How Short is Too Short According to Parents of Primary Care Patients

ObjectiveHeight is a physical trait on a continuum. The threshold between normal and abnormal is arbitrarily set but can potentially influence medical decision-making. We sought to examine parents’ perceptions of adult heights and associated demographic factors.MethodsParents of pediatric primary care patients of various heights completed a one-time survey. Parents answered the question “How short is too short?” for adult males and females. The results were summarized as median [interquartile range]. Factors significantly associated with height threshold by simple linear regression were included in a multivariable mixed effects analysis of covariance model.ResultsA total of 1,820 surveys were completed (83% response rate, 1,587 females, 231 males). The median threshold height deemed too short for adult females was 56 inches [48, 59] among male respondents and 57 inches [50, 60] among females (P < .05). The median threshold height for adult males was 61 inches among males [60, 64] and females [59, 66] (P < .05). The median of male minus female heights per respondent (delta heights) was 5 [2, 7] inches. Factors found to be significant main effects in a parsimonious model were sex of the adult considered, height of respondent, sex of respondent, respondent race, primary care practice, income, and having concerns about their child’s height.ConclusionTaller acceptable height thresholds were perceived by respondents who were taller, wealthier, white, female, from nonurban practices, or who had a personal concern about their child’s height. Male heights were expected to be taller than female heights. Such traits may influence who is concerned and more likely to seek medical treatment for their children. (Endocr Pract. 2014;20: 1113-1121)     

Integration of New Males into Four Social Groups of Tufted Capuchins (Cebus apella)

We examined how aggressive, affiliative, and sexual behavior function to integrate male capuchins (Cebus apella) into a new social group. Nine males were exchanged among four social groups. We performed instantaneous scans and all-occurrence sampling during baseline, introduction, and follow-up periods. The study included three different introduction situations: 1) males familiar to one another were introduced to a group with no other adult male, 2) males unfamiliar to one another were introduced to a group with no other adult male, and 3) males familiar to one another were introduced to a group with an existing elderly, resident male. Severe aggression occurred in situations 2 and 3, but the introductions were peaceful in situation 1. In all cases proceptive females were among the first individuals to affiliate with the males, and males did not appear to compete for access to proceptive females. Following their period of proceptivity, the females that had cycled remained preferred social partners for the males. Immature animals also quickly affiliated with the new males, and the males tolerated the attention from immatures. Affiliative relationships between the males and nonproceptive females developed slowly, and while male-female aggression was mild, aggression among adult males (familiar and unfamiliar) had the potential to be severe.     

QOL models constructed for the community-dwelling elderly with ikigai (purpose in life) as a composition factor, and the effect of habitual exercise

The purpose of this study was to construct QOL models for the elderly that included ikigai as a composition factor and to clarify differences in two kinds of models, one constructed for the elderly with habitual exercise and the other for those without it.The subjects were 1,566 healthy community-dwelling independent people aged 60 years or more (752 males, 814 females). First, the ratio of subjects with ikigai was calculated. The ratios of subjects with different kinds of objects of ikigai were also calculated. Next, structural equation models (SEM) were constructed on the basis of social, physical, and mental QOL and ikigai. Fits of the models were evaluated. To examine whether the presence or absence of habitual exercise caused any difference in the QOL model, subjects were divided into 4 groups according to whether they were male or female and whether they had or did not have an exercise habit. Multi-population group simultaneous analysis was then performed among the four groups.More than 85% of the subjects had objects of ikigai. Ikigai is an important factor for comprehending the QOL of the elderly. It was possible to construct QOL models for the elderly with ikigai as a composition factor. The effect of physical QOL on mental QOL was negligible in females irrespective of whether they had an exercise habit. The effect of social QOL on mental QOL was profound in aged females with an exercise habit. The effect of the living situation on mental QOL was profound in aged females without an exercise habit. The effect of mental QOL on ikigai was more marked in subjects without an exercise habit than in those with an exercise habit.     

Effects of prepubertal ovariectomy on the development of scent glands, scent marking, and aggressive behaviors of female tamarin monkeys (Saguinus fuscicollis)

The effects of prepubertal ovariectomy on scent gland development, scent marking behavior, and on social interactions with strange adult conspecifics were studied in adult females cohabiting with intact males. Eight females were ovariectomized and eight underwent control surgery at 6 months of age. All were returned to their families after surgery and allowed to reach sexual maturity. At 18 months of age, each female was permanently paired with an adult, intact male. When the subjects were 21 months old, the social interactions of all pairs with strange adults were tested in a situation analogous to a territorial encounter. The scent marking activities of the subjects and their mates were studied during “territorial encounters,” in trial-free control situations, and in the presence of novel objects. Ovariectomy prior to puberty retarded the development of the scent gland but did not inhibit it completely. Social interactions with strange conspecifics were also affected. Ovariectomized females showed fewer threat displays than did control females, but there was no significant difference in the amount of injurious aggression both female groups directed at the strangers. Under all testing conditions, ovariectomized females tended to scent mark less frequently with the circumgenital-suprapubic gland than did controls. This difference was statistically significant only under some of the testing conditions. Intact females scent marked more frequently than their males but ovariectomized females did so only under trial-free testing conditions. The sternal scent gland was used very infrequently by all subjects and there was no difference in marking activity between males and females or between ovariectomized and control females.     

Cephalometric study of elderly with nearly intact dental arches

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the craniofacial morphology of elderly people with many remaining teeth using cephalometric analysis. Subjects and methods: The subjects were 30 Japanese elderly who participated in the ‘8020 campaign 2001’ in Bunkyo Ward, Tokyo, organised by The Dental Association of Tokyo, as well as 30 Japanese young adults with normal occlusion. Lateral cephalograms of all subjects were analysed using the Coben method. Results: In the female elderly group, the lower face depth was smaller than in the younger adults. In the male elderly group, the height and depth of both the total face and the lower face were longer than in the younger group. In comparing the 8020 achievers with the younger group, the proportion of the lower facial height was greater than the upper facial height, and this finding was more pronounced in women than in men. Conclusion: For the lateral facial pattern of the elderly, a reduction of lower facial height because of tooth occlusal reduction was not apparent. It was clear that there are age differences for males and females; in addition, differences in the total face and lower face area of the elderly group were due to their having many remaining teeth over a long time period. Also, these changes were more apparent in women than in men, and it is clear that there is a male–female difference in ageing.     

Statural growth in known-age African elephants (Loxodonta africana)

The shoulder heights of 224 females and 170 males, and hindfoot length of 236 female and 217 male known-age African elephants ( Loxodonta africana ) were measured, and growth curves constructed for each measure of size. A linear relationship between foot length and shoulder height was confirmed in simultaneous measures of 97 males and 110 females. Growth curves demonstrated the typical sexual dimorphism in both foot length and shoulder height, with males growing more rapidly than females from birth onwards. The size dimorphism in foot length and shoulder height becomes marked by the age of 10 years, with males on average being 60–70 cm taller than females at 65 years. This size dimorphism is produced through faster growth which continues for longer than does that of females. The variance in growth rates is slightly greater for females than for males. It is proposed that female growth after puberty is affected by a trade-off between growth and reproduction, while males who deviate markedly from typical patterns of growth may be subject either to mortality or energetic constraints limiting their potential variance.     

Evaluation of palatal mucosal thickness and its association with age and gender

The palatal masticatory mucosa is widely used as donor material for periodontal plastic surgery. The thickness of graft tissue is important for graft survival. We investigated the thickness of palatal mucosa using a bone sounding technique. We also examined the relation of age and gender to the thickness of palatal mucosa. Fifty healthy subjects were divided into a younger age group of 25 subjects, 14–21 years old (mean, 19 years); the older age group consisted of 25 subjects, 30–59 years old (mean, 34.4 years). A bone sounding method using a periodontal probe and endodontic spreader no. 60 was used to assess the thickness of palatal mucosa at 15 pre-determined sites defined according to the gingival margin and palatal lines. Student's ‘t’ test was used to validate differences in mucosal thickness between the groups. The mean thickness of palatal masticatory mucosa ranged from 2.5 to 3.7 mm. The younger age group had a thinner mucosa than the older age group and females had a thinner mucosa than males. The canine and premolar areas appeared to be the most appropriate donor sites for grafting procedures.     

Male-female affiliative relationships in naturally occurring ringtailed lemurs (Lemur catta) at the Beza-Mahafaly Reserve,Madagascar

Affiliative behavior between adult male and female ringtailed lemurs was examined as part of a project concerning male affiliation with conspecifics of all age/sex classes. Males in three social groups were studied over a 12 month period. Male-female preferred partnerships existed, and were variable according to reproductive season. Dominance rank, age, or tenure of the male did not appear to affect either the number of partnerships or frequency of affiliative behaviors that males had with females. However, males residing in groups with fewer males exhibited both higher frequencies of affiliative interactions with females and were nearest neighbors to females more often than males living in a group containing more males. Females were found to be responsible for proximity maintenance of male-female dyads in the majority of cases. Neither reproductive season nor seasonal availability of food resources strongly affected the frequency of affiliative interactions between males and females, it is proposed that an important aspect of successful group membership for male ringtailed lemurs relates to the development of social relationships with adult females. Males can benefit from such relationships in terms of greater centrality to the spatial core of the group, which can result in enhanced predator protection, greater opportunities for social contact, and potentially greater access to estrous females. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Greeting behavior during party encounters in captive chimpanzees

Party encounter situations were experimentally produced in a group of captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) at the Primate Research Institute of Kyoto University, Japan. During weekends all subjects (two adult males and five adult females) usually stayed together in the rooms (Baseline condition). Under experimental conditions, we shut passages between rooms to divide the subjects into two groups. We examined the effects of temporal separation of group members on affiliative interactions, aggressive interactions, and simple proximity. The frequency of affiliative interactions between male and female chimpanzees and between female chimpanzees increased when they encountered one another after separation, irrespective of male identity or housing history. Therefore we considered affiliative interactions between males and females during party encounters as being the response between separated individuals. The same tendency was not found in the frequency of affiliative interactions between females or between males. Unlike affiliative interactions, neither aggressive interactions nor simple proximity were influenced by separation.     

Age-related and individual differences of reproductive success in male and female barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus)

Age-related and individual differences in longterm reproductive success were analyzed in two social groups of free-ranging Barbary macaques. Maternity data were obtained from continuous birth records and paternity was determined with oligonucleotide-fingerprinting. The fathers of 246 of 286 investigated individuals could be identified. They were born during a 14-year period and represented 73 and 34% of all known offspring from the females of the study groups B/F and C, respectively. Only these infants were considered when comparing male reproductive success with that of females. The necessary adjustment of the female data resulted in small deviations from the true values in one group, but substantially increased individual differences in female fertility in the second group. Subadult males, 4.5 – 6.5 yrs old, had a much lower reproductive success than adult males (7.5 – 25 yrs old) and same-aged females. Reproductive success of adult males was not significantly affected by age, while females invariably ceased reproduction during the first half of the third decade of life. Males were more likely than females to leave no offspring, unless they survived 9 – 10 yrs of age. The number of years with breeding opportunities was important for male reproductive success but less significant than that for females. Reproductive success of several males during the 14-year study period was similar to or even exceeded that possible for a female in her whole lifetime. Variance of male reproductive success significantly exceeded that of females in both study groups.     

The impact of paternity on male–infant association in a primate with low paternity certainty

In multimale groups where females mate promiscuously, male–infant associations have rarely been studied. However, recent studies have shown that males selectively support their offspring during agonistic conflicts with other juveniles and that father's presence accelerates offspring maturation. Furthermore, it was shown that males invest in unrelated infants to enhance future mating success with the infant's mother. Hence, infant care might provide fitness gain for males. Here, we investigate male–infant associations in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), a primate with low paternity certainty as females mate with multiple partners and males ensure paternity less efficiently through mate‐guarding. We combined behavioural data with genetic paternity analyses of one cohort of the semi‐free‐ranging population of Cayo Santiago (Puerto Rico) and recorded affiliative and aggressive interactions between focal subjects and adult males from birth to sexual maturation (0–4 years) of focal subjects. Our results revealed that 9.6% of all interactions of focal subjects involved an adult male and 94% of all male–infant interactions were affiliative, indicating the rareness of male–infant aggression. Second and most interestingly, sires were more likely to affiliate with their offspring than nonsires with unrelated infants. This preference was independent of mother's proximity and emphasized during early infancy. Male–infant affiliation rose with infant age and was pronounced between adult males and male rather than female focal subjects. Overall, our results suggest that male–infant affiliation is also an important component in structuring primate societies and affiliation directed towards own offspring presumably represent low‐cost paternal care.     

Social organization of white‐headed langurs (Trachypithecus leucocephalus) in the Nongguan Karst Hills,Guangxi, China

The number of males per group is the most variable aspect of primate social organization and is often related to the monopolizability of females, which is mainly determined by the number of females per group and their reproductive synchrony. Colobines show both inter‐specific and intra‐specific variations in the number of males per group. Compared with other colobine species, little is known about the social organization of white‐headed langur (Trachypithecus leucocephalus), despite its endangered status and unusual limestone habitat. As a part of a long‐term study of the white‐headed langurs in the Nongguan Karst Hills, Guangxi, China, we quantitatively investigated their social organization by analyzing census data from 1998 to 2003. The population censuses revealed that the predominant social organization of bisexual groups was the one‐male group, similar to a previous report on this species and many other Asian colobines. In such groups, one adult male associated with 5.1 adult females, 0.1 sub‐adult males, 2.6 juveniles and 2.9 infants on average, with a mean group size of 11.7 individuals. In addition, three multi‐male groups were recorded, consisting of 2–3 adult males, 1–5 adult females, 0–2 sub‐adult males, 0–7 juveniles and 0–2 infants. They did not contain more adult females than the one‐male groups and were unstable in group membership. The langurs outside bisexual groups were organized into small nonreproductive groups or lived as solitaries. The nonreproductive groups averaged 1.3 adult males, 1.3 sub‐adult males and 2.6 juveniles. Juvenile females were present in such groups on 52.4% of all occasions. As predicted by the monopolization model, the prevalence of the one‐male pattern in this species may mainly be attributed to the small number of females in the group. The possible reasons for the occurrence of multi‐male groups and the presence of juvenile females in nonreproductive groups are also discussed. Am. J. Primatol. 71:206–213, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Comparative study of histological and kinetic variations of the digestive mucosa and pancreatic parenchyma after hypophysectomy in the rat. Light and electron microscopic study

Variations of the pancreatic parenchyma, the gastric mucosa and the intestinal mucosa were studied in adult male Wistar rats on day 8 and 15 after hypophysectomy. All results were compared with those obtained in pair-fed control rats. Hypophysectomy affected small intestine as well as gastric mucosa. Hypotrophy was observed on day 8 as most of the morphological parameters reached the maximal decrease. By contrast, hypoplasy occurred on day 15, when the labeling index (LI) decreased significantly. In the intestine, however, a decrease of the LI was observed only for the upper proliferative cells of the crypts. In the gastric mucosa, the LI was reduced only in the proliferative zone containing progenitor cells (isthmic region). Consequently, the cell differentiation is not similarly affected on all levels of the digestive tract.     

Aggression with mixed age-sex groups of bolivian squirrel monkeys following single animal introductions and new group formations

The social organization of the Bolivian squirrel monkey (Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis) is thought to be sexually segregated, with males and females forming separate social groups during the nonbreeding season. To investigate the influence of this social order on patterns of aggression, controlled single animal introductions within established groups and establishment of new groups were studied in a systematic manner. Behavioral observations were made using an all-occurrences technique to sample all agonistic interactions. In study I, 4 animals of each age-sex class (adult males and females, juvenile males and females) were introduced one at a time into 4 different social groups composed of 1 adult male and 8 to 10 adult females. Behavioral observations were made prior to and after the introductions. Newly introduced adult males received significantly more contact aggression than other age classes. Only the adult females increased aggression after the introduction of new animals. In study II, new social groups were formed and behavioral observations were made following formation. One group was formed from 7 pairs of familiar females and an unfamiliar adult male. This group had a high frequency of aggression during the first half hour, with contact aggression rising to peaks at 3 and 5 h. The second group consisted of 10 familiar females, 2 pairs of familiar females and an unfamiliar male. There was a significant peak in contact aggression 3 h into the observation.     

Sex differences in adolescent rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) Behavior

Sex differences in the behavior of 2.5- to 4.5-year-old rhesus monkeys, living in two social groups approximating natural compositions, were studied over a period of 3 years. Both sexes interacted significantly more often with members of their own sex in agonistic and affiliative interactions even when total rates and durations for male and female subjects did not differ. Strong sexual segregation was also seen in proximity, nonspecific contact, and huddling partners. Males were more involved in play and sex than were females and engaged in these activities primarily with other males. Females did more grooming than males, but groomed both male and female partners. Females also appeared to interact with a wider age range of partners than did males. Although total participation in aggressive interactions did not differ between the two sexes, females used more active forms of agonistic expression than did males. These differences in the behavior of adolescent rhesus are hypothesized to lead to social bonding among adolescent males, while females remain bonded to their matri-lines, including younger males and some fully adult males associated with matrilineal relatives. Adolescent males emigrate from their natal groups but retain sociality and bond to males and females in new groups as they become adult. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Group unity of chimpanzees elucidated by comparison of sex differences in short-range interactions in Mahale Mountains National Park,Tanzania

Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) form multi-male and multi-female unit groups with fission–fusion grouping patterns. Short-range interaction (SRI) plays an important role in the unity of these groups and in maintaining social bonds among members. This study evaluated three models of chimpanzee social structure that differed according to the emphasis each placed on social bonds between the sexes, i.e., the male-only, the bisexual, and the male-bonded unit-group model. I investigated differences in SRI between the sexes among group members in well-habituated wild chimpanzees in Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania. I followed six focal adult males and six females, and quantified their respective SRI with other chimpanzees. Except between subordinate males and adult females, adults in general engaged in SRI with about 60–90% of the individuals with whom they made visual contact each day, whether in large or small parties. Although the number of social grooming (SGR) partners was limited, male–male SGR networks were wider than were either male–female or female–female SGR networks among adults. The number of contact-seeking behavior (CSB) partners was also limited, but dominant males had more CSB partners. Adult females mainly interacted by pant-grunt greeting (PGG) with adult males, but tended to do so mainly with the highest-ranking male(s) within visual contact. These results indicated that the social bonds among adult males were essential to group unity. Because of clear male dominance, adult females established peaceful coexistence with all group members despite less frequent SRI with subordinate males by maintaining affiliative social bonds with dominant males, thereby supporting the male-bonded unit-group model. Adult females had many female SRI partners, but these interactions did not involve performing conspicuous behaviors, suggesting that females maintain social bonds with other females in ways that differ from how such bonds are maintained with and between adult males.     

Gender factor in longer P100 latency of elderly persons

Monocular pattern-shift visual evoked potentials (PSVEPs) were obtained in 26 neurologically and ophthalmologically normal elderly community volunteers (mean age 59.4, males 15, females 11), and compared with similarly obtained data in 26 sex-matched young subjects (mean age 28.1). Elderly males were age-matched with elderly females, and young males were age-matched with young females. Data analyses at both the midoccipital-linked ears and midoccipital-midcentral derivations revealed that the combined-eye mean P100 latency in the elderly as a whole was significantly longer than the young sex-matched controls (P < 0.02). However, the latency in the elderly males was not significantly different from that of sex-matched young males, or age-matched elderly females. The latency in young female subjects, on the other hand, was significantly shorter both when compared to that of age-matched young males (P < 0.01) and sex-matched elderly females (P < 0.01). The differences in other PSVEP variables, namely, interocular P100 latency differences, P100 amplitudes and interocular P100 amplitude ratios were not significant between the groups and subgroups studied.It is concluded that females account for the major contribution towards the longer P100 latency in the elderly.     

Gender differences in the echocardiographic characteristics of the athletic heart

Differences between males and females in the effects of regular physical training on the heart were investigated by echocardiography in 579 male (nonathletes: 122, athletes: 457) and in 336 (nonathletes: 84, athletes: 252) female subjects of variable age. The age groups were: children (<15 yr.), adolescent-young (15-18 yr.), young adult (19-30 yr.), adult (31-45 yr.) and people elder than 45 yr older (45<). Hypertrophy characterised by relative left ventricular muscle mass (rel.LVMM) of the athletic heart was manifest also in the females, but in comparison with the males female values were much lower both in the unconditioned and in the conditioned groups. In people belonging to the oldest groups no differences were seen either between the males and females or between athletes and nonathletes. In comparing nonathletic subjects, females showed smaller left ventricular contractility as reflected by a higher LVET/QT ratio and an increased ability of diastolic relaxation as indicated by a higher E/A ratio. Physical training induced a more marked development when the initial level was lower, namely, in the contractility of the females, and in the compliance of the males. No intersex difference was seen in the modified regulation of the athletic heart, characterised by a lower resting heart rate and slower circumferential shortening velocity (VCF).     

孟高棉语族未识别民族的体质特征

为了探究孟高棉语族未识别民族族群特征,研究组以412名(男性220人,女性192人)云南孟高棉语族未识别民族成人为例,运用人体测量学方法对该族群男女头面部与体部58项指标及20个指数进行测量和分析,并选取头长、头宽、面宽、形态面高、身高、坐高、肩宽、骨盆宽8项指标与30个已研究族群进行比较。结果表明:1)男性各项体质指标除大腿围和6项皮褶厚度指标外,都大于女性各项指标,男女身高均以矮型为主;2)孟高棉语族未识别民族男性上眼睑皱褶率为88.2%,女性上眼睑皱褶率为94.3%。男性蒙古褶率为41.8%,女性蒙古褶率为36.5%。鼻根高度男性以中等型为主,女性以低平为主。耳垂类型男性以圆形率为主,女性以三角形率为主;3)依据指数分型出现率得出:孟高棉语族未识别民族男女均以圆头型、高头型、阔头型、狭鼻型、中腿型、中胸型、宽肩型率最高;4)聚类分析和主成分分析显示孟高棉语族未识别民族与布朗族、基诺族、布依族、侗族比较接近。遗传因素、环境条件与饮食习惯是这些民族体质特征接近的原因。     

A study on specific behavioral effects of formaldehyde in the rat

It has been reported that single exposure of rats of low-level formaldehyde vapor concentrations causes significant alteration in their motor activity in the inhalation chamber. In this study, we determined the effects of formaldehyde on the locomotor activity and behavior of adult male and female Lew. 1K rats in an open field two hours after termination of a single two hours lasting inhalative exposure to approximately 0.1, 0.5, or 5 ppm. Following behavioral parameters were quantitatively examined: numbers of crossed floor squares, occurrence frequencies of air and floor sniffing, grooming, rearing, and wall climbing, as well as the incidence of fecal boli. In the open field situation, the males of all formaldehyde groups crossed significantly lower numbers of floor squares. Furthermore, significant decrease in the occurrence frequencies of floor sniffing, rearing, and wall climbing were observed. Within the female rat groups exposed to 0.5 or 5 ppm formaldehyde, a significantly decreased numbers of crossed squares were registered, while this parameter remained unchanged in the 0.1 ppm group. Other parameters were also affected by the formaldehyde inhalation (e.g. significant increase in the occurrence frequencies of air sniffing in the 0.1 and 0.5 ppm groups and significant decrease in the numbers of floor sniffing in the 0.5 and 5 ppm groups, respectively). The incidence of fecal boli was not affected in any exposure group neither in males nor in females. It is concluded from the results obtained that formaldehyde significantly affects the locomotor behavior of adult male and female rats in the open field after a single inhalative exposure to the above mentioned concentrations.