核苷二磷酸激酶A的定点突变及C4S突变体的制备和活性研究

目的:对核苷二磷酸激酶A(NDPK-A)二硫键异构的关键残基C4进行定点突变,构建、表达并纯化C4S突变体,测定其磷酸转移酶活性和DNase活性,研究二硫键异构对NDPK-A活性的影响。方法:以pBV220-nm23-H1质粒作为模板,通过设计合适的引物对NDPK-A进行定点突变,将第4位半胱氨酸突变为丝氨酸,构建NDPK-AC4S突变体;在大肠杆菌BL21中表达,DEAE-sepharose Fas tFlow与Cibacron Blue 3GA Sepharose CL-4B纯化目的蛋白,获得均一重组蛋白,纯度达到98%;DNA序列测定及重组蛋白的肽质量指纹图谱(PMF)分析均证明构建正确突变体;高效液相色谱法(HPLC)与DNA消化法分别测定野生型NDPK-A与C4S突变体的磷酸转移酶活性与DNase活性差异。结果:NDPK-AC4S突变体的磷酸基转移酶与DNase酶活性均高于野生型NDPK-A。结论:NDPK-A缺失二硫键后,活性增高。NDPK-A形成链内二硫键可能是其活性负调控模式之一。     

枯草蛋白酶E的定点突变及其对酶性质的影响

用定点突变的方法研究S221C/P225A,N118S/S221C/P225A,D60N/S221C/P225A和Q103R/S221C/P225A突变对蛋白酶活性,酯酶活性与蛋白酶活性之比的影响。结果表明：S221C/P225A突变使蛋白酶活性比枯草蛋白酶E低73000多倍,酯酶活性与蛋白酶活性之比是Subtiligase的3倍;N118S/S221C/P225A突变使蛋白酶活性和酯酶活性分别比S221C/P225A突变下降3.6倍和15倍,酯酶与蛋白酶活性之比下降4倍,同时增加变体酶的热稳定性;D60N/N118S/S221C/P225A突变使蛋白酶活性比N118S/S221C/P225A突变体下降15倍,但对酯酶活性几乎没有影响,酯酶与蛋白酶活性之比增加14倍,分别是S221C/P225A突变体和Subtiligase的3.3倍和10.3倍;但是,Q103R/N118S/S221C/P225A突变使蛋白酶活性比N118S/S221C/P225A突变体增加5倍,酯酶活性下降55倍,酯酶与蛋白酶活性之比下降1000倍。     

短链壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚脱氢酶脱氢催化机理

【目的】为研究短链壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚脱氢酶(sNPEO-DH)的脱氢氧化机制(基因克隆于Ensifer sp.AS08),我们进行了以下实验。【方法】采用同源序列比对及同源建模的方法筛选出与其辅酶黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸(FAD)异咯嗪基邻近的4个氨基酸残基。以定点突变方法分别构建了突变体,并进行了重组蛋白的表达纯化和酶活力测定。【结果】野生型和突变体的酶学动力学实验表明,突变体N90A和N509A对亲水性底物聚乙二醇(PEG1000)的相对活性分别降低为51%和89%,对疏水性底物sNPEO的活性分别降低为26%和40%,说明氨基酸残基N90和N509可能与底物的结合相关。突变体H465A的相对活性丧失了90%以上,突变体N507A完全丧失活性;瞬时"停-流"检测实验进一步证明N507A突变体阻断了底物向FAD传递质子的过程,突变体H465A阻断了对FAD还原形成的FADH2脱氢再生的过程。【结论】以上结果说明N507和H465为sNPEO脱氢酶活性中心中参与对底物氧化脱氢及FADH2脱氢再生进行下一次反应的催化位点。     

氧化还原对NDPK-A及突变体磷酸转移酶活性的影响

对核苷二磷酸激酶A(NDPK-A)及其4种半胱氨酸突变体进行诱导表达及纯化,测定它们在氧化还原条件及正常条件下的磷酸转移酶活性,研究氧化还原及二硫键异构对NDPK-A及突变体活性的影响。将实验室之前构建成功的野生型NDPK-A(PBV-NDPK-A)及4种突变型NDPK-A基因(PBV-NDPK-A C4S,PBV-NDPK-A C109S,PBV-NDPK-A C145S,PBV-NDPK-A C4/109/145S)在大肠杆菌中高效表达;以DEAE-sepharose Fast Flow离子交换层析与Cibacron Blue 3GA Sepharose CL-4B亲和层析技术纯化目的蛋白;HPLC法测定比较野生型NDPK-A及突变体在氧化还原和正常环境下磷酸转移酶活性。结果显示,NDPK-A及突变体在大肠杆菌中高效表达;经纯化分别获得了均一的NDPK-A蛋白及突变体蛋白,纯度均达到98%;在还原环境下NDPK-A及突变体的磷酸转移酶活性均高于正常环境下的活性,但是在氧化环境下的磷酸转移酶活性明显低于正常环境下。氧化还原环境对NDPK-A结构异构及磷酸转移酶活性有一定的影响,提示氧化还原环境可能调控NDPK-A二硫键的形成,影响蛋白的聚集状态,从而影响蛋白的磷酸转移酶活性,并且NDPK-A结构中可能有更为复杂的氧化还原调控酶活性机制。     

Gln49-磷脂酶A2基因工程定点突变及酶活性分析

为了确认49位谷氨酰胺磷脂酶A2（Glutamine 49 phospholipase A2, Gln49-PLA2）酶活性缺失与氨基酸序列的相关性,对Gln49-PLA2编码基因第49位氨基酸进行PCR定点突变,利用pET32a+质粒载体在大肠杆菌中表达Gln49-磷脂酶A2的突变体--天冬氨酸磷脂酶A2（Aspartic acid 49 phospholipase A2, Asp49-PLA2--Q49D-PLA2）。将表达的包涵体蛋白变性,采用固定化金属离子亲和层析进行柱上复性、纯化获得突变体融合蛋白（fusion Q49D-PLA2--fQ49D-PLA2）;突变体融合蛋白经蛋白水解酶Factor Xa酶切后,采用Hitrap SP阳离子交换层析和Superdex 75凝胶层析进一步纯化,得到突变体蛋白Q49D-PLA2,得率为1.3%,比酶活为72U/mg。从而证实Gln49-PLA2酶活性缺失的关键原因是49位氨基酸为谷氨酰胺。     

动力蛋白激活蛋白亚单位Dynamitin具有ATP酶活性的生物化学特征

动力蛋白激活蛋白(dynactin) 是一个与胞浆内动力蛋白的功能相关的多亚基复合物.动力蛋白（dynein）为向微管负端运输的马达蛋白,其多种功能包括细胞核迁移、有丝分裂纺锤体定位以及细胞间期和有丝分裂的细胞骨架再组装.Dynamitin,是一个50 kD的动力蛋白激活蛋白亚单位, 对于稳定动力蛋白激活蛋白复合物是非常重要的.为研究这种稳定性机制,分析了dynamitin的序列,并揭示dynamitin的一些DNA序列与ATP酶的Walker A 和 Walker B 序列具有同源性.纯化的谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶标签蛋白dynamitin和无此标签的蛋白dynamitin都特异性显示了ATP酶活性.DNA序列Walker A的失活突变可废除dynamitin蛋白的ATP酶活性,而Walker B 序列无此作用.因此,突变实验进一步证实dynamitin蛋白的ATP酶活性.ATP酶活性的动力学研究结果表明Km为 125.78μmol/L和 Kcat 为7.4 min-1     

人分泌型磷脂酶A2 GIIE的E54突变及其对底物选择性的影响

人分泌型磷脂酶A2 GIIE (Human secreted phospholipase A2 GIIE,hGIIE) 通过发挥酶催化作用,参与炎症反应和脂代谢过程。为了揭示hGIIE的底物选择机制,文中对hGIIE进行了定点突变,采用毕赤酵母Pichia pastoris重组表达突变体蛋白,然后通过阳离子交换和分子排阻两步法纯化蛋白,最后用等温微量热滴定仪测定酶活性。hGIIE的结构分析显示,氨基酸E54可能与GIIE的底物头基选择性有关,经过同源序列比对,拟将E54突变为丙氨酸 (A)、苯丙氨酸 (F) 和赖氨酸 (K)。突变体E54A、E54F和E54K在毕赤酵母组成型表达系统中实现重组表达,通过两步纯化,纯度达到90%以上。酶活性实验显示,突变体与底物1,2-二己酰卵磷脂 (1,2-dihexanoyl-sn- glycero-3-phosphocholine,DHPC) 和1,2-二己酰磷酸甘油 (1,2-dihexyl phosphate glycerol,DHPG) 的亲和力发生改变,其中突变体E54K与DHPG的Km值为突变前的0.39倍,亲和力明显增强;突变体E54F与DHPC的Km值为突变前的1.93倍,亲和力明显减弱。hGIIE的E54突变体蛋白与磷脂底物的亲和力发生明显改变,说明E54在hGIIE的磷脂底物选择性水解过程中起重要作用。     

NDPK-A C4/109/145 S突变体降低磷酸转移酶活性但增加DNase活性

核苷二磷酸激酶A( nucleoside diphosphate kinase A, NDPK-A）有广泛的生物学活性,在肿瘤转移和调控中起重要作用.单独抑制NDPK-A中任何1个Cys所形成的二硫键,不会降低NDPK-A的磷酸转移酶活性和DNase活性.本实验通过构建C4/109/145S突变体并研究其生物学效应,为NDPK A结构与功能的研究提供参考.用定点突变法将NDPK-A 的4位、109位和145位Cys突变为Ser,构建pBV220-NDPK-A C4/109/145S和pEGFP-NDPK-A C4/109/145S两种重组质粒.在大肠杆菌中高效表达NDPK-A C4/109/145S突变体,纯化后可获得均一的重组NDPK-A C4/109/145S突变体蛋白.HPLC法和DNA消化法测定发现,C4/109/145S突变体磷酸转移酶活性低于野生型NDPK-A,而DNase活性高于野生型NDPK-A.以A549细胞作为模式细胞的流式细胞仪周期检测表明,C4/109/145S突变体与野生型NDPK-A一致,均可将细胞周期延滞在S期和G2/M期.这些结果证实,NDPK A结构异构与其磷酸转移酶活性密切相关,其酶活性至少需要1个Cys残基存在,NDPK-A结构中的二硫键也可能是其DNase活性的负调控机制之一,胞内NDPK-A的氧化还原异构可能对细胞周期无显著影响.     

我国常见乙型肝炎病毒基因型与基本核心启动子及前C区突变关系的初步研究

收集81份HBV DNA阳性血清标本,经PCR扩增和序列测定确定其中有50份属于基因型C,31份属于基因型B;C基因型的基本核心启动子BCP T1762/A1764的突变率(38%)明显高于B基因型(12.9%,P<0.05);前C区A1896的突变在B、C两基因型间无显著性差异,B基因型为9.7%,C基因型为12%,P>0.05;HBeAg的表达与否与BCP双突变或前C区A1896突变均无明显相关性。经定量PCR检测证明,HBeAg阳性组中的HBV DNA含量明显高于抗-HBe阳性组,P<0.05。组内BCP双突变株和野生株及前C1896突变株和野生株的HBV DNA含量无显著性差异。     

定点饱和突变提高Lactobacillus casei L-乳酸脱氢酶对苯丙酮酸的催化效率

【背景】光学纯L-苯乳酸是一种天然防腐剂,也是一种高附加值的手性分子,在食品、制药和材料等领域有广阔的应用前景。本实验室已发现来源于Lactobacillus casei CICIM B1192的NADH依赖型L-乳酸脱氢酶(L-LcLDH)可不对称还原苯丙酮酸制备L-苯乳酸,但其活性较低。为提高L-LcLDH催化苯丙酮酸的催化效率,构建了一个单突变体L-LcLDH~(Q88R),其催化效率kcat/Km是L-LcLDH的4.9倍。【目的】为进一步提高L-LcLDH~(Q88R)催化苯丙酮酸的催化效率,采用饱和突变技术将位于L-LcLDH~(Q88R)底物结合口袋附近的氨基酸残基Ile~(229)随机替换为其他氨基酸,以获得活性更高的优良突变体。【方法】以重组表达质粒p ET-22b-LcldhQ88R为模板,采用全质粒PCR技术对L-LcLDH~(Q88R)基因(LcldhQ88R)中编码Ile~(229)的密码子实施饱和突变,构建突变转化子文库。以催化苯丙酮酸的活性为指标,从文库中筛选出优良的突变转化子。【结果】突变转化子(Escherichia coli/Lcldh~(Q88R/I229Q))表达出一种由Arg和Gln分别替换了Gln88和Ile~(229)的双突变体L-LcLDH~(Q88R/I229Q)。重组表达产物L-LcLDH~(Q88R/I229Q)的酶学性质分析表明:L-LcLDH~(Q88R/I229Q)的比活性是L-LcLDH的18.5倍,是L-LcLDH~(Q88R)的2.3倍;其催化效率分别为后两者的6.8倍和1.4倍。L-LcLDH突变前后的温度和pH特性改变不大。根据分子对接结果推测出,双突变Q88R/I229Q导致L-LcLDH的底物结合口袋的入口变大和构型的变化可能对其催化活性的提高发挥了重要作用。【结论】双突变Q88R/I229Q显著提高了L-LcLDH的活性和催化效率,使得L-LcLDH~(Q88R/I229Q)在不对称还原苯丙酮酸制备L-苯乳酸中成为有潜力的工具酶。     

Erv1p from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a FAD-linked sulfhydryl oxidase

The yeast ERV1 gene encodes a small polypeptide of 189 amino acids that is essential for mitochondrial function and for the viability of the cell. In this study we report the enzymatic activity of this protein as a flavin-linked sulfhydryl oxidase catalyzing the formation of disulfide bridges. Deletion of the amino-terminal part of Erv1p shows that the enzyme activity is located in the 15 kDa carboxy-terminal domain of the protein. This fragment of Erv1p still binds FAD and catalyzes the formation of disulfide bonds but is no longer able to form dimers like the complete protein. The carboxy-terminal fragment contains a conserved CXXC motif that is present in all homologous proteins from yeast to human. Thus Erv1p represents the first FAD-linked sulfhydryl oxidase from yeast and the first of these enzymes that is involved in mitochondrial biogenesis.     

The crystal structure of augmenter of liver regeneration: A mammalian FAD-dependent sulfhydryl oxidase

The crystal structure of recombinant rat augmenter of liver regeneration (ALRp) has been determined to 1.8 A. The protein is a homodimer, stabilized by extensive noncovalent interactions and a network of hydrogen bonds, and possesses a noncovalently bound FAD in a motif previously found only in the related protein ERV2p. ALRp functions in vitro as a disulfide oxidase using dithiothreitol as reductant. Reduction of the flavin by DTT occurs under aerobic conditions resulting in a spectrum characteristic of a neutral semiquinone. This semiquinone is stable and is only fully reduced by addition of dithionite. Mutation of either of two cysteine residues that are located adjacent to the FAD results in inactivation of the oxidase activity. A comparison of ALRp with ERV2p is made that reveals a number of significant structural differences, which are related to the in vivo functions of these two proteins. Possible physiological roles of ALR are examined and a hypothesis that it may serve multiple roles is proposed.     

The N-terminal cysteine pair of yeast sulfhydryl oxidase Erv1p is essential for in vivo activity and interacts with the primary redox centre.

Yeast Erv1p is a ubiquitous FAD-dependent sulfhydryl oxidase, located in the intermembrane space of mitochondria. The dimeric enzyme is essential for survival of the cell. Besides the redox-active CXXC motif close to the FAD, Erv1p harbours two additional cysteine pairs. Site-directed mutagenesis has identified all three cysteine pairs as essential for normal function. The C-terminal cysteine pair is of structural importance as it contributes to the correct arrangement of the FAD-binding fold. Variations in dimer formation and unique colour changes of mutant proteins argue in favour of an interaction between the N-terminal cysteine pair with the redox centre of the partner monomer.     

A 35 kDa NAD(P)H oxidase previously isolated from the archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus is instead a thioredoxin reductase

A thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) has been identified in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus (Ss). This enzyme is a homodimeric flavoprotein that was previously identified as NADH oxidase in the same micro-organism ('Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. 23 (1996) 47'). The primary structure of SsTrxR is made of 323 amino acid residues and contains two putative betaalphabeta regions for the binding of FAD, and a NADP(H) binding consensus sequence in the proximity of a CXXC motif. These findings indicate that SsTrxR is structurally related to the class II of the pyridine nucleotide-disulphide oxidoreductases family. Moreover, the enzyme exhibits a NADP(H) dependent thioredoxin reductase activity requiring the presence of FAD. Surprisingly, the reductase activity of SsTrxR is reduced in the presence of a specific inhibitor of mammalian TrxR. This finding demonstrates that the archaeal enzyme, although structurally related to eubacterial TrxR, is functionally closer to eukaryal enzymes. Experimental evidences indicate that a disulphide bridge is required for the reductase but also for the NADH oxidase activity of the enzyme. These results are further supported by the significantly reduced activities exerted by the C147A mutant. The integrity of the CXXC motif is also involved in the stability of the enzyme.     

The potentiation role of hepatopoietin on activator protein-1 is dependent on its sulfhydryl oxidase activity

Hepatopoietin (HPO) is a novel hepatotrophic growth factor that stimulates hepatocyte proliferation by two pathways. In the first, intracellular HPO specifically modulates the activator protein-1 (AP-1) pathway through JAB1 (Jun activation domain-binding protein 1), whereas in the second, extracellular HPO triggers the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway by binding its specific receptor on the cell surface. In this report we demonstrate that HPO is a flavin-linked sulfhydryl oxidase, and the invariant CXXC (Cys-Xaa-Xaa-Cys) motif in HPO is essential for the enzyme activity of HPO but not for its dimerization nor for its binding ability with JAB1. Two intramolecular disulfides were identified in HPO by mass spectrometry, one of which is formed by the redox CXXC cysteine residues. HPO site-directed mutants (Cys/Ser) at active sites, which lost sulfhydryl oxidase activity, could not increase c-Jun phosphorylation and failed to potentiate JAB1-mediated AP-1 activation. However, the mutants still have mitogenic stimulation and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation effects on HepG2 cells. Thus, it can be concluded that the potentiation role of HPO on AP-1 is dependent on its sulfhydryl oxidase activity.     

Crucial effect of the first CXXC motif of human QSOX 1b on the activity to different substrates

Among all sulphhydryl oxidases involved in disulphide formation, quiescin-sulphhydryl oxidase (QSOX) is unique for its multidomain structure, protein thiol oxidation activity and highly efficient catalysis. In this study, site-directed mutagenesis and molecular modelling methods were integrated to investigate the structural and functional characteristics of QSOX, especially the importance of the three CXXC motifs. Site-directed mutagenesis suggested that the C449-C452 motif was essential for the activity of human QSOX 1b; the C70-C73 motif was fundamental in electron transfer from thiol-containing substrate including reduced proteins, DTT, GSH rather than the phosphine-based thiol reductant TCEP, to the C449-C452 motif; and the C509-C512 motif was not involved in electron transfer during disulphide formation. The different roles of the CXXC motifs indicated that there were discrepant electron transfer pathways for the oxidation of thiol-containing substrates and non-thiol disulphide reductants. Molecular modelling method was then used to draw a reasonable picture for the electron transfer process and to elucidate the mechanism of electron transfer when different substrates were oxidized, which will greatly enhance our understanding of the action mechanism of QSOX.     

The conserved CXXC motif of hepatic stimulator substance is essential for its role in mitochondrial protection in H2O2-induced cell apoptosis

Hepatic stimulator substance (HSS) protects liver cells from various toxins by alleviating lesions caused in the mitochondria. This paper demonstrates the necessity of the conserved CXXC catalytic motif (C62-C65) for the mitochondria-targeted anti-apoptotic activity of HSS. Mutating the conserved CXXC motif eliminated the protective effects against H₂O₂-induced apoptosis and diminished the protection of the mitochondria. However, the mutation of the other disulfide bond C91-C108 mainly preserved the protection of mitochondria by HSS, implying that the conserved CXXC motif and sulfhydryl oxidase (SOX) activity are essential for mitochondrial protection.

Structured summary

MINT-7992635: HSS (uniprotkb:P55789) and HSS (uniprotkb:P55789) bind (MI:0407) by chromatography technology (MI:0091)     

Unique features of plant mitochondrial sulfhydryl oxidase

The yeast and human mitochondrial sulfhydryl oxidases of the Erv1/Alr family have been shown to be essential for the biogenesis of mitochondria and the cytosolic iron sulfur cluster assembly. In this study we identified a likely candidate for the first mitochondrial flavin-linked sulfhydryl oxidase of the Erv1-type from a photosynthetic organism. The central core of the plant enzyme (AtErv1) exhibits all of the characteristic features of the Erv1/Alr protein family, including a redox-active YPCXXC motif, noncovalently bound FAD, and sulfhydryl oxidase activity. Transient expression of fusion proteins of AtErv1 and the green fluorescence protein in plant protoplasts showed that the plant enzyme preferentially localizes to the mitochondria. Yet AtErv1 has several unique features, such as the presence of a CXXXXC motif in its carboxyl-terminal domain and the absence of an amino-terminally localized cysteine pair common to yeast and human Erv1/Alr proteins. In addition, the dimerization of AtErv1 is not mediated by its amino terminus but by its unique CXXXXC motif. In vitro assays with purified protein and artificial substrates demonstrate a preference of AtErv1 for dithiols with a defined space between the thiol groups, suggesting a thioredoxin-like substrate.     

Identification of a segment of DsbB essential for its respiration-coupled oxidation

In the Escherichia coli protein disulphide bond formation pathway, membrane-bound DsbB oxidizes periplasmic DsbA, the disulphide bond-introducing enzyme. The Cys-41-Val-Leu-Cys-44 motif in the first periplasmic domain of DsbB is kept strongly oxidized by the respiratory function of the cell. We now show that the characteristic dithiothreitol resistance of the Cys-41-Cys-44 bond was retained even when the flanked Val-Leu combination was replaced by XX sequences from other oxidoreductases. Results of insertion mutagenesis showed that only the insertions (1-31 amino acids) in the region C-terminally adjacent to the CXXC motif impaired the oxidized state of DsbB. Deletion of a single amino acid from this region also rendered DsbB reduced and inactive. However, single amino acid substitutions of the four residues flanked by CXXC and the transmembrane segment did not abolish the oxidation of DsbB. These results suggest that some physical property, such as distance of the CXXC motif from the membrane, is important for the respiration-coupled oxidation of DsbB.     

African swine fever virus pB119L protein is a flavin adenine dinucleotide-linked sulfhydryl oxidase

Protein pB119L of African swine fever virus belongs to the Erv1p/Alrp family of sulfhydryl oxidases and has been described as a late nonstructural protein required for correct virus assembly. To further our knowledge of the function of protein pB119L during the virus life cycle, we have investigated whether this protein possesses sulfhydryl oxidase activity, using a purified recombinant protein. We show that the purified protein contains bound flavin adenine dinucleotide and is capable of catalyzing the formation of disulfide bonds both in a protein substrate and in the small molecule dithiothreitol, the catalytic activity being comparable to that of the Erv1p protein. Furthermore, protein pB119L contains the cysteines of its active-site motif CXXC, predominantly in an oxidized state, and forms noncovalently bound dimers in infected cells. We also show in coimmunoprecipitation experiments that protein pB119L interacts with the viral protein pA151R, which contains a CXXC motif similar to that present in thioredoxins. Protein pA151R, in turn, was found to interact with the viral structural protein pE248R, which contains disulfide bridges and belongs to a class of myristoylated proteins related to vaccinia virus L1R, one of the substrates of the redox pathway encoded by this virus. These results suggest the existence in African swine fever virus of a system for the formation of disulfide bonds constituted at least by proteins pB119L and pA151R and identify protein pE248R as a possible final substrate of this pathway.