娘子关泉胶串珠藻生长和分布的季节动态

1992年9月至199年6月间,对分布于山西娘子关泉的胶串珠藻(Batrachospermum gelatinosum)生长和分布的季节动态进行了研究.定期测定水温、pH值、流速、藻体出现频度、平均盖度和藻体的一些形态特征.结果表明,娘子关泉域水体温度、水体的pH值和流速季节变化幅度都不大;藻体出现频度和盖度有明显的季节性变化,从秋季到次年的春季逐渐增加,生长最旺盛的时期在5月;藻体生长发育有明显的季节性变化规律,在晚秋到早夏生长良好,在春末夏初生长达到高峰,而且藻体各部分的生长和发育基本上同步.     

山西省辛安泉泉域三种泉溪大型藻类植物附生藻类的研究

对三种泉溪大型藻类(脆弱刚毛藻, 弧形串珠藻和普生轮藻)藻体上附生藻类的种类、分布及环境因子与寄主本身对其的影响进行了研究。2004 年7 月至2005 年4 月在山西省辛安泉泉域采集三种大型藻类植物(每个季节采集一次)。研究结果表明, 三种大型藻类藻体上的附生藻类种类数不同, 普生轮藻上的附生藻类有49 种, 脆弱刚毛藻上37 种, 弧形串珠藻上6 种, 其中硅藻门种类数最多。这说明寄主本身结构的复杂程度在一定意义上会影响附生藻类的种类数及多样性。就季节变化而言, 三种大型藻类藻体上的附生藻类也表现出了明显的季节性,大致趋势为: 春季>秋季>夏季>冬季, 同时, 灰关联分析结果也表明, 环境因子在一定程度上对附生藻类也有影响, 最关键的影响因子是流速、水深和电导。这说明影响大型藻类植物藻体上附生藻类的影响因素是多方面的, 不仅有寄主本身, 同时流速、水深和电导这三种环境因子也起到了很关键的作用。       

山西省辛安泉泉域弧形串珠藻物候期的研究

对山西省辛安泉泉域弧形串珠藻的物候期进行了研究。2005年1月至10月对标本进行了4次采集（每个季节1次）,同时对每个采样点的环境因子如气温,水温,流速,pH,溶氧,电导进行了监测和记录。在显微镜下对弧形串珠藻的10个主要形态特征进行了观察和测量。研究结果表明,所有的环境因子都有不同程度的季节变化,而且弧形串珠藻的某些形态特征也表现出了明显的季节变化,在春季生长良好,夏季生长相对较差。同时将环境因子对其的影响也作了相关性分析,结果表明,尽管弧形串珠藻的生长发育在一定程度上受环境的影响,但最主要的影响因素还是其自身的生物发育规律。     

热带直流型水库蓝藻季节变化特征

于2004年调查了广东省飞来峡和深圳两座直流型水库的蓝藻季节分布特征。共检到蓝藻17属,绝大多数为丝状体种类。常见属有假鱼腥藻(Pseudanabaena)、微囊藻(Microcystis)和蓝纤维藻(Dactylococcopsis)。蓝藻细胞密度为5-2052个细胞ml-1。深圳水库最高蓝藻细胞密度出现在6月,其中丝状蓝藻的相对丰度在75%以上;飞来峡水库最高蓝藻细胞密度出现在12月,丝状蓝藻的相对丰度达到90%。水动力学条件是限制蓝藻丰度和种类的主要环境因子。由于飞来峡水库的水力滞留时间变化较大,所以蓝藻季节性变化受水动力学条件的影响比深圳水库的大。假鱼腥藻等丝状蓝藻更适合在水库中生长,特别是在氮磷营养水平较高,水力滞留时间明显增加时,其细胞密度将大幅度上升。     

淀山湖蓝藻季节动态及其影响因子

为了掌握淀山湖蓝藻门浮游植物群落及其与环境因子的关系,于2009年5月—2010年4月在全湖选取9个点位对浮游植物群落进行了调查,应用CANOCO4.5软件对获得的蓝藻门种类和环境因子数据进行典范对应分析(CCA),并绘制了物种与环境因子关系的二维排序图。结果表明:调查期间共出现蓝藻门15属46种,微囊藻属占69.9%,其次颤藻属占20.5%;蓝藻数量分布具有明显的季节性,密度变化范围为9.0×104～7.6×106 cells·L-1,蓝藻细胞密度与叶绿素a、总氮、营养状态指数TSIM(chl-a)和TSIM(TN)相关性较好,表明总氮浓度对蓝藻细胞密度影响较大,而密度和相对丰度影响着湖泊中的叶绿素含量和透明度等;CCA分析表明,春季水体受水温、生物需氧量、总磷影响较大,夏季水体受总磷、BOD5、透明度影响较大,秋季环境因子影响类型较为集中但不显著,冬季各环境因子影响较夏、秋两季明显,水体与铵态氮、透明度(SD)均呈正相关;分析了蓝藻中作为全湖优势种类的铜绿微囊藻和弱细颤藻与环境因子之间的关系,前者与水温、总氮呈显著正相关,与pH值呈现负相关;后者四季均有出现,数量变化受水温影响最大,在夏季与较低的pH值有关;环境因子改变与蓝藻季节演替内在联系表现为蓝藻群落在春冬2季受水温影响最大,夏季受TP、TN影响显著,秋季则与水体的透明度相关性最大。本实验对于理解淀山湖蓝藻优势种季节演替特征及对其开展监测治理具有指导意义。     

黑河流域中游水陆交错带湿地芦苇种群动态变化特征

对自然状态下黑河流域中游水陆交错带湿地芦苇(Phragmites australis)种群生态特征以及地表淹水深度进行调查,分析该区芦苇种群的盖度、高度、密度和地上生物量等生态特征的季节变化和地表水位变化对芦苇种群生态特征的影响。结果表明:黑河中游水陆交错带湿地芦苇种群的生长过程具有明显季节性规律,盖度随着季节的推移呈先升高后下降的趋势,最高值出现在8月下旬,为99.7%;高度则随着季节的推移逐渐升高;密度随着季节的变化具有先升高后下降再升高的特点;地上生物量在5～6月、7～8月间增长较快,6～7月间增长相对较慢,8月下旬达到最大值,随后逐渐减少。淹水深度对芦苇种群的生态特征有显著影响,种群盖度、高度、密度、地上生物量的变化速率与淹水深度变化速率均有显著相关性(p<0.05)。     

大亚湾澳头水域浮游植物群落结构及周年数量动态

对1997年至1998年广东省大亚湾澳头水域的浮游植物群落进行调查和分析。结果发现浮游植物65属198种;硅藻在种类组成和数量上都比甲藻占有优势,存在春季和秋季高峰,主要优势类群依次是角毛藻、骨条藻、拟菱形藻等;甲藻只存在春季高峰,代表种类有裸甲藻、原甲藻等。主要优势种类的生长与调查水域的盐度没有明显关系,但全年水温的季节性变化对优势种类的消长影响显著。Simpson多样性指数、Shannon-Weaver多样性指数、均匀度的年平均值分别是0.611、2.107、0.557,多样性指数没有明显的季节变化规律和水平分布规律。       

两座抽水型水库蓝藻种群与微囊藻毒素的比较分析

2008年每隔两月调查1次广东省两座抽水型水库:凤凰山水库和南屏水库的蓝藻组成与微囊藻毒素分布特征.结果共检测到蓝藻有14属,主要为丝状体和群体种类,常见的有假鱼腥藻属(Pseudanabaena)、蓝纤维藻属(Dactylococcopsis)、湖丝藻属(Limnothrix)、拟柱孢藻属(Cylindrospermopsis)和色球藻属(Chroococcus).两座水库的蓝藻细胞密度为119～137373 cells mL-1,微囊藻毒素浓度为0～2.26μg L-1.凤凰山水库的全年微囊藻毒素浓度均低于国家安全标准(1 μg L-1),最高浓度出现在3月份;南屏水库在丰水期微囊藻毒素浓度高于凤凰山水库,最高浓度出现在7月(2.26μgL-1).长水力滞留时间的凤凰山水库的蓝藻细胞密度比短水力滞留时间的南屏水库高出1个数量级.两座水库蓝藻细胞密度的峰值都出现在枯水期的3月,这主要与温度和调水量变化引起的营养盐季节性变化有关.假鱼腥藻、湖丝藻和拟柱孢藻是凤凰山水库的优势蓝藻种类,大多数情况下相对丰度超过50%.在南屏水库,枯水期蓝藻以丝状体种类为优势,丰水期则以群体种类为优势.温度和调水量的季节性变化引起的营养盐季节性变化可能是引起南屏水库不同生活类型优势蓝藻种类季节演替的主要因素.     

水体pH对伪鱼腥藻生长及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

在实验室条件下, 以伪鱼腥藻(Pseudanabaena sp.)为研究对象, 研究了pH对伪鱼腥藻生长、叶绿素荧光参数(Fv/Fm、ETR、Ik)的影响, 以期了解伪鱼腥藻对水体pH的适应及调节能力。试验分为2组, 一组每天测定水体实际pH后调整藻液pH 为初始设定值, 另一组在试验开始时调节pH 至设定值后不人为调节, 每天测定pH。结果表明: 伪鱼腥藻偏好碱性环境, 并对水体pH有很强的调节和适应能力。每天调控pH为11的试验组生长情况最好; 不人为调控pH试验中, pH 5—11试验组pH最终趋于10.9—11.5, 人为调控pH试验中, pH 7—11试验组pH最终趋于9.5—11.3。pH为3和13条件下, 伪鱼腥藻均不能生长。pH 5—11范围内, Fv/Fm、ETR随pH增大而增大, pH 7—11范围内各组Ik值差异不大。     

转人源胸腺肽α1基因聚球藻7942及其野生藻的培养

探讨光照强度、光照时间、接种量和不同碳氮源对转人源胸腺肽α1基因聚球藻7942（转化藻）及其野生藻（聚球藻7942）生长的影响以及生长过程中pH的变化。研究发现,无论是野生藻还是转化藻的生长都表现出全天光照优于半天光照。三角瓶培养转化藻生长的最佳光照度为1500lx,野生藻生长的最佳光照度为2000lx;光反应器培养两种藻生长的适宜光照强度均随藻体浓度的变化而改变。为了尽量缩短延滞期,转化藻接种量OD730≥0.08,野生藻OD730≥0.05。两种灌体生长适宜的碳氮源为NaHCO3和KNO3,生长过程中pH值变化趋势基本相似。     

MORPHOLOGY OF THE SUBANTARCTIC RED ALGA CENACRUM SUBSUTUM GEN. ET SP. NOV. (RHODYMENIALES) FROM MACQUARIE ISLAND1

The red alga Cenacrum subsutum gen. et sp. nov. is described from material collected at Macquarie Island in the subantarctic between November 1977 and February 1978. The habit and carposporophyte development are similar to members of the family Rhodymeniaceae (Rhodymeniales), but certain vegetative features are unique. The frond is a variously incised or lobed foliose blade with hollow apices above and a medulla which becomes progressively filled basipetally with ingrowing rhizoidal filaments. Details of carpogonial branch, auxiliary cell, connecting cell and gonimoblast anatomy are given, as well as observations on the habitats and distribution of the species.     

Fish fauna and fisheries of large European rivers: examples from the Volga and the Danube

The role of herbivores in regulating aquatic plant dynamics has received growing recognition from researchers and managers. However, the evidence for herbivore impacts on aquatic plants is largely based on short-term exclosure studies conducted within a single plant growing season. Thus, it is unclear how long herbivore impacts on aquatic plant abundance can persist for. We addressed this knowledge gap by testing whether mute swan (Cygnus olor) grazing on lowland river macrophytes could be detected in the following growing season. Furthermore, we investigated the role of seasonal changes in water current speed in limiting the temporal extent of grazing. We found no relationship between swan biomass density in 1 year and aquatic plant cover or biomass in the following spring. No such carry-over effects were detected despite observing high swan biomass densities in the previous year from which we inferred grazing impacts on macrophytes. Seasonal increases in water velocity were associated with reduced grazing pressure as swans abandoned river habitat. Furthermore, our study highlights the role of seasonal changes in water velocity in determining the length of the mute swan grazing season in shallow lowland rivers and thus in limiting the temporal extent of herbivore impacts on aquatic plant abundance.     

荒漠草原区柠条固沙人工林地表草本植被季节变化特征

研究荒漠草原人工林固沙区地表草本植被季节变化特征及其和柠条林龄的关系,对于分析柠条人工林地表草本植物的季节适应性和制订合理的人工林管理措施均具有重要的科学意义。选择6、15、24年生和36年生柠条人工林为研究对象,通过调查每个样地5月、8月和10月地表草本植物密度、物种数、盖度和高度,分析了荒漠草原区柠条人工固沙林生长过程中地表草本植被季节变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明,地表草本植物物种数在柠条林龄6和15a时受季节改变的影响较小,在24a之后受到季节变化的显著影响(P0.05)。地表草本植物密度在柠条林龄6a时受季节改变的影响较小,但在15a之后季节变化显著影响地表草本植物个体数分布(P0.05),而且在10月具有最多的地表草本植物个体数。地表草本植被盖度和高度均受到季节变化的显著影响(P0.05),而受林龄的影响较小;不同年龄林地地表草本植被盖度和高度均表现为10月和8月较高,5月较低。研究表明,荒漠草原柠条人工林固沙区,柠条林发育生长和灌木形态的改变不仅影响土壤营养条件,而且还可以调控由于季节改变而引起的土壤温湿度变化,柠条林龄和季节更替二者交互作用,共同影响地表草本植被的季节变化特征。     

A NEW METHOD OF CYSTOCARP DEVELOPMENT IN THE RED ALGAL GENUS CALLOPHYLLIS (KALLYMENIACEAE) FROM CHILE1

Traditional studies suggest that the Kallymeniaceae can be divided into two major groups, a nonprocarpic Kallymenia group, in which carposporophyte formation involves an auxiliary cell branch system separate from the carpogonial branch system, and a procarpic Callophyllis group, in which the carpogonial branch system gives rise to the carposporophyte directly after fertilization. Based on our phylogenetic studies and unpublished observations, the two groups each contain both procarpic and nonprocarpic genera. Here, we describe a new method of reproductive development in Callophyllis concepcionensis Arakaki, Alveal et Ramírez from Chile. The carpogonial branch system consists of a supporting cell bearing both a three‐celled carpogonial branch with trichogyne and two‐lobed “subsidiary” cells. After fertilization, large numbers of secondary subcortical and medullary cells are produced. Lobes of the carpogonial branch system cut off connecting cells containing enlarged, presumably diploid nuclei that fuse with these secondary vegetative cells and deposit their nuclei. Derivative enlarged nuclei are transferred from one vegetative cell to another, which ultimately cut off gonimoblast initials that form filaments that surround the central primary medullary cells and produce carposporangia. The repeated involvement of vegetative cells in gonimoblast formation is a new observation, not only in Callophyllis, but in red algae generally. These results call for a revised classification of the Kallymeniaceae based on new morphological and molecular studies.     

DISTRIBUTION,SEASONALITY AND REPRODUCTIVE PHENOLOGY OF BANGIA ATROPURPUREA (RHODOPHYTA) IN RHODE ISLAND,U.S.A.1

Forty-seven sites along the Rhode Island coastline were sampled on a seasonal basis for the presence of the red alga Bangia atropurpurea (Roth) C. Ag. This species was found to be widely distributed, occurring at 94% of the hard, stable substrates sampled. Bangia populations were most, widespread in the winter (71% of sites) and least frequent in the summer (29% of sites). At one location, three high intertidal populations (average height 101 cm) and three low intertidal populations (average height 14 cm) were sampled monthly for two years. The upper intertidal populations appeared in September and persisted until at least May, whereas the lower populations were ephemeral, appearing for only a few months in late winter. The high intertidal populations were present on 85% of the sampling dates white the lower ones were observed on 25% of the sampling dates. Upper intertidal filaments reproduced exclusively by asexual monospores unlike those of the lower populations which were largely sexual. The maximum diameter of asexual and carpogonial filaments was 120 and 250 nm, respectively. Monosporagenesis was strongly correlated to temperature whereas gametogenesis was strongly correlated to photopriod.     

OBSERVATIONS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CARPOSPOROPHYTE OF SCINAIA PSEUDOJAPONICA YAMADA ET TANAKA (NEMALIALES,CHAETANGIACEAE)1

The development of the carposporophyte of Scinaia pseudojaponica Yamada et Tanaka is described for the first time. The carpogonial branch is 3-celled. Before fertilization the hypogynous cell divides into a group of 4 cells. Concurrently the cell beneath the hypogynous cells also produces initials which, following fertilization, develop into branched filaments that envelop the carposporophyte. After fertilization the gonimoblast initial is produced laterally from the basal part of the carpogonium. Carposporangia are produced in chains from the free ends of the gonimoblast filaments which grow toward the surface of the thyllus. A very thick pericarp surrounds the mature carposporophyte.     

Microhabitat and plant structure of Compsopogon coeruleus (Compsopogonaceae,Rhodophyta) populations in streams from São Paulo State,southeastern Brazil

Microhabitat distribution was investigated in three populations of C. coeruleus to determine the distributional patterns and their controlling factors, as well as morphometric adaptations to varying conditions on a scale of a few centimetres. Morphometric variations and their relations with physical variables (current velocity, irradiance, depth and type of substratum) revealed some particular characteristics for each population and indicate particular adaptations. However, some trends were clear: 1) larger plants (length and/or diameter) produced a higher quantity of monosporangia in the three populations; 2) plant length and diameter were positively correlated in two populations; 3) plant diameter was positively correlated with current velocity in two populations; 4) higher percent cover was associated with substrata composed of macrophytes in two populations. C. coeruleus occurred under relatively wide microhabitat conditions and had high niche width values, suggesting a tolerance to considerable variation in physical variables. These characteristics contribute to the species' wide distribution in Brazilian streams, both spatial (at distinct scales) and seasonal.     

STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CARPOSPOROPHYTE OF NEMALION HELMINTHOIDES (NEMALIONALES,RHODOPHYTA)1

Following fertilization, the carposporophyte of Nemalion helminthoides (Velley in With.) Batters differentiates into four distinct regions: the fusion cell, the sterile gonimoblast cells, the carposporangial mother cells and the carposporangia. The gonimoblast is formed by apically dividing, monopodial filaments of limited growth which may later become pseudodichotomous. Upon differentiation of a terminal carposporangium, a gonimoblast filament may continue to grow sympodially. A single carposporangial mother cell may produce carposporangia in several different directions as well as proliferate successive carposporangia within the sporangial walls that remain after carpospore liberation. As the carposporophyte matures, the gonimoblast initial, the stalk cell, the hypogynous and subhypogynous cells fuse. Except for the fusion cell, all cells of the carposporophyte show organelle polarity and contain a distally located, lobed chloroplast and proximal nucleus.     

Seasonality and distribution of epilithic diatoms,macroalgae and macrophytes in a spring-fed stream system in Ontario,Canada

A study of the epilithic diatom, macroalgal and macrophyte communities from a spring-fed stream in Ontario, Canada was undertaken from September 1996 to July 1997. The relative abundance of the epilithic diatom flora, percent cover of macroalgal and macrophyte taxa, and several physical and chemical stream conditions were monitored along a 20-m stretch at each of four sites, approximately every 2 months. Several stream conditions were relatively constant over the sampling period (pH, maximum width and maximum depth), while others exhibited a distinct seasonal pattern (water temperature, specific conductance and daylength) and some fluctuated strongly with no discernable seasonal pattern (turbidity, current velocity). A total of 124 taxa were identified from the four sites, including 79 epilithic diatoms, three macroalgal diatom species (large gelatinous masses), one cyanobacterium, two red algae, eight green algae, one chrysophyte alga, one tribophyte alga, three mosses, three horsetails and 23 angiosperm taxa. Species richness was positively correlated to stream channel maximum width and depth, indicating that the total number of species tends to increase in a downstream direction. Distribution of several diatom and macroalgal species was significantly correlated to stream conditions (e.g. Gomphonema parvulum and Phormidium subfuscum with current velocity); however, the vast majority of species did not display seasonal variation in abundance that could be explained by changes in stream conditions. Many of the taxa identified from Blue Springs Creek are common elsewhere in North America.