ICU导管相关性感染目标性监测分析

目的 了解某院重症监护病房(ICU)医院感染发生情况,尤其是导管相关性感染基线数据,为干预措施的制定提供参考.方法 采用前瞻性调查方法对2010年6月-2011年12月人住ICU患者的医院感染发生情况进行目标性监测,并对侵入性操作使用率与相关医院感染发生率进行分析.结果 调查期间共监测2741例ICU患者,发生感染198例、307例次,感染率为7.22％、例次感染率为11.20％;同期ICU住院总日数9666 d,日感染率为20.48‰,例次日感染率为31.76‰;经ASIS调整后的日感染率为6.86‰,日感染例次率为10.64‰;导尿管、中心静脉插管及呼吸机的使用率分别为96.39％、58.66％和50.77％,使用导管所致相关泌尿道、血流感染和呼吸机相关性肺炎分别为3.11‰、5.47‰和20.58‰.结论 ICU医院感染发病率和导管相关性感染率较高,必须制定相应感染控制预防措施,使其相应的感染得到有效控制.     

ICU和CCU

ICU(intensive care unit)即集中监护设施、在医院的固定区域收容重症患者,平时有专职医生和熟练护士值班待机,并备有自动监护装置及专用设备,可以在任何时候进行急救处理。CCU(coronary care unit)是指冠脉监护设施而言,专门收治急救心肌梗死、心绞痛等冤脉系统疾病的专门病区。为了防止发生室颤造成突然死亡,必须备有做心电图的     

综合性医院重症监护病房病原菌分离情况分析

目的探讨重症监护病房（Icu）医院内感染的临床特点及病原菌种类、分布情况,为临床合理使用抗菌药物、预防和控制医院感染提供参考和依据。方法采用前瞻性监测与回顾性调查相结合的方法,对ICU患者的临床资料进行统计分析。结果ICU病人标本中分离出病原菌593株,得出菌种分布与感染情况。结论重症监护病房医院内感染发生率高,以呼吸道感染为主,主要病原菌以革兰阴性非发酵菌为主,加强ICU患者感染的控制,可减少ICU医院内感染的发生。     

地震后危重多发伤伴混合感染病例分析

地震常造成大量人员伤亡,地震伤患者多被埋于倒塌的建筑物之下,不能得到及时救治,外伤加重,亦会增加外伤感染和各种机会性感染.而重症地震伤患者在重症监护病房(intensive care unit,ICU)的后续治疗中面临的医院内感染更是地震救援中不容忽视的问题.     

重症监护病房多重耐药菌监测与控制现状分析

目的 了解北京市三级医院重症监护病房（ICU）多重耐药菌监测及防控措施落实情况。方法 制定统一调查表,对北京市38家三级医院的ICU进行现场评估。结果 38家三级医院中有35家医院的ICU开展了多重耐药菌监测;监测占首位的多重耐药菌排名为泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）、耐碳青霉烯铜绿假单胞菌、产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌、产ESBLs大肠埃希菌。79.0%的ICU单人间病房数量不超过5个。78.9%的医院基本能做到对多重耐药菌感染患者和普通患者分开管理。结论 多重耐药的革兰阴性杆菌是ICU最常见的病原菌。医疗资源不足加大了多重耐药菌医院感染防控的难度。     

探讨NTIS在ICU重症患者的预后影响

目的：观察NTIS在ICU重症患者中的发病情况,及对病情的预后。方法：2010年1月到2010年3月,收集上海交通大学附属第六人民医院重症监护病房ICU收治的患者共161例。根据甲状腺功能情况分组。记录其年龄、性别、血糖、血白蛋白、肝肾功能、电解质、白细胞、血气、心率、血压等,统计有创呼吸机的使用率、使用天数、APACHEII评分、ICU住院天数和住院期间的死亡率,分析相关的影响因素。结果：161例入住ICU的重症患者中74例伴有NTIS（45.96%）,血清游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸（FT3）水平是ICU住院时间的独立影响因素,低T3与住院期间死亡率明显相关,是主要死亡危险因子;NTIS患者较正常甲状腺患者死亡风险增加2.93倍（95%CI,1.052～8.182）。结论：低T3在重症疾病患者中发病常见,与住院期间死亡率明显相关,对于预测患者病情的严重程度和预后有重要的价值。     

探讨NTIS 在ICU 重症患者的预后影响

目的:观察NTIS在ICU重症患者中的发病情况,及对病情的预后。方法:2010年1月到2010年3月,收集上海交通大学附属第六人民医院重症监护病房ICU收治的患者共161例。根据甲状腺功能情况分组。记录其年龄、性别、血糖、血白蛋白、肝肾功能、电解质、白细胞、血气、心率、血压等,统计有创呼吸机的使用率、使用天数、APACHEII评分、ICU住院天数和住院期间的死亡率,分析相关的影响因素。结果:161例入住ICU的重症患者中74例伴有NTIS(45.96%),血清游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)水平是ICU住院时间的独立影响因素,低T3与住院期间死亡率明显相关,是主要死亡危险因子;NTIS患者较正常甲状腺患者死亡风险增加2.93倍(95%CI,1.052～8.182)。结论:低T3在重症疾病患者中发病常见,与住院期间死亡率明显相关,对于预测患者病情的严重程度和预后有重要的价值。     

79例重症监护病房患者院内感染病原菌分布分析

目的了解重症监护病房（ICU）院内感染情况,更好地指导有针对性的用药和治疗。方法医院感染管理人员根据病历报告进行回顾性分析,菌种鉴定遵循美国临床和实验室标准化研究所（CLSI）2007年制定的标准,应用SPSS 12.0软件建立数据库并进行统计分析。结果 ICU的院内感染发生率为23.0%,原发疾病集中于脑血管意外和多发复合伤,院内感染患者感染部以下呼吸道和泌尿系感染比例最高,医院感染病例病原菌送检率44.5%,分离出的病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主55.4%,占,其次为革兰阳性菌占35.9%,真菌占8.7%,分离率居前5位的病原菌依次为大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和肠球菌。结论 ICU院内感染情况严重,应加强预防。     

哈尔滨市三级医院EICU医疗资源配置现状调查

目的 了解哈尔滨市三级医院急诊重症监护室医疗资源配置现状,找出重症监护室存在的问题并提出相应对策。 方法 通过问卷调查方式获得2010—2012年间哈尔滨市三级医院急诊重症监护室床位、人员、设备等医疗资源配置情况的相关数据并进行统计分析。结果 研究数据显示,哈尔滨市5所三级医院的急诊重症监护室存在床位使用率不高、人员配比欠合理、人员工作强度过大、医疗设备配置不均衡等问题,严重制约了急诊重症监护室的发展。结论 哈尔滨市的急诊重症监护室取得了一定的发展,但在医疗资源配置方面仍存在一些问题;通过提高床位使用率、增加医护人员数量、调整人员结构、完善设备设施等手段可进一步优化医疗资源配置,提高急诊重症监护室的整体效率,满足学科发展需要。     

ICU患者医院感染目标性监测研究

目的 了解ICU医院感染发病特点和规律。方法 采用目标性监测的方法,前瞻性地研究2004～2005年ICU患者医院感染发病情况,用ASIS法调整医院感染发病率,并对侵入性操作相关感染进行分析。结果 3 560例住院患者中,发生医院感染274例次,医院感染例次发病率为25.97%,经ASIS法调整后,日医院感染发病率为18.64‰.3种侵入性操作相关感染,日感染率分别为呼吸机相关肺炎118.59‰、留置导尿管相关泌尿道感染17.26‰,动静脉插管相关血液感染11.59‰.环境卫生学监测显示呼吸机相关物品微生物感染阳性率为18.18%。结论 ICU是医院感染重点部门,应重视目标性监测工作;必须加强呼吸机相关物品的消毒灭菌管理,降低呼吸机相关肺炎的发病率;真菌是留置导尿管相关泌尿道感染的主要致病菌,必须重视抗菌药物的合理使用;加强医务人员手和穿刺部位消毒对控制动静脉插管相关血液感染至关重要。     

Cost-Effectiveness Comparison of Response Strategies to a Large-Scale Anthrax Attack on the Chicago Metropolitan Area: Impact of Timing and Surge Capacity

Rapid public health response to a large-scale anthrax attack would reduce overall morbidity and mortality. However, there is uncertainty about the optimal cost-effective response strategy based on timing of intervention, public health resources, and critical care facilities. We conducted a decision analytic study to compare response strategies to a theoretical large-scale anthrax attack on the Chicago metropolitan area beginning either Day 2 or Day 5 after the attack. These strategies correspond to the policy options set forth by the Anthrax Modeling Working Group for population-wide responses to a large-scale anthrax attack: (1) postattack antibiotic prophylaxis, (2) postattack antibiotic prophylaxis and vaccination, (3) preattack vaccination with postattack antibiotic prophylaxis, and (4) preattack vaccination with postattack antibiotic prophylaxis and vaccination. Outcomes were measured in costs, lives saved, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs). We estimated that postattack antibiotic prophylaxis of all 1,390,000 anthrax-exposed people beginning on Day 2 after attack would result in 205,835 infected victims, 35,049 fulminant victims, and 28,612 deaths. Only 6,437 (18.5%) of the fulminant victims could be saved with the existing critical care facilities in the Chicago metropolitan area. Mortality would increase to 69,136 if the response strategy began on Day 5. Including postattack vaccination with antibiotic prophylaxis of all exposed people reduces mortality and is cost-effective for both Day 2 (ICER=$182/QALY) and Day 5 (ICER=$1,088/QALY) response strategies. Increasing ICU bed availability significantly reduces mortality for all response strategies. We conclude that postattack antibiotic prophylaxis and vaccination of all exposed people is the optimal cost-effective response strategy for a large-scale anthrax attack. Our findings support the US government's plan to provide antibiotic prophylaxis and vaccination for all exposed people within 48 hours of the recognition of a large-scale anthrax attack. Future policies should consider expanding critical care capacity to allow for the rescue of more victims.     

Genetic drift in range expansions is very sensitive to density dependence in dispersal and growth

Theory predicts rapid genetic drift during invasions, yet many expanding populations maintain high genetic diversity. We find that genetic drift is dramatically suppressed when dispersal rates increase with the population density because many more migrants from the diverse, high‐density regions arrive at the expansion edge. When density dependence is weak or negative, the effective population size of the front scales only logarithmically with the carrying capacity. The dependence, however, switches to a sublinear power law and then to a linear increase as the density dependence becomes strongly positive. We develop a unified framework revealing that the transitions between different regimes of diversity loss are controlled by a single, universal quantity: the ratio of the expansion velocity to the geometric mean of dispersal and growth rates at expansion edge. Our results suggest that positive density dependence could dramatically alter evolution in expanding populations even when its contribution to the expansion velocity is small.     

Secondary care beyond Tomlinson: an opportunity to be seized or squandered?

The Tomlinson report''s emphasis on primary care and its essentially quantitative analysis of hospital care in London leaves little space for a picture of how secondary care for Londoners should look. In this article Fiona Moss and Martin McNicol argue that most outpatient work does not need to be done in hospitals. With proper organisation and better premises a genuinely specialist consultative service can be provided in primary health care centres, with benefit to patients and communication between primary and secondary care doctors. Hospitals would then house those outpatient services that needed major investigative facilities and much reduced inpatient capacity. It may no longer be necessary for each acute unit to offer a full range of services. Such a pattern of secondary care will have implications for the organisation of accident and emergency services and for postgraduate training. Above all Moss and McNicol argue that Tomlinson''s recommendations demand that general practitioners and specialists should re-examine the services hospitals provide and agree on the best settings for different sorts of health care and the most appropriate skills to provide it.     

Preparedness for SARS in the UK in 2003

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) has been described as the first major emerging infectious disease of the twenty-first century. Having initially emerged, almost unnoticed, in southern China, it rapidly spread across the globe. It severely tested national public health and health systems. However, it also resulted in rapid, intensive international collaboration, led by the World Health Organization, to elucidate its characteristics and cause and to contain its spread. The UK mounted a vigorous public health response. Some particular issues concerned: the practicalities of implementing exit screening had this been required; the likely efficacy of this and other control measures; the legal base for public health action; and the surge capacity in all systems should the disease have taken hold in the UK. We have used this experience of 2003 to inform our preparation of a framework for an integrated, escalating response to a future re-emergence of SARS according to the levels of disease activity worldwide. Recent cases confirm that SARS has not "gone away". We cannot be complacent about our contingency planning.     

Dutch guidelines for interventional cardiology: institutional and operator competence and requirements for training

Interventional cardiology is an expanding field within cardiovascular medicine and today it is generally accepted that cardiologists require specific training, knowledge and skills. Hospitals where coronary interventions are performed must be properly equipped and able to provide specialised care. Percutaneous coronary interventions are frequently used for coronary revascularisation. The public should have confidence in the uniformity of high quality care. Therefore, such quality of care should be maintained by certification of the individual operators, general guidelines for institutional requirements and formal audits. The Netherlands Society of Cardiology (NVVC) will be implementing a new registration system for cardiologists with a subspecialisation that will include registration for interventional cardiology. The NVVC asked the Working Group of Interventional Cardiology (WIC) to update the 1994 Dutch guidelines on operator and institutional competence, and requirements for training in interventional cardiology in order to incorporate them into the official directives. The present guidelines represent the expert opinion of the Dutch interventional cardiology community and are in accordance with international regulations.After two rounds of discussion, the NVVC approved the guidelines in November 2004 during the autumn meeting.     

Effectiveness of the contingency plan for social and health care during the COVID-19 pandemic in a health district in northwestern Spain

IntroductionDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare facilities have implemented contingency plans to minimize the consequences of this pathology however, the deployment and results of these contingency plans are scarcely shared.ObjectivesTo describe the implementation of the contingency plan in the social and health care in the COVID-19 pandemic in the Public Hospital of Monforte (Lugo, Spain) and to evaluate the effectiveness of the measures included in this plan.MethodPhenomenological sampling conducted between March 10 and May 15, 2020. Evaluation qualitative assessment by an external quality improvement team of the Galician Health Service (SERGAS), based on the Practicum Direct rapid structured checklist in risk management, organizational management, and evaluation of decision making. As outcome indicators, we assessed the number of hospital admissions, number of PCRs performed, telephone attention to social and health social-healthcare patients, number of hospitalizations avoided and estimation of their direct cost.ResultsAfter assessing and managing the risks, an information security plan was developed and solutions to minimize complications in our patients derived from this pandemic. An emergency decision making team was created, as well as an employee communication mechanism for employees through standardized documents and documentation channels.ConclusionsThe adaptation of the Practicum Direct rapid model to the healthcare setting is a useful and easy-to-apply tool that allows us to identify weak points and areas for improvement in our Service and thus to strengthen patient care in all clinical areas, improving the quality of care.     

Mass vaccination for the 2009 H1N1 pandemic: approaches, challenges, and recommendations

The 2009 H1N1 pandemic stimulated a nationwide response that included a mass vaccination effort coordinated at the federal, state, and local levels. This article examines a sampling of state and local efforts during the pandemic in order to better prepare for future public health emergencies involving mass distribution, dispensing, and administration of medical countermeasures. In this analysis, the authors interviewed national, state, and local leaders to gain a better understanding of the accomplishments and challenges of H1N1 vaccination programs during the 2009-10 influenza season. State and local health departments distributed and administered H1N1 vaccine using a combination of public and private efforts. Challenges encountered during the vaccination campaign included the supply of and demand for vaccine, prioritization strategies, and local logistics. To improve the response capabilities to deal with infectious disease emergencies, the authors recommend investing in technologies that will assure a more timely availability of the needed quantities of vaccine, developing local public health capacity and relationships with healthcare providers, and enhancing federal support of state and local activities. The authors support in principle the CDC recommendation to vaccinate annually all Americans over 6 months of age against seasonal influenza to establish a standard of practice on which to expand the ability to vaccinate during a pandemic. However, expanding seasonal influenza vaccination efforts will be an expensive and long-term investment that will need to be weighed against anticipated benefits and other public health needs. Such investments in public health infrastructure could be important for building capacity and practice for distributing, dispensing, and administering countermeasures in response to a future pandemic or biological weapons attack.     

Long‐distance dispersal maximizes evolutionary potential during rapid geographic range expansion

Conventional wisdom predicts that sequential founder events will cause genetic diversity to erode in species with expanding geographic ranges, limiting evolutionary potential at the range margin. Here, we show that invasive European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in South Africa preserve genetic diversity during range expansion, possibly as a result of frequent long‐distance dispersal events. We further show that unfavourable environmental conditions trigger enhanced dispersal, as indicated by signatures of selection detected across the expanding range. This brings genetic variation to the expansion front, counterbalancing the cumulative effects of sequential founding events and optimizing standing genetic diversity and thus evolutionary potential at range margins during spread. Therefore, dispersal strategies should be highlighted as key determinants of the ecological and evolutionary performances of species in novel environments and in response to global environmental change.     

“Relative” adRenal insufficiency in cRitical illness

ObjectiveTo present a recommended approach to the problem of “relative” adrenal insufficiency (RAI) in the intensive care unit (ICU).MethodsWe examine historical data that support the traditional concepts of adrenal insufficiency and the idea that the increase in cortisol secretion during stress is needed to survive the stress. The controversial use of treatment with glucocorticoids (GCs) in patients with sepsis and septic shock in the ICU (and thus survival benefit) is also briefly discussed.ResultsDuring the past decade, the concept of RAI as the failure of cortisol secretion to increase in response to stress to sustain the patient through that stress has gained strength. In some studies, it has been suggested that as many as 75% of patients in an ICU setting have RAI. Experimental support for the concept is not possible because there is no clinically useful laboratory measure of GC action. Therefore, diagnosis is generally based on interpretation of the cosyntropin stimulation test.ConclusionThe best clinical judgment should always guide interpretation of any test results, and sharp categorization of patients on the basis of a single cutoff criterion should be avoided. Overall, the concept of RAI has no clinical utility. In these cases, administration of GCs adds cost without benefit and with increased risk. (Endocr Pract. 2009;15:632-640)