共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Gerard J.A. Rouwendal Dion E.A. Florack Thamara Hesselink Jan H. Cordewener Johannes P.F.G. Helsper Dirk Bosch 《Carbohydrate research》2009,344(12):1487-1493
Glycoproteins from tobacco line xFxG1, in which expression of a hybrid β-(1→4)-galactosyltransferase (GalT) and a hybrid α-(1→3)-fucosyltransferase IXa (FUT9a) is combined, contained an abundance of hybrid N-glycans with Lewis X (LeX) epitopes. A comparison with N-glycan profiles from plants expressing only the hybrid β-(1→4)-galactosyltransferase suggested that the fucosylation of the LacNAc residues in line xFxG1 protected galactosylated N-glycans from endogenous plant β-galactosidase activity. 相似文献
2.
Mou-Chi Cheng Shu-Ling Lin Shih-Hsiung Wu Sadako Inoue Yasuo Inoue 《Analytical biochemistry》1998,260(2):154
We have carried out comparative structural analysis of novel oligo- and polysialic acid chains from diverse sources. Controlled acid hydrolysates of (a) colominic acid, α2→8-linked homopolymer ofN-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), (b) α2→8-linked oligo/polyNeu5Gc chains present in rainbow trout egg polysialoglycoprotein, and (c) α2→8-linked oligomers of deaminoneuraminic acid (KDN) residues of KDN-rich glycoprotein derived from rainbow trout vitelline envelope were analyzed by high-performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE). The results showed that three different types of α2→8-linked oligosialic acids having same degree of polymerization can be separated by HPCE. A partial hydrolysate of colominic acid with mild acid was shown by CE to form intramolecular esters during the controlled hydrolysis and the subsequent workup procedure. In contrast, lactonization of (→5-Oglycolyl-Neu5Gcα2→)n, α2→5-Oglycolyl-linked homopolymer ofN-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) present in the egg jelly coat of sea urchin, did not take place as readily as in (→8Neu5Acα2→)n. 相似文献
3.
Takeomi Murata Shigenori Morimoto Xiaoxiong Zeng Satoshi Watanabe Taichi Usui 《Carbohydrate research》1999,320(3-4)
An α-
-fucosidase from porcine liver produced α-
-Fuc-(1→2)-β-
-Gal-(1→4)-
-GlcNAc (2′-O-α-
-fucosyl-N-acetyllactosamine, 1) together with its isomers α-
-Fuc-(1→3)-β-
-Gal-(1→4)-
-GlcNAc (2) and α-
-Fuc-(1→6)-β-
-Gal-(1→4)-
-GlcNAc (3) through a transglycosylation reaction from p-nitrophenyl α-
-fucopyranoside and β-
-Gal-(1→4)-
-GlcNAc. The enzyme formed the trisaccharides 1–3 in 13% overall yield based on the donor, and in the ratio of 40:37:23. In contrast, transglycosylation by Alcaligenes sp. α-
-fucosidase led to the regioselective synthesis of trisaccharides containing a (1→3)-linked α-
-fucosyl residue. When β-
-Gal-(1→4)-
-GlcNAc and lactose were acceptors, the enzyme formed regioselectively compound 2 and α-
-Fuc-(1→3)-β-
-Gal-(1→4)-
-Glc (3′-O-α-
-fucosyllactose, 4), respectively, in 54 and 34% yields, based on the donor. 相似文献
4.
M.L Constanzer C.M Chavez-Eng B.K Matuszewski 《Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences》1998,713(2):99
A sensitive and specific assay of human plasma for the determination of (5α,7β,16β)-16[(4-chlorophenyl)oxy]-4,7-dimethyl-4-aza-andronstan-3-one (I), a selective inhibitor of human type 1 5α-reductase, has been developed. The method is based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with tandem mass spectrometric (MS–MS) detection. The analyte (I) and internal standard, Proscar (II), were isolated from the basified biological matrix using a liquid–liquid extraction with methyl-tert.-butyl ether (MTBE). The organic extract was evaporated to dryness, the residue was reconstituted in mobile phase and injected into the HPLC system. The MS–MS detection was performed on a PE Sciex API III Plus tandem mass spectrometer using a heated nebulizer interface. Multiple reaction monitoring using the precursor→product ion combinations of m/z 430→114 and 373→305 was used to quantify I and internal standard (II), respectively. The assay was validated in the concentration range of 0.5 to 500 ng/ml in human plasma. The precision of the assay, expressed as coefficient of variation (C.V.), was less than 7% over the entire concentration range, with adequate assay specificity and accuracy. The HPLC–MS–MS method provided sufficient sensitivity to completely map the 24 h pharmacokinetic time-course following a single 0.5 mg dose of I. 相似文献
5.
Lenka Weignerov Zdenka Hu
kov Marek Kuzma Vladimír K
en 《Journal of Molecular Catalysis .B, Enzymatic》2001,11(4-6)
The regioselectivity of the transglycosylation reaction catalyzed by extracellular α-galactosidases from filamentous fungi was studied using p-nitrophenyl α-
-galactopyranoside. Regioisomers of p-nitrophenyl α-
-galactobiopyranoside α(1→2), α(1→3) and α(1→6) were isolated and characterized. α-Galactosidases with pronounced regioselectivity towards α-Gal-O-R acceptor were identified. 相似文献
6.
The (1→3)-β-d-glucan glucanohydrolases [(1→ 3)-GGH; EC 3.2.1.39] of barley (Hordeum vulgare L., cv Clipper) are encoded by a small gene family. Amino acid sequences deduced from cDNA and genomic clones for six members of the family exhibit overall positional identities ranging from 44% to 78%. Specific DNA and oligodeoxyribonucleotide (oligo) probes have been used to demonstrate that the (1→3)-GGH-encoding genes are differentially transcribed in young roots, young leaves and the aleurone of germinated grain. The high degree of sequence homology, coupled with characteristic patterns of codon usage and insertion of a single intron at a highly conserved position in the signal peptide region, indicate that the genes have shared a common evolutionary history. Similar structural features in genes encoding barley (1→3,1→4)-β-glucan 4-glucanohydrolases [(1→3,1→4)-GGH; EC 3.2.1.73] further indicate that the (l→3)-GGHs and (l→3,1→4)-GGHs are derived from a single ‘super’ gene family, in which genes encoding enzymes with related yet quite distinct substrate specificities have evolved, with an associated specialization of function. The (1→3,1→4)-GGHs mediate in plant cell wall metabolism through their ability to hydrolyse the (1→3,1→4)-β-glucans that are the major constituents in barley walls, while the (1→3)-GGHs, which are unable to degrade the plant (1→3,1→4)-β-glucans, can hydrolyse the (1→3)- and (1→3,1→6)-β-glucans of fungal cell walls. 相似文献
7.
Yoshihiko Shinohara Koichiro Isurugi Takao Hashimoto 《Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences》2000,741(2):1401
A method based on gas chromatography–mass spectrometry–selected-ion monitoring was developed to measure the main metabolites of 17α-methyltestosterone, 17α-methyl-5α-androstan-3α,17β-diol and 17α-methyl-5β-androstan-3α,17β-diol, in human urine. 17α-Methyl-[2H3]-5α-androstan-3α,17β-diol and 17α-methyl-[2H3]-5β-androstan-3α,17β-diol were used as internal standards. The methods involved purification using a Sep-Pak C18 cartridge, hydrolysis by β-glucuronidase from Ampullaria and derivatization with N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyl-trifluoroacetamide/dithioerythriol/ammonium iodide. Quantitation was achieved by selected-ion monitoring of the characteristic fragment ions ([(M+H)−2×TMSOH]+) of the di-TMS derivatives on the chemical ionization mode. The method provides a specific, sensitive and reliable technique to determine the urine levels of 17α-methyl-5α-androstan-3α,17β-diol and 17α-methyl-5β-androstan-3α,17β-diol, and can be applied to pharmacokinetic studies of 17α-methyltestosterone. 相似文献
8.
E. Benedetti B. Di Blasio V. Pavone C. Pedone A. Santini V. Barone F. Fraternali F. Lelj A. Bavoso M. Crisma C. Toniolo 《International journal of biological macromolecules》1989,11(6)
The molecular and crystal structures of six fully blocked, Ac3c-rich peptides to the tetramer level were determined by X-ray diffraction. The peptides are Fmoc-(Ac3c)2-OMe·CH3OH, Ac-(Ac3c)2-OMe, t-Boc-Ac3c-l-Phe-OMe, pBrBz-(Ac3c)3-OMe·H2O, Z-Gly-Ac3c-Gly-OTmb·(CH32CO, andt-Boc-(Ac3c)4-OMe·2H2O. Type-I (I′) β-bends and distorted 310-helices were found to be typical of the tri- and tetrapeptides, respectively. In the dipeptides, too short to form β-bend conformations, other less common structural features may be observed. The average geometry of the cyclopropyl moiety of the Ac3c residue is asymmetric and the N-Cα-C′ bond angle is significantly expanded from the regular tetrahedral value. A comparison with the structural preferences of other extensively investigated Cα,α-dialkylated α-amino acids is made and the implications for the use of the Ac3c residue in conformational design are examined. 相似文献
9.
The ADP/ATP carrier of beef heart mitochondria is able to bind 2-azido-[α-32P]ADP in the dark with a Kd value of 8 μM. 2-Azido ADP is not transported and it inhibits ADP transport and ADP binding. Photoirradiation of beef heart mitochondria with 2-azido-[α-32P]ADP results mainly in photolabeling of the ADP/ATP carrier protein; photolabeling is prevented by carboxyatractyloside, a specific inhibitor of ADP/ATP transport. Upon photoirradiation of inside-out submitochondrial particles with 2-azido-[α-32P]ADP, both the ADP/ATP carrier and the β subunit of the membrane-bound F1-ATPase are covalently labeled. The binding specificity of 2-azido-[α-32P]ADP for the β subunit of F1-ATPase is ascertained by prevention of photolabeling of isolated F1 by preincubation with an excess of ADP. 相似文献
10.
Shinichi Kitamura Takashi Hirano Kenichi Takeo Mitsuru Mimura Kanji Kajiwara Bjrn T. Stokke Tsutomu Harada 《International journal of biological macromolecules》1994,16(6)
The conformation and dilute solution properties of (2→1)-β-d-fructan in aqueous solution were studied by gel permeation chromatography, low-angle laser light-scattering photometry, viscometry, small-angle X-ray scattering and electron microscopy. Fractions covering a broad range of weight-average molecular weights (Mw) from 1.49 × 104 to 5.29 × 106 were obtained from a native sample by ultrasonic degradation and fractional precipitation. For Mw < 4 × 104, the intrinsic viscosity [η] varies with Mw0.71, indicating that the fructan chain behaves as a random coil expanded by an excluded-volume effect in this molecular weight region. For Mw > 105, [η] exhibits an unusually weak dependence on Mw and finally becomes almost independent of molecular weight. This behaviour is interpreted in terms of a globular conformation of the high-molecular-weight fructan molecules. Small-angle X-ray-scattering measurements and electron microscopic observations support this interpretation of the values of [η] observed. 相似文献
11.
A secretory granule-associated enzymatic activity that converts mono-[125I]-D-Tyr-Val-Gly into mono-[125I]-D-Tyr-Val-NH2 has been studied. The activity is primarily soluble and shows optimal activity at pH 7 to pH 8. Amidation activity was stimulated 9-fold by addition of optimal amounts of copper (3 μM). In the presence of optimal copper, ascorbate stimulated the reaction 7-fold; none of the other reduced or oxidized cofactors tested was as effective. Taking into account the dependence of the reaction on ascorbate and molecular oxygen and the production of glyoxylate [2], it is suggested that the α-amidation enzyme is a monooxygenase. Lineweaver Burk plots with D-Tyr-Val-Gly as the varied substrate demonstrated Michelis-Menten type kinetics with the values of Km and Vmax increasing with the addition of ascorbate to the assay. A variety of peptides ending with a COOH-terminal Gly residue act as inhibitors of the reaction. Two synthetic peptides, γ2MSH and ACTH(1–14), with carboxyl termini similar to the presumed physiological substrates for the enzyme, act as competitive inhibitors with similar K1 values. It is likely that this secretory granule α-amidation activity is involved in the physiological biosynthetic α-amidation of a wide range of bioactive peptides. 相似文献
12.
Hiroyuki Inoue Akira Nishito Shin-ich Eriguchi Takashi Tamura Kenji Inagaki Hidehiko Tanaka 《Journal of Molecular Catalysis .B, Enzymatic》2003,23(2-6):265
α-Ketobutyrate decarboxylase encoded in the
-methionine catabolism operon of Pseudomonas putida is homologous with the E1 component of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from gram-negative bacteria. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity from the cell extract of an Escherichia coli transformant. The purified enzyme was homodimeric with a subunit of Mr 93,000 on SDS-PAGE. The enzyme activity was activated by the addition of both thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) and a divalent cation, such as Mg2+, Mn2+, and Co2+. The enzyme showed high activity for α-ketobutyrate and α-keto-n-valerate rather than pyruvate, but the α-keto acids with increasing length of the side chain as well as branching, such as α-keto-n-caproate and α-keto-3-methylvalerate, were not used by the enzyme. The Km values for α-ketobutyrate and pyruvate were 0.016 and 0.147 mM, respectively, and the kcat/Km value (10.69 s−1 mM−1) for α-ketobutyrate was 29-fold greater than that for pyruvate. Thus, α-ketobutyrate decarboxylase is distinguished from the pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component with respect to the substrate specificity, although their structural and enzymological properties were similar. These results suggest that the unique substrate specificity of α-ketobutyrate decarboxylase is due to a slight difference in the highly conserved active sites of both enzymes. 相似文献
13.
Ellen C. Giese Robert F.H. Dekker Aneli M. Barbosa Roberto da Silva 《Carbohydrate polymers》2008,74(4):953-956
Botryosphaeran, a (1→3;1→6)-β-d-glucan produced by Botryosphaeria rhodina MAMB-05, was found to be present in a triple helix conformation from helix–coil transition studies using Congo Red. The triple helix conformation was disrupted at increasing alkali concentrations. Conformational changes were also observed using phenanthrene as a fluorescent probe, and the fluorescence intensity decreased 80% in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide. The results confirmed the triple helix conformation of botryosphaeran, an important property manifesting biological response modifying activity. 相似文献
14.
Gene deletion experiments have shown that the three TGFβ isoforms regulate distinct developmental processes. Recent work by our group and others showed that the integrins αvβ6 and αvβ8 activate latent forms of TGFβ1 and TGFβ3. This raises the possibility that TGFβ1 and TGFβ3 act redundantly in developmental processes where both isoforms are expressed and activation is by integrins. To investigate this issue, we generated mice with defective integrin-mediated TGFβ1 activation (Tgfb1RGE/RGE) that were also homozygous for a null mutation in the TGFβ3 gene. Tgfb1RGE/RGE; Tgfb3−/− mice have severely perturbed development of the brain vasculature that is highly similar to that in mice lacking αvβ8. Some Tgfb1RGE/RGE; Tgfb3+/− and Tgfb1RGE/RGE; Tgfb3+/+ mice have milder, background-dependent versions of the phenotype. In addition, we found that Tgfb3 gene status influences embryonic lethality due to TGFβ1 deficiency after limited backcrossing to the BALB/c background. Conversely, Tgfb1 gene status modifies the extent of palate fusion in Tgfb3−/− mice after limited backcrossing to the ICR background. Our results are consistent with a functional connection between TGFβ1 and TGFβ3 during development based on a shared mechanism of activation. 相似文献
15.
Escherihica coliumC122::Tn5 cells were γ-radiated (137Cs, 750 Gy, under N2), and lac-constitutive mutants were produced at 36% of the wild-type level (the umC strain was not deficient in spontaneous mutagenesis, and the mutational spectrum determined by sequencing 263 spontaneous lacId mutations was very similar to that for the wild-type strain). The specific nature of the umC strain's partial radiation was determined by sequencing 325 radiation-induced lacId mutations. The yields of radiation-induced mutation classes in the umC strain (as a percentage of the wild-type yield) were: 80% for A · T → G · C transitions, 70% for multi-base additions, 60% for single-base deletions, 53% for A · T → C · G transversions, 36% for G · C → A · T transitions, 25% for multi-base deletions, 21% for A · T → T · A transversions, 11% for G · C → C · G transversions, 9% for G · C → T · A transversions and 0% for multiple mutations. Based on these deficiencies and other factors, it is concluded that the umC strain is near-normal for A · T → G · C transitions, single-base deletions and possibly A · T → C · G transversions; is generally deficient for mutagenesis at G · C sites fro transversions, and is grossly deficient in multiple mutations. Damage at G · C sites seems more difficult for translesion DNA synthesis to bypass than damage at A · T sites, and especially when trying to produced a transversion. The yield of G · C → A · T transitions in the umC strain *36% of the wild-type level) argues that a basic sites are involved in no more than 64% of γ-radiation-induced base substitutions in the wild-type strain. Altogether, these data suggest that the UmuC and UmuD′ proteins facilitate, rather than being absolutely required for, translesion DNA synthesis; with the degree of facilitation being dependent both on the nature of the noncoding DNA damage, i.e., at G · C vs A · T sites, and on the nature of the misincorporated base, i.e., whether it induces transversions or transitions. 相似文献
16.
Dongting Zhangsun Xiaopeng Zhu Yong Wu Yuanyan Hu Quentin Kaas David J. Craik J. Michael McIntosh Sulan Luo 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2015,290(15):9855-9862
α-Conotoxin LvIA (α-CTx LvIA) is a small peptide from the venom of the carnivorous marine gastropod Conus lividus and is the most selective inhibitor of α3β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) known to date. It can distinguish the α3β2 nAChR subtype from the α6β2* (* indicates the other subunit) and α3β4 nAChR subtypes. In this study, we performed mutational studies to assess the influence of residues of the β2 subunit versus those of the β4 subunit on the binding of α-CTx LvIA. Although two β2 mutations, α3β2[F119Q] and α3β2[T59K], strongly enhanced the affinity of LvIA, the β2 mutation α3β2[V111I] substantially reduced the binding of LvIA. Increased activity of LvIA was also observed when the β2-T59L mutant was combined with the α3 subunit. There were no significant difference in inhibition of α3β2[T59I], α3β2[Q34A], and α3β2[K79A] nAChRs when compared with wild-type α3β2 nAChR. α-CTx LvIA displayed slower off-rate kinetics at α3β2[F119Q] and α3β2[T59K] than at the wild-type receptor, with the latter mutant having the most pronounced effect. Taken together, these data provide evidence that the β2 subunit contributes to α-CTx LvIA binding and selectivity. The results demonstrate that Val111 is critical and facilitates LvIA binding; this position has not previously been identified as important to binding of other 4/7 framework α-conotoxins. Thr59 and Phe119 of the β2 subunit appear to interfere with LvIA binding, and their replacement by the corresponding residues of the β4 subunit leads to increased affinity. 相似文献
17.
Kazufumi Akiyama Henry I. Yamamura Brian C. Wilkes Wayne L. Cody Victor J. Hruby Ana Maria de L. Castrucci Mac E. Hadley 《Peptides》1984,5(6)
α-Melanotropin (α-MSH) retains less than 1% of its original activity after a 60 min incubation with 10% rat brain homogenate. [Nle4, D-Phe7]-α-MSH is nonbiodegradable in rat serum (240 min incubation) and still maintains 10% of its original activity in 10% rat brain homogenate (240 min incubation). The related fragment analogue, Ac-[Nle4, D-Phe7]-α-MSH4–10-NH2, retains 50% of its activity after a 240 min incubation in rat brain homogenate, whereas Ac-[Nle4, D-Phe7]-α-MSH4–11-NH2 is totally resistant to inactivation by rat brain homogenate. Both [Nle4, D-Phe7]-fragments are resistant to degradation by rat serum, but [Nle4]-α-MSH, Ac-[Nle4]-α-MSH4–10-NH2 and Ac-[Nle4]-α-MSH4–11-NH2 are rapidly inactivated under both conditions. The cyclic melanotropin, [
]-α-MSH, is inactivated in rat brain homogenate as is the shorter Ac-[
]-α-MSH4–10-NH2 analogue, but neither cyclic melanotropin is inactivated upon incubation in serum from rats. Ac-[
]-α-MSH4–10-NH2 is resistant to inactivation by either rat serum or a brain homogenate. Some of these melanotropin analogues may provide useful probes for the localization and characterization of putative melanotropin receptors in both the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. 相似文献
18.
Dulciene M.M. Queiroz Ivan E.B. Saraiva Gifone A. Rocha Andreia M.C. Rocha Luciana I. Gomes Fabrício F. Melo Paulo F.S. Bittencourt 《Microbes and infection / Institut Pasteur》2009,11(12):980-987
We evaluated whether polymorphisms in genes coding molecules linked to the innate and adaptive immune response are associated with susceptibility to Helicobacter pylori infection. IL1B-511C → T, IL1B-31 T → C, IL1RN allele 2, IL2-330 T → G, TNFA-307 G → A, TLR2Arg677Trp, TLR2Arg753Gln, TLR4Asp299Gly, and TLR5392STOP polymorphisms were determined in 541 blood donors. IL2-330 T → G allele carriers had a decreased H. pylori infection risk (OR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.43–0.93) after adjustment for demographic and environmental factors. Hence, we investigated whether the polymorphism is functional by evaluating IL-2 serum concentration in 150 blood donors and 100 children. IL-2 pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties were indirectly investigated by determining serum IFN-γ and IL-10/TGF-β levels. The polymorphism was associated with increased mean IL-2 levels in H. pylori-positive adults (2.65 pg/mL vs. 7.78 pg/mL) and children (4.19 pg/mL vs. 8.03 pg/mL). Increased IL-2 was associated with pro-inflammatory activity in adults (IFN-γ = 18.61 pg/mL vs. 25.71 pg/mL), and with anti-inflammatory activity in children (IL-10 = 6.99 vs. 14.17 pg/mL, TGF-β = 45.88 vs. 93.44 pg/mL) (p < 10−3 for all). In conclusion, in the context of H. pylori infection, IL2-330 T → G polymorphism is functional and is associated with decreased risk of infection in adults. 相似文献
19.
Byron L. Varnado Christopher J. Voci Lynn M. Meyer James K. Coward 《Bioorganic chemistry》2000,28(6):395
Three synthetic polyamine analogs, α-methylspermine, and α,α′-dimethylspermine, were compared with their naturally occurring counterparts, spermidine and spermine, by two different spectral techniques. The interaction of polyamines with oligodeoxynucleotides was measured by circular dichroism in order to monitor the polyamine-induced conversion of right-handed B-DNA to the left-handed Z-form. The methylated analogs were shown to be equally effective as the natural polyamines in inducing the B → Z transition. The pH dependence of the chemical shift of all carbon atoms in each of the five polyamines was measured by 13C-NMR spectroscopy. With the exception of expected changes in chemical shift due to the presence of the α-methyl substituents, the chemical shifts and pH dependence of all carbon atoms in the three α-methyl polyamines were similar to the corresponding naturally occurring polyamines. The combined data indicate that α-methyl polyamines have physical properties that are very similar to their natural counterparts. The two metabolically stable polyamine analogs, α-methylspermidine and α,α′-dimethylspermine, are therefore useful surrogates for spermidine and spermine in the study of numerous polyamine-mediated effects in mammalian cell cultures and can be used in such studies without the requirement for coadministration of amine oxidase inhibitors. 相似文献
20.
W. Kulik C. Jakobs K. de Meer 《Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences》1999,729(1-2)
We report a validated method for the determination of extra- and intracellular [1-13C]-α-ketoisovalerate ([1-13C]-KIV) enrichments by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Standardization curves were prepared by enzymatic oxidation of [1-13C]-valine enriched standards of known composition. Slopes of [1-13C]-valine standardization curves (mean±SD: 0.99±0.02, n=5) and [1-13C]-KIV standardization curves (mean±SD: 0.98±0.01, n=7) were not significantly different. The method was applied for the determination of [1-13C]-KIV enrichments in plasma and tissues during [1-13C]-valine infusion in a piglet. [1-13C]-KIV enrichment could be determined±0.1 MPE (C.V. 1%), and extracellular [1-13C]-KIV enrichment was a reliable estimate of intracellular (skeletal muscle, bone growth plate) [1-13C]-KIV enrichment. 相似文献