析

脂多糖诱导的肿瘤坏死因子(Lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-alpha factor,LITAF)是一类重要的炎症细胞因子,在先天性免疫系统中发挥重要的介质作用。文章根据虾夷扇贝LITAF基因EST序列,应用RACE技术克隆了虾夷扇贝LITAF全长cDNA,对序列及编码的氨基酸进行生物信息学分析。结果显示,该基因cDNA全长1 551 bp,其5′非编码区包含76 bp,3′非编码区包含1 001 bp;开放阅读框(ORF)为474 bp,编码157个氨基酸,氨基酸序列中存在一个保守的LITAF结构域;理论分子量16.99 kDa,等电点为6.24。LITAF基因序列为3 698 bp,由3个外显子和两个内含子组成。利用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析LITAF在虾夷扇贝不同组织、不同胚胎发育阶段以及鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)刺激后各时间段的表达情况。结果表明:LITAF基因在所检测的6个成体组织中均有表达,其中肾脏的表达量最高;胚胎发育的7个时期中,担轮幼体时期表达量最高;菌刺激36 h实验组与对照组的表达量差异大。LITAF基因是LITAF家族的一员,推测LITAF基因参与虾夷扇贝的先天性免疫反应。     

Long-Term Variation of Polychaete Bioerosion of the Scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis from the Northwest Part of the Sea of Japan

The bioerosion of shells of the Japanese scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis by endolithic organisms over the last few decades and millenia in areas close to the main sources of organic pollution in Peter the Great Bay was studied. It was established that the occurrence of Japanese scallop shells damaged by borers increased over 2500 years practically from 0 up to 96% in the northern part of the bay at Mys Peschany Cape, which is subject to the impact of the Pazdol'naya River drain. The bioerosion of the Japanese scallop shells has increased considerably over the last two decades in the coastal zone, near the center of the city of Vladivostok, at one of the main sources of the city's wastewater discharge. Thus, in 4-year old individuals 33.0 ± 2.9% of upper valves were eroded on average in 1982; in 1998 it was already 68.3 ± 6.4%. In Reinike strait, that is, at some distance from the mouth of Razdol'naya River and from the main discharge sources of polluted waters of Vladivostok, the shells of the Japanese scallop were eroded to a lesser extent than in the population from the coastal region near the city. However, a significant increase in the degree of bioerosion of the scallop shells was observed over one-and-a-half decades: in 1987 in 4-year scallops 2.3 ± 0.3% of the area of the upper valve was eroded on average, and in 1999 that parameter increased and became 32.6 ± 3.4%. In the western part of Peter the Great Bay near Furugelm Island, which is located 20 km away from the mouth of the Tumannaya River, the degree of bioerosion of scallop shells had also increased significantly over the last 30 years. The increase in the degree of bioerosion of the shell is connected to a gradual increase in the content of organic substances in the bottom sediments. This is a factor favorable for the development of bacteria and phytoplankton, which is a food source for polychaetes—the basic shell boring symbionts of the Japanese scallop.     

Ten polymorphic microsatellite loci in the giant scallop (Mizuhopecten yessoensis)

Ten novel microsatellite loci were isolated from giant scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis, and the polymorphisms were examined to estimate genetic variability. The genetic variabilities varied depending on the locus. The number of alleles ranged from two to 17, and the observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.17 to 0.99 and 0.33 to 0.90, respectively. Six loci showed significant Hardy–Weinberg disequilibrium. The high variabilities revealed in this study suggest that microsatellites should prove useful for various genetic investigations.     

Development and Linkage Analysis of 104 New Microsatellite Markers for Bay Scallop (Argopecten irradians)

For genetic analysis and linkage mapping of bay scallop (Argopecten irradians), a set of 120 novel simple sequence repeat markers were developed from microsatellite-enriched libraries and expressed sequence tags. An inter-subspecies hybrid bay scallop family (CC5) of 46 progeny was analyzed as the reference population to confirm polymorphism and test the segregation patterns of these loci. A total of 104 microsatellite markers were polymorphic in the reference family, among which 36 in female, 28 in male, and 40 in both parents, respectively. Linkage analysis allowed mapping these markers to 15 linkage groups, which is close to the haploid chromosome number of bay scallop (n = 16). Analysis of the 40 markers segregating in both parents showed a higher recombination rate in the female parent, with the average of female-to-male recombination ratio of 1.09:1 between linked pairs of markers. When null alleles were considered, there were 17 loci showing segregation distortion at the 5% significance level using the chi-square test. The microsatellite markers developed in this study provide a useful resource for future linkage mapping and quantitative loci analysis in A. irradians.