基于社会总体偏差和同伴效应修正的海洋生态修复偏好研究

公众参与海洋生态修复对我国海洋环境保护与生态安全具有重要意义。利用单边界二分式引导技术评估青岛市居民海洋生态修复偏好,并从内疚和抵抗心理两方面就社会总体偏差与同伴效应对修复偏好的影响机理进行分析,为政府激发公众参与海洋生态修复的积极性提供理论依据与技术指导。结果表明:①青岛市居民平均每年愿意为海洋生态修复捐赠184.386元,考虑属性重要程度结果表明生物数量的改善可显著提高公众海洋生态修复支付意愿,而公众对改善海水水质和海岸环境并未表现出显著差异性偏好。②社会总体偏差和同伴效应均对公众海洋生态修复支付意愿表现出显著正向影响。③社会总体偏差和同伴效应可通过激发受访者的内疚感提高生态修复支付意愿,但也会导致抵抗心理抑制参与积极性;主观规范正向调节社会总体偏差和同伴效应对支付意愿的影响。研究揭示了公众在海洋生态修复中的偏好和竞争性心理对陈述偏好的影响,可为促进公众参与海洋生态修复和提高海洋环境资源价值评估准确性提供参考。     

Responses of grassland snakes to tallgrass prairie restoration

Understanding faunal responses to habitat restoration is important in assessing restoration success. We investigated occupancy and abundance of snakes at Nachusa Grasslands, a large‐scale grassland restoration in the midwestern United States. Using artificial cover objects, we sampled within a chronosequence of 12 units converted from row‐crop agriculture 2–25 years before the start of our study. Recaptures of marked snakes revealed that movement distances differed among species in accordance with differences in body size, being least in Dekay's Brownsnakes, intermediate in the Plains Gartersnakes and Common Gartersnakes, and greatest in Eastern Foxsnakes. Consistent with this result, occupancy increased with restoration age in Dekay's Brownsnakes but was unrelated to restoration age in the three larger, more mobile species. Similarly, abundance increased with restoration age in Dekay's Brownsnake but was unrelated to restoration age in other species. The Smooth Greensnake, another small‐bodied snake with limited mobility, and an Illinois species of greatest conservation need, was not detected at Nachusa Grasslands. Given detection probabilities observed during a parallel study at a nearby large grassland‐dominated preserve, we infer that the Smooth Greensnake is truly absent from Nachusa Grasslands. Taken together, our results demonstrate that establishment of faunal components following restoration may be time‐dependent with more sedentary species colonizing only slowly (e.g. Dekay's Brownsnakes) or not at all (e.g. Smooth Greensnakes). These results emphasize the need to clearly identify faunal restoration goals and the means to achieve them.     

Making restoration history: reconsidering Aldo Leopold's Arboretum dedication speeches

Scholarship surrounding Aldo Leopold's involvement in the University of Wisconsin Arboretum in Madison, Wisconsin, has often pointed to Leopold's 1934 dedication speech as a significant historical artifact. While reflecting both Arboretum history and the development of Leopold's thought and influence, the speech may also have been the first publically articulated rationale for ecological restoration in the modern era. This scholarly personal essay describes my 50‐year relationship with both Leopold and the Arboretum, and my recent research that offers a new historical interpretation of Leopold's speech. Two versions of the speech exist; tensions between them have been discussed in at least two professional journals. What I learned from examining the archival record indicates that we really don't know for sure what Leopold said that June morning of 1934. What we can be sure of, however, is that the dedication speech usually attributed to Leopold, by such able scholars as Curt Meine and Baird Callicott, was not the one Leopold actually delivered. What many historians continue to refer to as Aldo Leopold's 1934 Arboretum dedication speech was actually written for another Wisconsin audience. As I explored this mystery, I rediscovered Leopold's passion for ecological restoration and his commitment to educate a diverse, Depression‐era public about its goals and purposes. For Leopold, restoration involved not only the expression of social and ecological values, but also public critique of the destructive social forces that make restoration necessary. Embodying social critique and ecological science, Leopold continues to model for us personal and professional roles as public ecological citizens dedicated to land.     

基于演化博弈的煤炭矿区生态修复管理机制研究

地方政府环境监管部门和煤炭企业是煤炭矿区生态修复保证金制度实施的重要责任主体。从演化博弈论的研究视角探讨了地方政府与煤炭企业在生态修复保证金制度实施中的决策演化过程,构建了地方政府与煤炭企业演化博弈模型,根据复制动态方程规律得到了参与者的行为演化规律和行为演化稳定策略,分析了生态修复保证金制度实施的策略选择影响因素。选择龙口矿区为研究对象进行了实证研究,结果表明:地方政府的监管力度随煤炭企业的生态修复比例变化而变化,生态修复初期比例低;随着地方政府监管力度加大,生态修复比例相应提高,地方政府可以适当放松监管,但监管力度应保持在一定范围内,确保系统向最优状态演化。可通过动态调节保证金收缴金额,增加税收优惠,降低煤炭企业的治理成本,加强对地方政府环保政绩考核,引导地方政府与煤炭企业共同促进煤炭矿区生态修复工作有效实施。     

Restoration Ecology: Repairing the Earth's Ecosystems in the New Millennium

The extent of human‐induced change and damage to Earth's ecosystems renders ecosystem repair an essential part of our future survival strategy, and this demands that restoration ecology provide effective conceptual and practical tools for this task. We argue that restoration ecology has to be an integral component of land management in today's world, and to be broadly applicable, has to have a clearly articulated conceptual basis. This needs to recognize that most ecosystems are dynamic and hence restoration goals cannot be based on static attributes. Setting clear and achievable goals is essential, and these should focus on the desired characteristics for the system in the future, rather than in relation to what these were in the past. Goal setting requires that there is a clear understanding of the restoration options available (and the relative costs of different options). The concept of restoration thresholds suggests that options are determined by the current state of the system in relation to biotic and abiotic thresholds. A further important task is the development of effective and easily measured success criteria. Many parameters could be considered for inclusion in restoration success criteria, but these are often ambiguous or hard to measure. Success criteria need to relate clearly back to specific restoration goals. If restoration ecology is to be successfully practiced as part of humanity's response to continued ecosystem change and degradation, restoration ecologists need to rise to the challenges of meshing science, practice and policy. Restoration ecology is likely to be one of the most important fields of the coming century.     

重点脆弱生态区生态恢复的综合效益评估

全球变化和人类活动的剧烈影响导致对人类福祉至关重要的生态系统功能和服务的改变,生态系统退化已成为全球面临的严重问题之一。综合评价生态恢复效益是目前衡量恢复工程实施效果的重要途径。以中国重点脆弱生态区为研究对象,选取产水、土壤保持、食物供给、固碳4项服务,构建研究区生态恢复综合效益评估指标体系,并通过Welch T方法检验恢复显著和不显著区生态系统服务指标,对比分析研究区生态恢复综合效益的变化情况。结果表明:2000年到2015年,生态恢复工程的实施使脆弱区生态系统服务整体增长20.86%;综合效益由波动变化转为稳定,并稳定在其均值0.55附近,其中喀斯特区综合效益最高,达0.75以上;生态系统类型变化主要是农田、森林、草地和聚落生态系统之间的转移,森林和草地生态系统的增加使得生态系统服务水平升高;T检验的结果表明生态恢复带来综合效益的改善和生态系统服务能力的提高。     

A synthetic RNA-mediated evolution system in yeast

Laboratory evolution is a powerful approach to search for genetic adaptations to new or improved phenotypes, yet either relies on labour-intensive human-guided iterative rounds of mutagenesis and selection, or prolonged adaptation regimes based on naturally evolving cell populations. Here we present CRISPR- and RNA-assisted in vivo directed evolution (CRAIDE) of genomic loci using evolving chimeric donor gRNAs continuously delivered from an error-prone T7 RNA polymerase, and directly introduced as RNA repair donors into genomic targets under either Cas9 or dCas9 guidance. We validate CRAIDE by evolving novel functional variants of an auxotrophic marker gene, and by conferring resistance to a toxic amino acid analogue in baker''s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae with a mutation rate >3,000-fold higher compared to spontaneous native rate, thus enabling the first demonstrations of in vivo delivery and information transfer from long evolving RNA donor templates into genomic context without the use of in vitro supplied and pre-programmed repair donors.     

National standards: Reasserting the ecological restoration framework in uncertain times

National ecological restoration standards – produced in 2016 through the collaboration of 13 of Australia's leading ecological restoration organisations – are increasingly influencing practitioners. This paper elucidates two of the Key Principles that underpin standards to encourage highest and best efforts across all sectors and help resolve uncertainty about the role of restoration in a changing world.     

北方草甸退化草地治理技术与示范

国家重点研发计划"北方草甸退化草地治理技术与示范"项目(2016YFC0500600),重点针对我国草甸和草甸草原生态系统所受干扰强度大、退化机理错综复杂、恢复机制及有效治理技术缺乏等问题,从"十三五"规划有关"美丽中国"、"绿色发展"与"生态文明"建设的战略需求出发,着重开展草地退化恢复机理、恢复治理技术、生态产业技术创新应用等三个方面的研究,创建可复制、可移植、系统性的综合治理技术及新型生态产业技术,提出草甸退化草地治理的整套技术方案,为我国草牧业与生态环境和谐发展、牧民稳定增收提供技术支撑。     

The Economic and Employment Impacts of Forest and Watershed Restoration

Globally, ecological restoration activities are increasing in response to environmental, economic, and cultural trends that value ecological capital for the services provided by healthy functioning ecosystems. To ensure continued investment in ecological restoration, practitioners and researchers need to identify links to the benefits accrued to society from ecological restoration practice and policy. Nonetheless, a recent review of published literature on ecological restoration concludes that the policy and socioeconomic contributions of ecological restoration are often ignored. To help fill this gap, we describe the policy context of a sustained program of forest and watershed restoration in Oregon, U.S.A. and report on three related studies on the market structure and resulting economic impacts of this program of work in Oregon. The first study examines the experiences of watershed councils (n = 52) in mobilizing human resources for ecological restoration. The second focuses on the businesses and firms (n = 190) that participate in Oregon's restoration economy. The third analyzes the employment and economic impacts from a sample of Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board restoration grants (n = 99). We found that the sustained program of restoration work in Oregon has conferred significant benefits to Oregon's economy. These impacts largely accrue to rural areas in need of economic development opportunities due to declines in traditional resource management activities. In addition to approximately 16 jobs supported per million dollars invested in ecological restoration, a sustained investment in restoration has created both new local organizational capacity in watershed councils and other community‐based partners and business opportunities especially in rural Oregon.     

Rehabilitation of former Snowy Scheme sites in Kosciuszko National Park

Ten years of restoration work at 200 sites within Kosciuszko National Park – sites damaged during the construction of Australia's most iconic hydroelectric scheme – is showing substantial progress and is contributing to the protection of the park's internationally significant ecosystems.     

若尔盖县湿地稳态转换的水文地貌生态阈值

以若尔盖县湿地为研究对象,在Google Earth影像和野外调查基础上获取若尔盖县人工沟渠的空间分布数据,并计算结构特征指数。从地形地貌和水文条件两个方面选择6项指标,利用熵值法筛选出对湿地稳态转换影响最大的指标并厘定生态阈值,包括理想值和临界值,通过1980-2015年土地利用数据识别若尔盖县湿地稳态转换区,最终基于乡镇尺度确定生态阈值调控范围,划分各乡镇湿地恢复优先性。结果表明：（1）若尔盖县存在四类湿地稳态转换区,其中稳态平衡区面积最大,占全县湿地面积的47.56%,退化转化区次之,占全县湿地面积的35.88%。（2）对若尔盖县湿地稳态转换影响最大的两项水文地貌生态指标为网络联通度和沟渠密度,权重分别为0.162和0.161。若尔盖县网络联通度的理想值为0.033、临界值为0.054;沟渠密度的理想值为0.011 km/km²、临界值为0.360 km/km²。（3）在若尔盖县需要进行湿地恢复的10个乡镇中,按湿地恢复优先性划分出3个三级恢复区、4个二级恢复区、3个一级恢复区,其中一级恢复区应优先恢复。     

Evidence‐based restoration in the Anthropocene—from acting with purpose to acting for impact

The recognition that we are in the distinct new epoch of the Anthropocene suggests the necessity for ecological restoration to play a substantial role in repairing the Earth's damaged ecosystems. Moreover, the precious yet limited resources devoted to restoration need to be used wisely. To do so, we call for the ecological restoration community to embrace the concept of evidence‐based restoration. Evidence‐based restoration involves the use of rigorous, repeatable, and transparent methods (i.e. systematic reviews) to identify and amass relevant knowledge sources, critically evaluate the science, and synthesize the credible science to yield robust policy and/or management advice needed to restore the Earth's ecosystems. There are now several examples of restoration‐relevant systematic reviews that have identified instances where restoration is entirely ineffective. Systematic reviews also serve as a tool to identify the knowledge gaps and the type of science needed (e.g. repeatable, appropriate replication, use of controls) to improve the evidence base. The restoration community, including both scientists and practitioners, needs to make evidence‐based restoration a reality so that we can move from best intentions and acting with so‐called “purpose” to acting for meaningful impact. Doing so has the potential to serve as a rallying point for reframing the Anthropocene as a so‐called “good” epoch.     

On principles and standards in ecological restoration

The Society for Ecological Restoration (SER) has long debated how to define best practices. We argue that a principles‐first approach offers more flexibility for restoration practitioners than a standards‐based approach, is consistent with the developmental stage of restoration, and functions more effectively at a global level. However, the solution is not as simple as arguing that one approach to professional practice is sufficient. Principles and standards can and do operate effectively together, but only if they are coordinated in a transparent and systematic way. Effective professional guidance results when standards anchored by principles function in a way that is contextual and evolving. Without that clear relation to principles, the tendency to promote performance standards may lead to a narrowing of restoration practice and reduction in the potential to resolve very difficult and diverse ecological and environmental challenges. We offer recommendations on how the evolving project of restoration policy by SER and other agencies and organizations can remain open and flexible.     

How do we restore New Zealand's biological heritage by 2050?

If we are to make meaningful and measurable progress in restoring New Zealand's biological heritage by 2050, a range of fundamental issues need to be addressed. These relate not just to restoration science but also to building ecosystem resilience in the wider socio‐economic and cultural context within which restoration occurs.     

High‐resolution riparian vegetation mapping to prioritize conservation and restoration in an impaired desert river

In highly impaired watersheds, it is critical to identify both areas with desirable habitat as conservation zones and impaired areas with the highest likelihood of improvement as restoration zones. We present how detailed riparian vegetation mapping can be used to prioritize conservation and restoration sites within a riparian and instream habitat restoration program targeting 3 native fish species on the San Rafael River, a desert river in southeastern Utah, United States. We classified vegetation using a combination of object‐based image analysis (OBIA) on high‐resolution (0.5 m), multispectral, satellite imagery with oblique aerial photography and field‐based data collection. The OBIA approach is objective, repeatable, and applicable to large areas. The overall accuracy of the classification was 80% (Cohen's κ = 0.77). We used this high‐resolution vegetation classification alongside existing data on habitat condition and aquatic species' distributions to identify reaches' conservation value and restoration potential to guide management actions. Specifically, cottonwood (Populus fremontii) and tamarisk (Tamarix ramosissima) density layers helped to establish broad restoration and conservation reach classes. The high‐resolution vegetation mapping precisely identified individual cottonwood trees and tamarisk thickets, which were used to determine specific locations for restoration activities such as beaver dam analogue structures in cottonwood restoration areas, or strategic tamarisk removal in high‐density tamarisk sites. The site prioritization method presented here is effective for planning large‐scale river restoration and is transferable to other desert river systems elsewhere in the world.     

Poster Sessions CP14: Transplantation and Neurological Repair. GDNF and VMC cotransplantation helps in restoration of neurobehavioral function in Parkinson's disease

During transplantation of VMC in Parkinson's disease their degeneration is very high due to lack of trophic support and mismatch conditions. To overcome this problem, Glial cell line‐derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF) known to increase the functional viability and regeneration of dopaminergic cells. In the present study an attempt has been made to validate the role of GDNF cotransplanted with fetal VMC in functional restoration in rat model of Parkinson's disease. A significant restoration was observed in apomorphine induced rotation in rats co transplanted with GDNF and VMC (66%) as compare to VMC alone (42%). Apomorphine induced locomotor activity was restored by 67, 38% in cotransplanted and VMC alone transplanted rats, respectively. Level of dopamine and 3,4 dihydroxy‐phenyl acetic acid (DOPAC) in the striatum were significantly restored by 67 and 62, 42 and 33% in cotransplanted and VMC alone transplanted rats, respectively. A significant restoration was observed in striatum dopamine receptors by 69% in rats cotransplanted with VMC & GDNF, and 45% in those transplanted with VMC alone. GDNF alone transplantation did not show significant restoration in either of the parameters. Functional viabilty of dopaminergic neurons was further confirmed by Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) immunopositivity in striatal region where a significantly high expression was observed in cotransplanted animals when compared with VMC alone.Results of the present study suggests that cotransplantation of GDNF and VMC may help in better functional restoration in 6‐OHDA lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease studied at 4 weeks post transplantation.     

重点脆弱生态区生态恢复模式现状与发展方向

生态系统退化严重影响区域可持续发展,控制生态系统退化和生态恢复已成为重要议题。我国脆弱生态区分布广泛,生态系统退化显著,荒漠化、水土流失、石漠化等问题突出,针对这一问题,我国已开展一系列生态恢复工程,积累了数量众多的生态恢复模式。在梳理重点脆弱生态区(北方风沙区、青藏高寒区、干旱荒漠区、黄土高原区和喀斯特地区)生态环境问题现状基础上,整理了针对不同脆弱生态区及亚区的生态恢复模式,构建了一套全面评估生态恢复模式的综合效益的指标体系,结合实地调查和数据收集,评估了脆弱生态区的生态恢复模式的综合效益,基于此提出生态恢复实践中应将生物多样性和生态系统服务提升作为重要目标,同时加强针对生态恢复模式的成本效益分析,综合设计生态恢复管理制度,搭建重点脆弱生态区生态恢复信息平台可为生态恢复模式筛选和优化提供决策支持。     

Primed for Change: Developing Ecological Restoration for the 21st Century

Restoration is a young and swiftly developing field. It has been almost a decade since the inception of one of the field's foundational documents—the Society for Ecological Restoration International Primer on Ecological Restoration (Primer). Through a series of organized discussions, we assessed the Primer for its currency and relevance in the modern field of ecological restoration. We focused our assessment on the section entitled “The Nine Attributes of a Restored Ecosystem” and grouped each of the attributes into one of four categories: species composition, ecosystem function, ecosystem stability, and landscape context. We found that in the decade since the document's inception, the concepts, methods, goals, and thinking of ecological restoration have shifted significantly. We discuss each of the four categories in this light with the aim of offering comments and suggestions on options for updating the Primer. We also include a fifth category that we believe is increasingly acknowledged in ecological restoration: the human element. The Primer is an important document guiding the practice of restoration. We hope that this critical assessment contributes to its ongoing development and relevance and more generally to the development of restoration ecology, particularly in our current era of rapid environmental change.     

不同类型生态补偿在山水林田湖草生态保护与修复中的作用

生态补偿作为环境政策工具在环境保护和修复中发挥着重要作用,对山水林田湖草生态保护与修复也将起到支撑作用。通过梳理政府出资的生态补偿、市场化生态补偿以及政府和社会资本合作的生态补偿对山水林田湖草生态保护与修复的作用、实现的方式、适用的山水林田湖草生态保护与修复类型等,认为：政府出资的生态补偿,是山水林田湖草生态保护与修复的基础资金来源,尤其是针对在生态保护红线以内进行的生态保护与修复活动,市场主体无法通过生态保护与修复而实现营利,这时主要靠政府出资的生态补偿来实现生态保护与修复。市场化生态补偿是政府主导的生态补偿之外的重要手段,主要适用于能创造经济效益的生态保护与修复项目,它对于缓解财政支出压力,拓宽生态修复资金渠道和增加资本市场投资渠道都具有重要作用,是生态保护与修复融资的重要发展方向。政府与社会资本合作,可以充分发挥政府的统筹协调作用与市场的资源配置作用,各取所长,相互配合,共同致力于生态保护与修复。