第二代百日咳疫苗毒性国家标准品的建立

目的建立第二代百日咳疫苗毒性国家标准品(简称二代毒性标准品)。方法选用百日咳疫苗生产菌株(编号CS株CMCC58003)进行发酵罐培养,将收获的百日咳菌液灭活后分装冻干后,作为第二代百日咳国家毒性标准品的候选品(简称候选毒性标准品)。以第一代百日咳疫苗毒性国家标准品为标准(简称一代毒性标准品),由4个单位协作标定候选毒性标准品,采用热加速法考察候选毒性标准品的稳定性。结果共获得检定合格的候选毒性标准品1 800支;经4个实验室协作标定,每支二代毒性标准品LPU为21,HSU为41;且稳定性良好。结论候选毒性标准品各项指标均符合要求,可作为第二代百日咳疫苗毒性国家标准品使用。     

肠道病毒EV71疫苗效力国家参考品的协作标定

目的建立肠道病毒71型(Enterovirus 71,EV71)疫苗效力参考品,用于EV71疫苗效力的小鼠ED50检测质量控制。方法选取经Ⅲ期临床试验验证具有良好保护效果的一批EV71疫苗作为候选参考品,采用EV71小鼠ED50检测方法,对候选参考品进行效力的协作标定及适用性研究。结果候选参考品在各实验室的ED50均值分别为9.5~51.0 U,CV为3.8%~18.7%;5个实验室总均值为23.5 U,CV为60.9%。各实验室检测结果均符合正态分布;3个EV71灭活疫苗与参考品均表现出了良好的剂量效应关系,中和抗体阳转率均随疫苗稀释度的增加而降低,下降曲线形态相近。当以候选参考品为标准,3个灭活疫苗的体内效价比均值分别为2.7倍、0.8倍和0.9倍;CV分别为5.5%、27.5%和11.2%。结论建立的EV71疫苗效力国家参考品(320 U/0.5 m L),可用于EV71疫苗效力的小鼠ED_(50)检测质量控制。     

Progress towards development of a cholera subunit vaccine

Cholera, an enteric disease that can reach pandemic proportions, remains a world-wide problem that is positioned to increase in incidence as changes in global climate or armed conflict spawn the conditions that enhance transmission to humans and, thus, precipitate epidemic cholera. An effective subunit cholera vaccine that can provide protective immunity with one parenteral immunization would be a major advantage over the existing oral vaccines that can require two doses for optimal protection. The existing vaccines are clearly effective in some settings, but are less so in others, especially with respect to specific groups such as young (2-5 years) children. In our efforts to develop a cholera subunit vaccine, we focused on two Vibrio cholerae antigens, LPS (lipopolysaccharide) and TCP (toxin co-regulated pilus), that are known to induce protective antibodies in animal models and, in the case of anti-LPS antibodies, to be associated with clinical protection of V. cholerae exposed or vaccinated individuals. This review discusses the current cholera vaccines and compares the advantages of a cholera subunit vaccine to that of the whole cell vaccines. We discuss the possible subunit antigens and prospective targeted use of a subunit cholera vaccine.     

麻疹减毒活疫苗国家参考品的制备及标定

为了制备麻疹减毒活疫苗国家参考品,选用国内麻疹疫苗生产株沪191制备麻疹疫苗参考品。生产过程中严格控制精密性、水分含量,对候选参考品进行鉴别试验、水分含量、病毒滴度及无菌检查等检验。检验合格后组织进行候选参考品病毒滴度协作标定,共有5个实验室参加了协作标定。协作标定完成后,对实验室内变异、实验室间变异及国际参考品在不同实验室间的变异进行了分析。此外还对疫苗进行了热稳定性和实时稳定性分析。结果显示经5个实验室协作标定后,麻疹减毒活疫苗国家参考品的滴度为4.96±0.26 lgCC ID50/m l,实验室内部变异在1.09%～4.64%之间,实验室间变异为2.62%。国际参考品在不同实验室间的变异为4.19%。稳定性考核数据表明制备的参考品具有较好的稳定性,符合作为麻疹减毒活疫苗国家参考品的要求,滴度为4.96±0.26 lgCC ID50/m l。     

Rabies reference vaccine for use as a regional standard for Latin America and the Caribbean countries

A candidate rabies reference vaccine of suckling mouse brain (SMB) origin was prepared and standardized at the Pan American Zoonoses Center (PAHO/WHO) and evaluated in a collaborative study involving seven laboratories. On the basis of three different tests, its potency, immunogenicity, and stability were demonstrated to be satisfactory. The vaccine was proposed for consideration of the Latin American and Caribbean countries as a regional standard to determine the potency of SMB vaccines, the most widely used in the Region.     

Excretion of cholera toxin from Escherichia coli: a potential oral vaccine for cholera

Escherichia coli strain N100 has been mutagenized by transposon mutagenesis and mutants with a cell surface leaky phenotype have been isolated. The mutant designated as E. coli N100::Tn5 excreted periplasmic proteins like ribonuclease and alkaline phosphatase. When this mutant strain was transformed with plasmids containing cloned cholera toxin genes, the toxin protein synthesized in the cells were excreted. The potentiality of this strain as a live oral vaccine for cholera has been discussed.     

变应原疫苗的标准化

全球范围生产和销售变应原疫苗,用来诊断和治疗IgE抗体介导的疾病.变应原疫苗是天然物质的混合物.每一种变应原提取物含有蛋白质、碳水化合物、酶、色素等物质,其中,具有变应原活性的物质只占一小部分.传统的变应原疫苗用投料比(重量/体积)标示疫苗,也有用凯氏定氮法测定蛋白氮标示疫苗,但是这两种标示疫苗的方法与疫苗的活性没有必然的关系.缺乏一致的方法来维持产品的一致性,疫苗批与批之间多样化是显然的.所以变应原疫苗的标准化是必须和必然的.变应原疫苗的标准化主要通过建立内部参考品,从变应原疫苗总蛋白组分、总蛋白含量、主要致敏蛋白的组成、主要致敏蛋白的含量、体内体外实验测定总活性这几个方面,每批产品与内部参考品相比较,达到产品批与批之间的一致性.在美国和欧洲的变应原标准化存在一定的差异,本文从美国和欧洲变应原疫苗的标准化历程介绍变应原疫苗标准化的方法和发展趋势.     

Establishment of a dried standard pertussis vaccine

Summary The potency of an own Dutch standard pertussis vaccine B was determined by indirect comparison in three stages (B with A; A with U.S.A. Reference no. 5; U.S.A. Reference no. 5 with U.S.A. Standard no. 4) with the U.S.A. Standard no. 4 in the intracerebral mouse-protection test. The values found were checked by direct comparison with U.S.A. Reference no. 4 in Holland and U.S.A. In this way a definitive value of 3.7 units/ml was given to this standard. The reasons are discussed for giving a unit value to a standard, although this unit value cannot be determined accurately in a biological test.     

Comparison of allergenic potency of five batches ofAlternaria alternata for preparation of reference standard

Five batches of 34-016 isolate were grown separately on synthetic revised tobacco medium for 28 days. Extracts of the mycelia were prepared and their biochemical and immunological properties were examined. The extracts had similar isoelectric focussing (IEF) patterns. In crossed-radioimmuno-electrophoresis (CRIE) using human atopic sera, each showed two dominant and two to three minor allergens. In direct radioallergosorbent (RAST) and RAST inhibition tests with human atopic sera and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) tests with mouse IgE, all samples were of similar potency. In IgE immunoblots of sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) gels, each extract showed strongly reactive bands at 16, 18, 30, 33 and 59–100 kDa MW. These results indicate that a reference preparation ofA. alternata suitable for standardization purposes can be obtained from any batch of 34-016 isolate.     

霍乱疫苗中残余霍乱毒素检测方法的建立及验证

采用间接酶联免疫法,即用神经节苷脂包被,加入待检样品,再加入兔抗霍乱毒素B亚单位抗体,用标准样品的吸光值(A值)对标准样品的浓度绘制4-参数拟合曲线,根据标准曲线计算出待测样品中的CT浓度。结果显示,在浓度范围(0.6～16)ng/ml之间,CT标准浓度和检测浓度成线性关系,r2=0.9986。精确度在浓度范围(0.6～16)ng/ml,CT的平均回收率在96.24%～114.44%之间。精密度:批内变异CV%≤12.98%,批间变异CV%≤18.48%。特异性CT浓度在10ng/ml时,平均回收率为102.6%;CT浓度在5ng/ml时,平均回收率为111.17%;CT浓度在2.5ng/ml时,平均回收率为123.83%。实验表明该方法可检测霍乱疫苗原液中CT的含量。