假丝酵母属的聚类分析和代谢活性的研究

本文对35株假丝酵母测定了84项性状,用不同的聚类方法进行了聚类,结果以Ssm系数的UPGMA方式处理较合适。根据UPGMA聚类结果,这些菌株主要分成两大类群。对代谢活性(生理生化性状的阳性百分率,MA%)分析的结果发现,第一类群的代谢活性在40%至73%之间,而第二类群在9%至33%之间,类群间代谢活性有明显差异。实验结果还表明,某些传统鉴定方法中的鉴定指标(如硝酸盐同化等)不能代表类群的特征,而另外一些指标(如MA%,海藻糖、松三糖和麦芽糖的同化等)具有类群的特征性。虫生假丝酵母(C.insectorum)和穿凿假丝酵母(C.terebra)的相似性系数高达90%,这两个种应该合并为一种。     

热带假丝酵母代谢烷烃过程中的β-氧化和代谢调控

热带假丝酵母 (Ｃａｎｄｉｄａｔｒｏｐｉｃａｌｉｓ)能利用烷烃作唯一碳源和能源。当以烷烃或脂肪酸为碳源时 ,在细胞内可形成大量的过氧化物酶体 (ｐｅｒｏｘｉｓｏｍｅ) ,同时诱导生成脂肪酸 β 氧化酶系 ,当以葡萄糖为碳源时 ,则极少有过氧化物酶体形成[1] ,一些Ｃ .ｔｒｏｐｉｃａｌｉｓ能氧化烷烃生成长链二元酸 (ｌｏｎｇｃｈａｉｎｄｉｃａｒｂｏｘｙｌｉｃａｃｉｄ ,ＤＣＡ)。由于这些特征 ,人们从酶学、分子生物学和实际应用等方面对这种酵母进行了深入研究 ,并阐述了Ｃ .ｔｒｏｐｉｃａｌｉｓ代谢烷烃的途径、脂肪酸β 氧化酶系…     

表型相似的热带假丝酵母和麦芽糖假丝酵母在脉冲电泳核型上的差异

热带假丝酵母Ｃａｎｄｉｄａ ｔｒｏｐｉｃａｌｉｓ （Ｃａｓｔｅｌｌａｎｉ ）Ｂｅｒｋｈｏｕｔ和麦芽糖假丝酵母Ｃ． ｍａｌｔｏｓａＫｏｍａｇａｔａ, Ｎａｋａｓｅ ＆ Ｋａｔｓｕｙａ是两种可利用烃类作为碳和能量来源的酵母菌,前者还是一种条件致病菌,可引起系统感染。这两种假丝酵母菌在形态和生理生化性状上非常相似,用常规分类方法不易准确地鉴别。本研究对Ｃ． Ｔｒｏｐｉｃａｌｉｓ和Ｃ ｍａｌｔｏｓａ的模式菌株以及中国普通微生物菌种保藏中心（ＣＧＭＣＣ）保藏的归于这两个种名下的其它菌株进行了脉冲电泳核型比较分析。发现这两个表型相似的种具有明显不同的染色体ＤＮＡ分子带型,而同一种内的不同菌株却具有相同或相似的分子核型。Ｃ．Ｔｒｏｐｉｃａｌｉｓ的特异染色体ＤＮＡ分子带谱为２条８．５—１．２ Ｍｂ的带, ４条２．３－３．４ Ｍｂ的带。 Ｃ ｍａｌｔｏｓａ的特异带谱为： ３～４条分子量在１．１－１．３Ｍｂ范围内的带, １条约为２．２Ｍｂ的带以及２－３条大小为３．２－３．５Ｍｂ的带。 Ｃ ｔｒｏｐｉｃａｌｉｓ与Ｃ ｍａｌｔｏｓａ在染色体ＤＮＡ分子带型上的差异与二者在可溶性淀粉的同化能力和４０℃下的生长能力上的差异具有明显的相关性…     

产长链二元酸热带假丝酵母酸分泌过程研究

热带假丝酵母（C．tropicalis）是长链二元酸发酵生产中常用菌种。其二元酸分泌过程是烧烃代谢过程中的重要步骤,pH在7．4～8．2范围内,足够高的pH对分泌和产酸是必需的。二元酸钠盐明显不利于分泌过程。二元酸的分泌相对于胞内ω一氧化过程是快速过程。建立了一种用于研究分泌过程的方法,利用静息细胞在缓冲溶液中分泌所引起的溶液pH变化来获得酸分泌量的在线数据。     

钙离子对热带假丝酵母CT 1-12细胞生长影响的初步研究

研究了Ca^2 对热带假丝酵母增殖的影响,发现钙离子的加入对细胞增殖是有促进作用的,可以加快细胞周期,促进作用的强弱依Ca^2 浓度不同而异,最适浓度在10^-4-10^02mol/L之间。浓度过高（高于10^-1mol/L）会对生长起抑制作用。最佳钙离子浓度下同期菌浓比空白样高出34％。     

热带假丝酵母正烷烃代谢研究及代谢工程方法进展

正烷烃在热带假丝酵母(Candidatropicalis)细胞内的代谢过程主要包括ω-氧化和β-氧化两个反应途径,前者促使脂肪酸的生成,后者则涉及脂肪酸的降解,二者均由一系列的酶催化完成。本文综述了烷烃代谢过程的机理,以及各种相关酶及其基因的研究状况。在此基础上,进一步对与C·tropicalis有关的分子遗传学方法,以及代谢工程方面在近年来的研究进展进行了介绍。     

产二羧酸热带假丝酵母乙酰CoA合成酶的研究

测定了利用正烷烃积累相应链长二羧酸的热带假丝酵母(Candida tropicalis)突变株U3-2及其亲株Nn,1230乙酰Coa合成酶的活力。该酶反应的最适pH为6．8;作用于醋酸盐的K。值为l㈨01『L;此酶对热极不稳定,突变栋的酶较亲株尤甚o 300c保温半小时,前者的酶活力丧失l 8％,后者丧失50％;保温两小时后,前者丧失5 5％,而后者丧失95％的活力。亲抹乙酰c。A合成酶活力比突变株的高一倍。也j兜察到突变株的生长比亲林慢得多。因此在用突变株u;一菌发酵正烷烃生产二羧酸时,应适当延长种子的培养时间。     

热带假丝酵母不同培养条件下丝化的研究

研究了热带假丝酵母在不同培养条件下的丝化情况,实验中发现丝化率与菌体生长有着密切关系,对数期中后期丝化率处于低谷,稳定期早期丝化率达到最高。在液体培养条件下丝化率随着生长曲线呈“W”型波动;固体培养条件下丝化率随着生长曲线变化分为：持续增长型,“W”型,平缓“N”型。丝化率因培养基不同而有较大差异,不同培养基中丝化率最大能差近60％,其中以麦芽汁平板上的平均丝化率最高,稳定期平均丝化率达到了82％,液体YPD中最低。丝化率随时间变化幅度大小也因培养基而异。     

Intracellular pH based controlled cultivation of yeast cells: I. Measurement methodology

A method has been developed to continuously measure the intracellular pH (pH(i)) of cells cultivated in a bioreactor in an on-line fashion over extend time periods. The methods is attractive in its simplicity and involves the use of a fluorescent pH(i) indicator 9-aminoacridine (9A A) which is a week base. An expression has been derived to calculate changes in pH(i) from measured 9AA-fluorescence changes. The indicator 9AA was found t be nontoxic to yeast cells at concentrations used to measure pH(i) (7 muM). The fluorescence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) molecules did not interfere significantly with the measurement of 9AA-fluorescence. The pH(i) change in yeast cell following the addition of a proton ionophore carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) measured by 9AA compared favorably with that measured by the well-established pH(i), indicator (which is however unsuitable for on-line applications in a bioreactor) bis-carboxyethyl carboxy fluorescein (BCECF). The pH(i) of yeast under substrate starved conditions was 6.4 units. The responses of pH(i) of yeast cells to induced metabolic transitions were studied. Under aerobic condition, pH(i) increased by 0.12 unit following a 100-ppm glucose pulse addition and by 0.25 unit following a 300-ppm ethanol pulse addition. Under anaerobic condition, pH(i) increased by 0.1 unit following a 500-ppm glucose pulse addition. Comparison of pH(i) with other indicators of cellular metabolic state suggests that pH(i) is a cellular metabolic state indicator. (c) 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Proteomic analysis of the pH response in the fungal pathogen Candida glabrata

Micro-organisms must adapt to environmental change to survive, and this is particularly true for fungal pathogens such as Candida glabrata. C. glabrata is found both in the environment and in diverse niches in its human host. The ambient pH of these niches varies considerably, and therefore we have examined the response of C. glabrata to changes in ambient pH using a proteomic approach. Proteins expressed in C. glabrata cells growing at pH 4.0, 7.4 or 8.0 were compared by 2-DE, and 174 spots displaying reproducible and statistically significant changes in expression level were identified by peptide mass fingerprinting, thereby extending our 2-DE map of the C. glabrata proteome to a total of 272 identified spots. Proteins involved in glucose metabolism, the TCA cycle, respiration and protein synthesis were expressed at lower levels during growth at pH 7.4 and/or 8.0, whereas proteins involved in stress responses and protein catabolism were expressed at higher levels under these alkaline conditions. Our data suggest that C. glabrata perceives low pH as less stressful than higher pH. This contrasts with another opportunistic fungal pathogen of humans, Candida albicans.     

发酵法生产长链二元酸研究进展

发酵法生产长链二元酸相对于化工法而言有着无可比拟的优势。本文综述了发酵法生产长链二元酸的微生物源、产酸机理、产酸条件和产物分离技术等方面的研究进展 ,并简要介绍了其工业应用前景。     

Quantification of thigmotropism (contact sensing) of Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis

To quantify the thigmotropism, we adapted the our previous method using a chemotaxifilter system in combination with a bioluminescent adenosine triphosphate (ATP) assay based on firefly luciferase-luciferin system and analyzed the relationship between the ability of germ tube formation and thigmotropism of C. albicans and C. tropicalis. Both the ability to form germ tube and the amount of hyphae exhibiting thigmotropism varied depending upon both the species and strains of Candida. C. albicans formed more germ tubes than C. tropicalis. A good correlation was observed between the ability to form a germ tube and the capacity for thigmotropism, and the results gave a level of significance (p<0.05). Further, SEM observation revealed that relatively long hyphae of C. tropicalis with penetrated through the pores of filter membrane. This phenomenon may be of importance in the development of pathogenesis of C. tropicalis as well as C. albicans. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

白色念珠菌CaBEM1基因的克隆及其在酿酒酵母丝状生长中的作用

白色念珠菌在不同的生长条件下能发生显著的形态变化 ,这种变化由多种调控因子与信号转导途径所调控。酿酒酵母的G1期细胞周期蛋白Cln1和Cln2参与其形态发生 ,cln1/cln1、cln2 /cln2双缺失株不能形成菌丝。把白色念珠菌基因组文库导入cln1/cln1、cln2 /cln2缺失株 ,筛选能校正菌丝形成缺陷的基因 ,分离得到白色念珠菌中的CaBEM 1基因。从核苷酸序列推导 ,CaBEM1编码一种 6 32个氨基酸的蛋白质 ,氨基酸序列分析表明在其N端有 2个SH3结构域 ,中部有 1个PX结构域 ,C端有 1个PB1结构域 ;CaBem1的氨基酸序列与酿酒酵母的Bem1同源性达 38% ,与裂殖酵母的Scd2同源性达 32 %。在酿酒酵母的缺失株中异源表达CaBEM1,能够部分校正它们在氮源缺乏条件下的菌丝形成缺陷。这种菌丝形成的校正作用绕过MAPK途径和cAMP/PKA途径 ,表明CaBem1在菌丝形成中的作用可能位于这两条信号转导途径的下游     

二元酸发酵过程中流加H2O2对细胞色素P450酶及产物生成的影响

在二元酸发酵过程中流加H2O2对热带假丝酵母发酵生产二元酸有明显的促进作用,2mmol/L的H2O2对产酸的促进作用最为明显,比对照提高了26%。对细胞色素P450酶的分析表明,流加H2O2对细胞色素P450酶的活性有明显的促进作用,并且细胞色素P450酶的活性跟产酸成正相关。此外,还进一步分析了流加H2O2对产酸的促进机理。     

Potassium Transport and Regulation of Intracellular pH in Elodea densa Leaves

The effects of extracellular K⁺ concentration ([K⁺]_o) on the pH of cell sap, “bulk cytoplasm” and vacuole have been investigated in Elodea densa leaves under conditions of either low or high activity of the plasmalemma electrogenic H⁺ pump. Cell sap pH was evaluated directly in the cell sap expressed after freezing and thawing. Cytoplasmic and vacuolar pH were calculated by the weak base and weak acid distribution method, DMO and benzylamine appearing to be a suitable acid and base, respectively, for this purpose in this material. When added to the basal medium (no rapidly permeating ions present), 5 mM K⁺ induced an increase in intracellular pH, larger for the cell sap and the vacuole (about 0.2 units), and smaller but still significant for the cytoplasm (0.07 units). This alkalinizing effect of K⁺ was thus associated with a significant decrease in the pH difference across the tonoplast. The alkalinizing effect of K⁺ was markedly and synergistically enhanced by the presence of fusicoccin, a condition inducing a marked activation of H⁺ extrusion and of K⁺ uptake. The correlation between these effects of [K⁺]_o on intracellular pH and those on H⁺ extrusion indicates that changes in extracellular K⁺ concentration, and thus in K⁺ influx, can influence cytoplasmic and vacuolar pH by modulating the rate of H⁺ extrusion by the plasmalemma H⁺ pump.