敦煌‘李光杏’花芽发育过程中雌蕊败育观察及生物学特性调查

为克服杏生产中雌蕊败育现象、提高坐果率,该研究以甘肃省敦煌市的‘李光杏’盛果期不同树势(强势树、中庸树和弱势树)和不同类型结果枝(花束状果枝、短果枝、中果枝、长果枝)的花芽为试材,对其开花物候期及生物学特性进行调查,采用石蜡切片观察易发生败育时期(花芽分化初期、雌蕊分化期、花粉细胞期和花蕾膨大期)的花芽内部组织结构形态,同时测定各主要败育时期叶片可溶性糖、淀粉含量及矿质元素的变化。结果表明:(1)弱树花芽的平均败育率最高(91.26%),中庸树最低(71.08%);不同类型结果枝中,花束状果枝花芽的败育率最低,长果枝的败育率最高。(2)不同结果枝类型的花粉生活力表现为花束状果枝>短果枝>中果枝>长果枝,花粉发芽率表现为短果枝>花束状果枝>中果枝>长果枝。各花型花粉生活力表现为雌蕊高于雄蕊>雌雄等长>雌蕊低于雄蕊>无雌蕊,发芽率的表现为雌雄等长>雌蕊高于雄蕊>雌蕊低于雄蕊>无雌蕊。(3)各树势花芽雌蕊分化期叶片可溶性糖与淀粉含量显著低于其他时期;叶片P、K、Ca含量在分化前期较高,但是雌蕊、雄蕊分化期显著下降。(4)与正常花相比,败育花主要表现为子房发育异常,多数生长点不均匀,子房萎缩,胚珠原基发育停滞;雌蕊的花柱低于花丝,且花粉粒急剧减少。研究发现,‘李光杏’树势的强弱会造成败育花比例和坐果率的差异,并以中庸树果实坐果率最高,且花败育率最低;雌蕊发育是否正常直接关系到‘李光杏’正常开花,雌蕊的发育受阻,最终成为整个花芽退化的主要形式;叶片碳水化合物和矿质元素等营养物质参与并保证了花器官的正常发育。     

稀土铈对大扁杏光合作用和抗旱性影响的研究

应用稀土元素硝酸亚铈[（Ce(NO3)3·6H2O]配制成浓度分别为100mg/L,200mg/L,400mg/L,600mg/L的水溶液,对大扁杏二年生树苗进行喷施处理,7d后对大扁杏的光合作用和抗旱性能有关的生理指标进行测定,试验结果表明,光合强度和抗旱性都有所增加。400mg/L的处理效果最好。     

10种梅花品种及其3种近缘种的核型分析

采用压片法,对10种梅花品种及其3种近缘种杏、山杏和紫叶李进行了核型分析。结果表明:10种梅花品种及杏、山杏和紫叶李均为二倍体2n=2x=16,核不对称系数为55.17%~61.71%,核型类型有1A、1B、2B等3种类型,所有品种或种的核型都由其中部或近中部的着丝点染色体组成。‘丰后’和‘俏美人’等2个杂种品种染色体信息介于梅花与杏、山杏和紫叶李之间。     

甜仁山杏优株幼果抗寒性研究

以2个优选的甜仁山杏的幼果为试材．以生产中主栽大扁杏品种“优一”和野生山杏（山苦1、山苦2）为对照,通过冷冻处理,以胚褐变率、电导率和MDA值为指标,研究了甜仁山杏优株的抗寒性。结果表明。供试2个优选的甜仁山杏品系胚褐变率低,半致死温度（LT50）较对照低0．51～0．94℃。供试5个品系抗寒性的顺序依次为山甜1〉山甜2〉山苦1、山苦2〉“优一”。     

长白山红杏

吉林省通化市属高寒山区,冬季最低气温可达零下４０℃,自古以来除了野生西伯利亚杏（别名：山杏）之外,从没有过高品质的栽培杏树品种的历史。１９９０年在通化农业学校家属院内,我们意外发现一棵自然生长的“红杏”类品种的杏树开花结实。经８年的观察和与野生山杏嫁...     

三粒小麦大孢子的发生和雌配子体的发育

三粒小麦是新选育出来的、每花具三个雌蕊的小麦新类型。其大孢子的发生和胚囊的发育与普通小麦相同,三个雌蕊中主雌蕊的发育较为领先。除恒定地出现额外雌蕊外,在发育中有时观察到以下特异结构:1.小穗基部产生复小穗;2.浆片与副雌蕊之间形成花中小花;3.子房内产生二个、甚至三个胚珠;4.珠心内形成多细胞孢原及双胚囊;5.内珠被顶部发生数个孢原状细胞;6.子房合并。     

内蒙古居群抗寒西伯利亚杏繁殖生态学研究

对内蒙古居群抗寒西伯利亚杏的12个种源同一树龄的102株进行雌蕊败育率、花粉量、花粉活力、柱头可授性及自交不亲和性进行研究,以明确西伯利亚杏主产地资源的花期生物学特性和繁殖特性,为杏杂交育种和资源利用提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)有86.27%的西伯利亚杏雌蕊败育率低于90%;73.53%的西伯利亚杏单朵花花粉量在1×104～5×104之间;86.27%的西伯利亚杏花粉活力低于50%,且寿命较短。(2)花苞在将开未开时,柱头已经具备一定的可授性,开花后1～4d内柱头可授性保持较高水平,第5天开始有下降趋势。(3)荧光显微观察结果显示,授粉后16h时,96.08%的杏花花粉管在花柱上部;授粉后24h时,74.51%的杏花花粉管仍在花柱上部;授粉后48h时,35.29%的杏花花粉管到达花柱中部;授粉后80h时,花粉管到达花柱下部的杏花约50%,但受精胚珠数为0。研究认为,西伯利亚杏基本为自交不亲和。     

山杏

本文所指的山杏(Prunus isbirica)在内蒙叫“保力保赫”,乃是西伯利亚杏,与另一种普通山杏(P.arme-niaca)却不是一个种。西伯利亚杏也是我国北方山区一个重要的野生油料植物,分布在河北、山西、辽宁、吉林、黑龙江、内蒙、宁夏等省区,尤其以内蒙东部大兴安岭东南麓分布多而产量大。由1958年以来受到林业、     

花粉-雌蕊的相互作用机制

就近年来有关被子植物有性生殖过程中,雌蕊对花粉萌发、花粉管生长以及生长方向的作用和传粉对雌蕊发育的影响的研究进展作了介绍。     

一个水稻颖花器官突变体的形态解剖分析(英文)

从水稻 (OryzasativaL .)育种后代材料中获得一个受单隐性基因控制的颖花器官突变体。该突变体的内外稃变型、退化 ;雄蕊雌蕊化 ,每个颖花含 1～ 3个发育完整的雌蕊 ,其他雌蕊发育不完全。有的雌蕊化的雄蕊下部为花丝 ,其上着生不规则膨大组织和 0～ 3个羽毛状柱头。横切面和纵切面观察均可见每个颖花含 3个子房。人工辅助授粉后 ,每个颖花可产生 1～ 2粒种子。根据这些结果推断 ,该突变体为类似B功能缺失的突变体。     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Principles of organization and evolution of systems of regulation of functions

Evolution of living organisms is closely connected with evolution of structure of the system of regulations and its mechanisms. The functional ground of regulations is chemical signalization. As early as in unicellular organisms there is a set of signal mechanisms providing their life activity and orientation in space and time. Subsequent evolution of ways of chemical signalization followed the way of development of delivery pathways of chemical signal and development of mechanisms of its regulation. The mechanism of chemical regulation of the signal interaction is discussed by the example of the specialized system of transduction of signal from neuron to neuron, of effect of hormone on the epithelial cell and modulation of this effect. These mechanisms are considered as the most important ways of the fine and precise adaptation of chemical signalization underlying functioning of physiological systems and organs of the living organism