Two-Dimensional Electrophoretic Analysis of Soluble Leaf Proteins of a Salt-sensitive(Triticum aestivum)and a Salt-tolerant(T.durum)Cultivar in Response to NaCl Stress

In this research, 3-day-old etiolated wheat seedlings of Triticum aestivum L. cv. Ceyhan-99 (salt-sensitive) and T. durumDesf. cv. Firat-93 (salt-tolerant) were grown in control and salt (150 mmol/L NaCI) treatments at a 15/25℃ temperatureregime in the light for 12 days. Soluble proteins extracted from the first leaf tissues of two cultivars were analyzed by two-dimensional (2-D) electrophoresis in order to detect NaCl-induced changes. The soluble leaf protein profiles of cultivarswere observed to be similar. However, quantitative differences in 74 proteins were detected in the salt treatment group,compared to the control. Among the 74 protein spots, 14 were common for two cultivars. As a result of NaCl treatment, twolow-molecular-weight (LMW) proteins (28.9 and 30.0 kDa) and one intermediate-molecular-weight (IMW) protein (44.3 kDa)in cv. Ceyhan-99 and six LMW proteins (18.6, 19.4, 25.7, 25.9, 26 and 27.6 kDa) in cv. Firat-93 were newly synthesized. Thenewly synthesized proteins were specific to each cultivar. In the Firat-93 cultivar, four proteins with LMW (24.8-27.9 kDa)were completely lost in NaCl treatment. Moreover, these four protein spots were not observed in both protein profiles ofcv. Ceyhan-99. Most of these proteins were in acidic character (pi<6.0-6.9) and low molecular weight (<31.6 kDa). It issuggested that the newly synthesized or completely lost LMW proteins may be important for cultivars differing in sensitivitytowards NaCl.     

Two-Dimensional Electrophoretic Analysis of Soluble Leaf Proteins of a Salt-sensitive （Triticum aestivum） and a Salt-tolerant （T. durum） Cultivar in Response to NaCI Stress

In this research, 3-day-old etiolated wheat seedlings of Triticum aestivum L. cv. Ceyhan-99 （salt-sensitive） and T. durum Desf. cv. Firat-93 （salt-tolerant） were grown in control and salt （150 mmol/L NaCl） treatments at a 15/25℃ temperature regime in the light for 12 days. Soluble proteins extracted from the first leaf tissues of two cultivars were analyzed by twodimensional （2-D） electrophoresis in order to detect NaCl-induced changes. The soluble leaf protein profiles of cultivars were observed to be similar. However, quantitative differences in 74 proteins were detected in the salt treatment group, compared to the control. Among the 74 protein spots, 14 were common for two cultivars. As a result of NaCl treatment, two low-molecular-weight （LMW） proteins （28.9 and 30.0 kDa） and one intermediate-molecular-weight （IMW） protein （44.3 kDa） in cv. Ceyhan-99 and six LMW proteins （18.6, 19.4, 25.7, 25.9, 26 and 27.6 kDa） in cv. Firat-93 were newly synthesized. The newly synthesized proteins were specific to each cultivar. In the Firat-93 cultivar, four proteins with LMW （24.8-27.9 kDa） were completely lost in NaCl treatment. Moreover, these four protein spots were not observed in both protein profiles of cv. Ceyhan-99. Most of these proteins were in acidic character （pl 〈6.0-6.9） and low molecular weight （〈31.6 kDa）. It is suggested that the newly synthesized or completely lost LMW proteins may be important for cultivars differing in sensitivity towards NaCl.     

Effect of 2,4-D on Seedling Physiology and Cytogenetical Studies in Triticum aextivum and Phalaris minor(Gramineae)

Effects of 2, 4 -D on seedling growth and chromosomal abnormalities were studied in Triticum aestivum and Phalaris minor. Seeds were soaked at different concentrations of 2, 4 -D (0.01%, 0.1%, 1.0%) for 4, 8, 12 and 16 hours. 2, 4 -D suppressed the germination more severely in P. minor than in T. aestivum. Shoot and root length was retarded with the increase of concentration and time of treatment in both species. Generally radical was more negatively affected than coleoptile and emergence of radical was not observed at 1.0% concentration at 8, 12, and 16 hours of treatment in T. aestivum while in P. minor there was a total lack of radical emergence at 1.0% concentration for all durations of treatment. Stiff and curled roots and undifferentiated callus like scutellar tissues were observed in T. aestivum, while in P. minor the coleoptile obtained was lean, pale green in colour and was lying flat on filter paper. Mitotic index decreased, while chromosomal abnormalities, bridges and laggards were increased with the increase of concentration and soaking time however, laggards were not observed in T. aestivum. Clumping and chain formation of chromosomes at metaphase was also noticed in P. minor.     

Transport and Partitioning of Lead in Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea) and Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Lead (Pb) contamination in soils is a serious concern because it can be taken up by crops and then transferred through the food chain, posing a potential risk to human health. Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) are important crop species known to accumulate heavy metals in their tissues. This study aimed at understanding the transport and accumulation of Pb in these two species and the risk associated with consumption of these foods, which would help us in mitigating accumulation of Pb in edible tissues. The plants were grown at different Pb concentrations for the entire life cycle, and the partitioning of the metal to different tissues was examined. The results showed that plant species differ widely in their ability to transport and accumulate Pb in different tissues. In B. juncea, there was significant accumulation of Pb in both siliques and seeds, whereas most of the Pb in wheat was concentrated in the vegetative tissues and less to the flag leaf and reproductive tissues. In both species, although seed Pb concentrations exceeded acceptable limits, dietary intake did not exceed acceptable limits in most treatments, indicating that more studies on Pb transport and redistribution in crop species is necessary.     

Determination of phylogenetic relationships between some wild wheat species using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers

This study reports the molecular characterization, polymorphism, and phylogenetic relationships of Triticum aestivum , T. dicoccoides , T. urartu , and T. monococcum ssp. boeoticum , obtained from different locations in Anatolia, using 33 primer combinations to generate amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) patterns in 31 individual plant samples. The objectives of this work were to estimate the phylogenetic relationships between these species and to investigate the genetic distance as a result of ecological and climatic factors. The origin of the A genome of polyploid wheats is also discussed. Eight hundred and seventy-five AFLP fragments had polymorphic loci, 133 of which were unique to T. monococcum ssp. boeoticum , 66 were unique to T. urartu , and 141 were unique to T. dicoccoides . Analysis using the program POPGENE showed polymorphism levels of T. monococcum ssp. boeoticum , T. urartu , and T. dicoccoides of 42.63, 32.34, and 27.71%, respectively. No correlation between genetic distance and ecological or climatic factors was recorded in this study. Our results support the hypothesis that T. urartu is a diploid ancestor of T. dicoccoides and T. aestivum .  © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2007, 153 , 67–72.     

四川红杉-岷江冷杉原始林凋落物K和Na的归还动态

以凋落物为载体的养分归还是生态系统物质循环的主要过程,也是林木生长所需养分的重要来源。相对于其他元素,钾(K)和钠(Na)在调节渗透压方面有着极其重要的作用,且淋溶作用强烈,极易流失,但缺乏必要关注。因此,以海拔3589 m高山峡谷区典型的四川红杉(Larix mastersiana)-岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)原始林为研究对象,在2015年9月到2016年8月期间调查了不同类型凋落物中K和Na元素在不同时期的归还特征。结果表明:1)凋落物K和Na元素年归还量分别为25.34和4.44 kg·hm^-2,表现为:凋落叶>凋落枝>其他凋落物>凋落皮>附生植物>繁殖器官。其中,凋落叶和枝占总凋落物K和Na元素归还的85%以上;2)总凋落物、凋落叶和枝的K、Na元素归还动态呈现"双峰型",最大值出现在5月和10月;凋落皮和繁殖器官K、Na元素归还动态呈现"单峰型",最大值出现在5月;3)乔木层树种凋落物的K和Na元素呈现"双峰型"的归还模式,最大值在5月和10月,灌木树种凋落物的K和Na元素呈现"单峰型"归还模式,最大值在9-10月。这些结果说明了高山峡谷区典型针叶林不同类型凋落物元素归还的季节性特征,为进一步认识区域森林物质循环及相关的生态学过程提供了基础数据。     

Virulence of Hessian fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in the Fertile Crescent

The Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), is an important insect pest of wheat (Triticum spp.) in North Africa, North America, southern Europe and northern Kazakhstan. Both wheat and this pest are believed to have originated from West Asia in the Fertile Crescent. The virulence of a Hessian fly population from Syria against a set of cultivars carrying different resistance genes, in addition to other effective sources with unknown genes, was determined in the field and laboratory at the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) during the 2005/2006 cropping season. Only two resistance genes (H25 and H26) were effective against the Syrian Hessian fly population, making it the most virulent worldwide. This high virulence supports the hypothesis that Hessian fly coevolved with wheat in the Fertile Crescent of West Asia. The ICARDA screening programme is using this Hessian fly population to identify new resistance genes to this pest.     

Exogenous Nitrate as a Terminal Acceptor of Electrons in Rice (Oryza sativa) Coleoptiles and Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Roots under Strict Anoxia

To elucidate the physiological role of exogenous nitrate under anaerobic conditions, we studied the effect of 10 mM KNO₃ on the mitochondrial ultrastructure in rice (Oryza sativa L.) coleoptiles and in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) roots, detached from four-day-old seedlings, under strict anoxia. In wheat roots, following 6-h-long anoxia in the absence of exogenous nitrate, the mitochondrial membranes were partially degraded and, after 9 h under anoxia, the mitochondrial membranes and the membranes of other organelles were completely destroyed. In rice coleoptiles, the partial membrane degradation was observed only after 24 h and their complete breakdown after 48 h of anaerobiosis. In the presence of exogenous nitrate, no membrane destruction was noticed even after 9 and 48 h of anaerobiosis in wheat roots and rice coleoptiles, respectively. These results indicate that exogenous nitrate exerts protective action as a terminal electron acceptor, alternative to the molecular oxygen. Our findings are compared with the results of other researchers concerning the adverse or favorable nitrate action on plant growth, metabolism, and energy status under anaerobic stress.     

冬小麦植物铁载体分泌的杂种效应

缺铁是石灰性土壤常见的植物营养问题之一。禾本科植物种或基因型的植物铁载体分泌能力与耐缺铁有关 ,提高植物铁载体分泌能力是改良缺铁的土壤上植物铁营养的关键措施之一。在水培条件下分析了冬小麦(TriticumaestivumL .) 3个杂交种及其 4个亲本在缺铁营养液中植物铁载体的分泌及杂种的效应。植物铁载体的分泌率通过根分泌物对新形成的Fe(OH) 3 的活化能力进行测定 ,在缺铁症出现时每隔 2、3天测定 1次。在缺铁条件下 ,所有基因型都分泌较多的植物铁载体 ,并且随缺铁症状的发展分泌量增加。杂交种具有对缺铁更敏感的反馈系统 ,在缺铁条件下 ,杂交种比亲本分泌铁载体的速度更快、量更高。通过分析杂交种和亲本的关系 ,认为可以通过对亲本分泌植物铁载体能力和配合力的选择 ,利用杂种优势来提高小麦铁的利用效率。     

Molecular cloning and characterization of vernalization-related (ver) genes in winter wheat

The enriched cold-induced cDNA library of 1 × 10⁴ plaque-forming units (pfu. was prepared using cDNAs from cold-induced winter wheat, subtracted with mRNA of the control (non cold-induced). Results of the hybridization in situ of differential screening with probes of the control, the vernalized and devernalized wheat cDNAs showed that verc 17 ( verc : vernalization-relatcd cDNA clone) is specific for the veinalization. The insert of lambda of 10 recombinant was subcloned into the sites between Bam HI and Hind III in a pUC 19 plasmid. Analysis by northern blotting with a probe from verc 17 indicated that the verc 17 has negative signals for the control and the devernatized mRNA, but a positive signal for the mRNA of vernalized wheat at about 1.8 kb. The sequence had 20 restriction sites, covered by 17 enzymes. The ver 17 gene showed some homology with the P. yeolii major merozoite surface-antigen gene.     

Investigation on the Fusarium induced stress protein (FISP) in wheat: Immunolocalisation in root cells

Abstract

Fusarium induced-stress-protein (FISP) of ～51 kDa molecular mass was detected in seven day old germinated wheat (Triticum aestivum var Sonalika) seedlings infected with F. oxysporum for a period of seven days. This particular stress protein (FISP) of ～51 kDa was over-expressed in the case of Fusarium infected seedlings compared to the untreated seedlings where the presence of this protein was insignificant. Localisation of this ～51 kDa protein in root tissue by anti-CSAP (Cadmium Stress Associated Protein) antiserum showed a significantly higher number of gold particles in the case of Fusarium infected root tissue compared to the untreated control. A unique type of organised localisation of FISP around the plasma membrane and outer vacuolar membrane suggests its defensive role against Fusarium infection that might be a general stress protein against biotic and abiotic stresses.     

Comparative RFLP mapping of the chlorotoluron resistance gene (Su1) in cultivated wheat (Triticum aestivum) and wild wheat (Triticum dicoccoides)

Chlorotoluron is a selective phenylurea herbicide widely used for broad-leaved and annual grass weed control in cereals. Variation in the response to chlorotoluron (CT) was found in both hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and wild tetraploid wheat (Triticum dicoccoides KöRN.). Here, we describe the comparative mapping of the CT resistance gene (Su1) on chromosome 6B in bread and wild wheat using RFLP markers. In bread wheat, mapping was based on 58 F₄ single-seed descent (SSD) plants of the cross between a genotype sensitive to chlorotoluron, ‘Chinese Spring’ (CS), and a resistant derivative, the single chromosome substitution line, CS (‘Cappele-Desprez’ 6B) [CS (CAP6B). In T dicoccoides, mapping was based on 37 F₂ plants obtained from the cross between the CT-susceptible accession B-7 and the resistant accession B-35. Nine RFLP probes spanning the centromere were chosen for mapping. In bread wheat Su1 was found to be linked to α-Amy-1 (9.84 cM) and Xpsr371 (5.2 cM), both on the long arm of 6B, and Nor2 (2.74 cM) on the short arm. In wild wheat the most probable linkage map was Nor2-Xpsr312-Su1-Pgk2, and the genetic distances between the genes were 24.8cM, 5.3cM, and 6.8cM, respectively. These results along with other published map data indicate that the linear order of the genes is similar to that found in T. aestivum. The results of this study also show that the Su1 gene for differential response to chlorotoluron has evolved prior to the domestication of cultivated wheat and not in response to the development and use of chemicals.     

Allelopathy in wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Wheat (Triticum aestivum) allelopathy has potential for the management of weeds, pests and diseases. Both wheat residue allelopathy and wheat seedling allelopathy can be exploited for managing weeds, including resistant biotypes. Wheat varieties differ in allelopathic potential against weeds, indicating that selection of allelopathic varieties might be a useful strategy in integrated weed management. Several categories of allelochemicals for wheat allelopathy have been identified, namely, phenolic acids, hydroxamic acids and short‐chain fatty acids. Wheat allelopathic activity is genetically controlled and a multigenic model has been proposed. Research is underway to identify genetic markers associated with wheat allelopathy. Once allelopathic genes have been located, a breeding programme could be initiated to transfer the genes into modern varieties for weed suppression. The negative impacts of wheat autotoxicity on agricultural production systems have also been identified when wheat straws are retained on the soil surface for conservation farming purposes. A management package to avoid such deleterious effects is discussed. Wheat allelopathy requires further study in order to maximise its allelopathic potential for the control of weeds, pests and diseases, and to minimise its detrimental effects on the growth of wheat and other crops.     

Quantitative trait loci mapping of dark-induced senescence in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum)

In order to explore the genetics of dark-induced senescence in winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.),a quantitative trait loci(QTL)analysis was carried out in a doubled haploid population developed from a cross between the varieties Hanxuan 10(HX)and Lumai 14(LM).The senescence parameters chlorophyll content(Chl a+b,Chl a,and Chl b),original fluorescence(Fo),maximum fluorescence level(Fm),maximum photochemical efficiency(Fv/Fm),and ratio of variable fluorescence to original fluorescence(Fv/Fo)were evaluated in the second leaf of whole three-leaf seedlings subjected to 7 d of darkness.A total of 43 QTLs were identified that were associated with dark-induced senescence using composite interval mapping.These QTLs were mapped to 20 loci distributed on 11 chromosomes:1B,1D,2A,2B,3B,3D,5D,6A,6B,7A,and 7B.The phenotypic variation explained by each QTL ranged from 7.5% to 19.4%.Eleven loci coincided with two or more of the analyzed parameters.In addition,14 loci co-located or were linked with previously reported QTLs regulating flag leaf senescence,tolerance to high light stress,and grain protein content(Gpc),separately.     

Cytological and anatomical observations on the awn and lemma of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Ofanto)

Abstract

The anatomy and cytology of the awn and lemma of Triticum aestivum cv. Ofanto was studied. Transverse sections of awns showed five vascular bundles, elongated and branched chlorenchyma cells containing protein bodies are lacking in starch; therefore sugars are supposed rapidly translocated. Starch is abundant in the spike. Phytoliths are present.     

小麦紫黄质脱环氧化酶(VDE) cDNA的克隆及表达

应用RT-PCR方法从小麦(Triticum aestivum L. cv.Xiaoyan 54)中克隆了紫黄质脱环氧化酶(violaxanthinde-epoxidase,VDE) cDNA,预测的蛋白质序列与拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)、水稻(Oryza sati va)有很高的同源性.Southern杂交结果表明,在小麦中可能存在3个拷贝的紫黄质脱环氧化酶基因.Northern杂交结果表明它在绿色叶片中特异表达,在黄化小麦幼苗变绿过程中其mRNA水平受光诱导,并且强光增加了其mRNA在成熟叶片中的表达.     

小麦紫黄质脱环氧化酶(VDE)cDNA的克隆及表达(英文)

应用RT-PCR方法从小麦(Triticum aestivum L.cv.Xiaoyan 54)中克隆了紫黄质脱环氧化酶(violaxanthinde-epoxidase,VDE)cDNA,预测的蛋白质序列与拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)、水稻(Oryza sativa)有很高的同源性。Southern杂交结果表明,在小麦中可能存在3个拷贝的紫黄质脱环氧化酶基因。Northern杂交结果表明它在绿色叶片中特异表达,在黄化小麦幼苗变绿过程中其mRNA水平受光诱导,并且强光增加了其mRNA在成熟叶片中的表达。     

Induction of haploid and diploid plants though in vitro anther culture of haploid wheat (n=3x=21)

Summary Five haploid plants of wheat were used for anther culture. Embryos were formed and six plants were regenerated. Of these, two were haploid (n=3x=21) and two diploid (2n=6x=42). The two diploids derived from the anthers of the same haploid wheat plant gave seeds, but the fertility was reduced in one of them showing, abnormalities at meiosis.     

小麦等离子束处理的生物学效应研究

本文以早熟品种冀麦31号和晚熟品系88—4284萌动种子为材料,报道了等离子束处理对小麦种子萌发的影响和细胞学效应。观察表明,等离子束长时间处理抑制种子发芽。在根尖细胞有丝分裂中期观察到染色体断裂和断片,冀麦31号染色体断裂的频率为0.49—1.34％,88—4284为0.21—2.14％。随着处理时间延长,染色体断裂频率逐渐提高。有丝分裂后期和末期出现大量的落后染色单体和染色体桥。在花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ,经过等离子束处理的材料出现环状单价体。后期Ⅰ观察到染色体倒位造成的染色体桥和断片。在四分体期还有微核出现。