浙江天台山甜槠群落研究

以分布以浙江省天台山的甜槠群落为对象,分析了群落的特征和性质。甜槠群落中,甜槠的优势突出,呈单优势群落。群落垂直结构复杂,可分为乔木层、灌木层、草本层,变有一定数量的层间植物。乔木层的物种多样性指数偏低,这与特定生境所形成的单优势群落有关。各样地间的植物种类具有较高的相似性,群落内种类组成相对一致。群落内优势种群甜槠、木荷的年龄结构属稳定型或增长型,它们在各样地的分布格局均呈集群分布。     

浙江仙居俞坑森林群落研究

浙江仙居俞坑森林群落植物种类丰富, 优势种不明显, 群落中植物种类以常绿阔叶树种为主, 落叶阔叶成分也有一定比例。各样地植物种类相似性很低, 组成很不一致。群落垂直结构复杂, 地上成层明显。群落乔木层物种多样性指数较高, 各样地间多样性指数测值变幅较大。样地内的优势种群中常绿阔叶树种的年龄结构呈稳定型或增长型、而落叶树种的年龄结构呈衰退型。乔木层各优势种群的分布格局多呈随机分布或均匀分布。     

浙江天台山落叶阔叶林特征研究

天台山次生落叶阔叶林植物种类丰富 ,科属组成分散。区系成分复杂 ,从属的地理成分来看 ,温带、亚热带分布的类型居多。群落的生活型高位芽植物最多 ,地面芽植物次之。该群落叶的性质以小型叶、单叶、草质、非全缘为主。群落各样地间的相似系数除沟谷 3样地有较高的相似性外 ,其余各样地的相似系数均较低。群落物种多样性指数较高 ,各样地间多样性指数测值变幅较大。群落垂直结构复杂 ,地上成层明显。样地内多数优势种群的年龄结构为衰退型 ,群落的种类组成不稳定。乔木层中多数优势种群的分布格局呈随机分布或均匀分布 ,部分呈集群分布。     

草海国家级自然保护区华山松群落特征及物种多样性研究

为探讨喀斯特地区森林群落的演替动态和生物多样性维持机制,采用样地调查法对草海国家级自然保护区的华山松(Pinusarmandii)群落的物种组成、植物区系特征、种群结构和物种多样性等进行了分析。结果表明,样地内共有种子植物37科69属81种,其中乔木11种、灌木32种、草本38种;群落内植物的科、属区系成分类型多样,以温带成分为主;生活型谱主要以高位芽植物(46.91%)和地面芽植物(27.16%)为主;乔木层华山松的重要值达58%,为群落的单优势种;径级结构呈左偏正态型分布,树高分布集中在12～21 m,冠幅分布呈V型;乔木层与灌木层、草本层间的多样性差异显著(P0.05),物种丰富度指数S和D_M、多样性指数H和D_S均为草本层灌木层乔木层,物种均匀度指数J为灌木层草本层乔木层。因此,草海国家级自然保护区内的华山松群落特征和物种多样性具有明显的地域特点。     

浙江古田山自然保护区甜槠群落特征研究

甜槠林是古田山自然保护区常绿阔叶林主要类型之一。通过对甜槠群落特征进行分析和研究 ,结果表明 :甜槠群落中 ,甜槠的优势明显 ,呈单优势群落。群落外貌以小型和中型叶、单叶、非全缘、革质及草质的小、中高位芽植物组成为特征。群落垂直结构复杂 ,可分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层 ,并有一定数量的层间植物。乔木层物种多样性指数偏低 ,垂直结构各层次间物种多样性大小依次为灌木层 >乔木层 >草本层。     

浙江天台山七子花群落研究

七子花为优良的观花树种,此种珍贵、罕见,已临近濒危境地。本文以分布在浙江天台山的七子花林为对象,分析了群落的特征和性质。七子花群落垂直结构较复杂,可分为乔木层、灌木层、草本层,亦有数量较多的层间植物。群落的优势种显著,乔木层的中多样性指数较高,各样地间的植物种类具有一定的相似性。七子花种群年龄处于衰退型阶段,天然更新不佳。种群的分布格局集群分布。     

七姊妹山自然保护区黄杉林群落学特征

黄杉为国家Ⅱ级保护植物,是我国特有的第三纪孑遗的珍贵树种,主要分布在我国亚热带的中山地带。采用Braun-Blanquet的植物社会学调查方法并结合典型样方法对七姊妹山自然保护区的原生黄杉群落进行调查,并对其群落特征进行了分析。结果表明:在2300 m~2的调查样地,共有维管束植物52种,隶属24科38属,群落物种组成主要以杜鹃花科、豆科、五加科、壳斗科等种类为主;群落生活型组成分析显示,该黄杉群落高位芽植物占绝对优势,高位芽植物、地面芽植物占比分别为76.9%、13.5%,地上芽和地下芽植物较少,植物的生活型谱大致呈"L"型;群落重要值分析表明,黄杉重要值为53.6,占较大优势,是群落建群种,乌冈栎、石韦分别是灌木层及草本层的优势种,其重要值分别为24.0、54.8;该黄杉群落物种多样性指数整体较低,除均匀度指数外,优势度指数、多样性指数、丰富度指数总体表现出灌木层乔木层草本层,上坡山脊的规律;种群年龄结构分析表明,七姊妹山自然保护区黄杉种群年龄结构呈"L"型分布,属于增长型种群,在一定时间内,表明黄杉仍为该群落的优势种群,林窗的出现使该黄杉群落保持持续更新。     

吕梁山南端白皮松的群落特征及其多样性的研究

选择白皮松群落分布较集中的黑虎沟和柳家山两个地段设计26个样地,用样方法进行调查,共作样方426个。分析了白皮松群落的种类组成,区系特点,群落外貌,垂直结构和水平结构等群落学特征,并对该群落的环境概况进行分析,计测了不同地段上群落的频盖度指标和不同层次上的ShannonWiener指数、Simpson指数、Pielou指数和种间相遇指数。结果表明:白皮松主要分布于海拔900~1400米之间,在吕梁山南端白皮松群落组成种类约70种,北温带分布属占优势。矮高位芽植物种类多,数量大,是白皮松群落的优势层片。柳家山乔木层为白皮松单优组成,H值为0.706;灌木层H值最高为2.351;草本层H值为1.257。黑虎沟乔木层为多优树种组成,H值为1.825;灌木层H值为2.308;草本层H值为2.400。本研究为白皮松可持续利用和保护提供了有益的参考。     

峨眉山峨眉栲、华木荷群落研究

 峨眉栲、华木荷群落是我国西南部亚热带山地常绿阔叶林群落的主要代表类型。本文从群落分布区域自然环境、群落植物组成特点、群落外貌和结构特征以及主要种群的结构及动态趋势等方面对该群落进行了较全面的探讨,并将其与我国部分同类或类似群落作了系统的比较分析,阐明了该群落的性质、特征和演变趋势。1．尽管该群落分布于我国中亚热带,但区域性环境独特,使该群落保存了较强的热带残遗性和亚热带雨林特征。2．样地调查统计有维管植物61科116属171种,区系组成复杂,地理成分以热带分布类型居多,物种多样性指数较高。3．群落外貌是由中小型叶、革质与厚革叶、单叶的常绿高位芽植物所决定。群落垂直结构较复杂,地上成层较明显,优势种显著。4．主要种群及其苗木的分布格局多呈集群分布,体现出中亚热带湿性常绿阔叶林种群个体的水平空间配置及分布特点。5．群落主要种群的年龄结构均处于增长和相对稳定状态,各年龄级的分布具有较高的生态结构水平,但仍存在种间竞争替代现象,表明群落尚处于进展演替阶段。6．各样地间种类相似性较高,群落内种类分布相对一致。乔木种间联结性具有一定规律,反映了环境梯度变化和群落种类分布关系。     

湖北斧头湖浮叶水生植物群落学研究—Ⅰ.菱群落的结构

本文从三方面考察了斧头湖菱群落的结构,并对之进行了周年观察。菱群落内共有１５种植物,可归为５个生活型１３个生长型,组成种类较为丰富。利用生活型－生长型分析能较好提示菱群落的结构。从大范围看,菱群落呈带状或斑块状分布;从小范围看,菱种群呈群聚分布,聚块大小从０．１６－８ｍ＾２不等。群落垂直结构分两层：浮叶植物层和沉水植物层,浮叶水生植被的光合作用系统和生物量多集中在水面层,无发达地下根茎系统。菱群落     

秦岭太白红杉群落特征及其物种多样性的研究

选择太白红杉群落分布集中的太白山、长安光头山、玉皇山和冰晶顶等4个地段,设计18个样地,用样方法进行调查,共作样方280个。分析了太白红杉群落的种类组成、区系特点、群落外貌、垂直结构和水平结构等群落学特征,并对该群落的环境概况进行分析,计划了不同地段上群落的频、盖度指标和不同层次上的Shannon-Wiener指数,Simpson指数、Pielou指数和种间相遇指数。结果表是,太白红杉主要分布于秦岭海拔2800－3500m的高海拔山地,群落组成种类约85种,北温带分布属占优势,地面芽植物种类多,数量大,是该群落的优质层片。乔木层为太白红杉单优组成,平均高度约8．6m,多样性指数0．207－0．420,灌木层H值为1．779－2．363,草本层H值最高,为2．122－3．025。本研究为太白红杉可持续利用和保护提供了有益的参考。     

Functional community structure of African monodominant Gilbertiodendron dewevrei forest influenced by local environmental filtering

Monodominant patches of forest dominated by Gilbertiodendron dewevrei are commonly found in central African tropical forests, alongside forests with high species diversity. Although these forests are generally found sparsely distributed along rivers, their occurrence is not thought to be (clearly) driven by edaphic conditions but rather by trait combinations of G. dewevrei that aid in achieving monodominance. Functional community structure between these monodominant and mixed forests has, however, not yet been compared. Additionally, little is known about nondominant species in the monodominant forest community. These two topics are addressed in this study. We investigate the functional community structure of 10 one‐hectare plots of monodominant and mixed forests in a central region of the Congo basin, in DR Congo. Thirteen leaf and wood traits are measured, covering 95% (basal area weighted) of all species present in the plots, including leaf nutrient contents, leaf isotopic compositions, specific leaf area, wood density, and vessel anatomy. The trait‐based assessment of G. dewevrei shows an ensemble of traits related to water use and transport that could be favorable for its location near forest rivers. Moreover, indications have been found for N and P limitations in the monodominant forest, possibly related to ectomycorrhizal associations formed with G. dewevrei. Reduced leaf N and P contents are found at the community level for the monodominant forest and for different nondominant groups, as compared to those in the mixed forest. In summary, this work shows that environmental filtering does prevail in the monodominant G. dewevrei forest, leading to lower functional diversity in this forest type, with the dominant species showing beneficial traits related to its common riverine locations and with reduced soil N and P availability found in this environment, both coregulating the tree community assembly.     

Liana communities exhibit different species composition,diversity and community structure across forest types in the Congo Basin

Lianas are poorly characterized for central African forests. We quantify variation in liana composition, diversity and community structure in different forest types in the Yangambi Man and Biosphere Reserve, Democratic Republic of Congo. These attributes of liana assemblages were examined in 12 1-ha plots, randomly demarcated within regrowth forest, old growth monodominant forest, old growth mixed forest and old growth edge forest. Using a combination of multivariate and univariate community analyses, we visualize the patterns of these liana assemblage attributes and/or test for their significant differences across forest types. The combined 12 1-ha area contains 2,638 lianas (≥2 cm diameter) representing 105 species, 49 genera and 22 families. Liana species composition differed significantly across forest types. Taxonomic diversity was higher in old growth mixed forests compared to old growth monodominant and regrowth forests. Trait diversity was higher than expected in the regrowth forest as opposed to the rest of forest types. Similarly, the regrowth forest differed from the rest of forest types in the pattern of liana species ecological traits and diameter frequency distribution. The regrowth forest was also less densely populated in lianas and had lower liana total basal area than the rest of forest types. We speculate that the mechanism of liana competitive exclusion by dominant tree species is mainly responsible for the lower liana species diversity in monodominant compared to mixed forests. We attribute variation in liana community structure between regrowth and old growth forests mostly to short development time of size hierarchies.     

天然林重建过程中单优箬叶竹灌丛对树木更新的影响

利用1996年在湖南省会同林区布置的20个1 hm~2的实验样地,以剔除或林下不含箬叶竹样地作为对照(C),保留箬叶竹作为处理(I),评估了天然林重建过程中林下单优箬叶竹灌丛形成对树种更新过程的影响.处理10a以后结果显示,箬叶竹灌丛盖度上升到95%.进一步通过2007年两种样地乔木多度、多样性、生物量以及物种组成等指标的测量表明,单优箬叶竹灌丛显著抑制了树种的存活与生长,18～390 cm高度级别的树种多度和多样性显著降低,尽管高度18 cm以下级别的幼苗以及成年树的多度和多样性没有显著下降,但是生物量从幼苗到成年树,处理样地普遍下降.幼苗、幼树、成年树地上部分生物量分别下降47.45%、39.87%、59.64%,地下部分生物量分别下降55.70%、46.08%、63.62%.NMS(非计量多元尺度法)排序进一步表明两种样地具有显著不同的树种组成,揭示两种样地处于不同的演替更新阶段.结果表明单优箬叶竹灌丛的形成能延缓树种更新的进程,因此天然林重建过程中应注意避免该类林下植被的出现.     

Weak Competition Among Tropical Tree Seedlings: Implications for Species Coexistence

The intensity of competition among forest tree seedlings is poorly understood, but has important ramifications for their recruitment and for the maintenance of species diversity. Intense competition among seedlings could allow competitively dominant species to exclude subordinate species. Alternatively, the low density and small stature of forest tree seedlings could preclude intense interseedling competition. In this case, other processes, such as size-asymmetric competition with adults, interactions with consumers, or neutral dynamics would prevail as those structuring the forest understory. We tested the intensity of, and potential for, intraspecific competition among tree seedlings of three species ( Brosimum alicastrum , Matisia cordata , and Pouteria reticulata ) in two Neotropical rain forests. We reduced stem densities by up to 90 percent and monitored individual growth and survival rates for up to 24 mo. Individual growth and survival rates were generally unrelated to stem density. Contrary to the predicted behavior of intensely competing plant populations, the distribution of individual heights did not become more left-skewed with time for any species, regardless of plot density; i.e. , excesses of short, suppressed individuals did not accumulate in high-density plots. We further measured the overlap of zones of influence (ZOIs) to assess the potential for resource competition. Seedling ZOIs overlapped only slightly in extremely dense monodominant plots, and even less in ambient-density plots of mixed composition. Our results thus suggest that interseedling competition was weak. Given the low density of tree seedlings in Neotropical forests, we infer that resource competition among seedlings may be irrelevant to their recruitment.     

太岳林区连翘灌丛群落特征的研究

根据野外调查的样地资料,本文分析了分布于山西太岳山林区的连翘灌丛群落的种类组成、区系成分、外貌特征、垂直结构等基本生态学特征,并将连翘样方以及上层无乔木覆盖灌木为建群层的连翘样方归为9个群系,对连翘群落的特征以及连翘株高随海拔梯度的变化作出相应分析．结果表明：该群落种类组成丰富,区系成分以北温带分布为主,生活型以高位芽占优势。垂直分化明显,一般分为乔木层、灌木层、草本层3层,9个群系由于地理位置不同、生境特点各异,因而种类组成不同,连翘在群系中的地位也不同,各群系中主要灌木种群的分布格局一般为集群型,少数随机型,随着海拔的逐渐上升,连翘平均株高先升后降。     

拉萨河谷上段江孜沙棘Hippophea gyantsensis(Rousi) Lian种群的海拔梯度性变异

江孜沙棘[Hippophea gyantsensis(Rousi)Lian]是青藏高原特有的一种广生态幅的小乔木,在拉萨河谷地区的海拔3500~4200m范围内均有分布。前人工作多集中在江孜沙棘果实的开发利用方面,对其基础生态学研究较少。本研究旨在探讨江孜沙棘沿海拔梯度的群落组成和表型变异的规律。为此,在拉萨河谷上段沿海拔梯度由东向西设置了4个样带:3850m、3950m、4050m和4200m,每个样带设置2至3个10m×10m的样方进行研究。首先,详细记录了每个样方内林下维管植物的物种组成、样方内的沙棘盖度、海拔、样方与河岸的实际距离,并用DCA[detrended correspondence analysis(去势对应分析)]排序方法对群落及其组成物种进行排序分析。随机抽取了每个样方内的20个江孜沙棘植株个体,测定其胸径、基径、株高和叶片长度,用回归分析法分析这些变量和海拔之间的关系。研究结果表明,江孜沙棘在拉萨河谷内的主要生境分为4种类型,即:河边砾石滩地、河阶草滩、河边草甸和河边林缘,样方排序结果主要受海拔的影响;同时,江孜沙棘植株的基径、胸径和高度都随着海拔的升高而显著减小,而叶片长度与海拔之间无显著相关。本文研究结果表明,对江孜沙棘而言,海拔所代表的综合环境因子对其分布和表型有显著的影响,而局部光照可能也是影响其表型特征的重要生态因子。