小麦根质膜H^＋—ATPase的部分纯化

以小麦（ＴｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍＬ．）根为材料,采用不连续蔗糖密度梯度离心法制备高纯度质膜微囊。质膜经ＴｒｉｔｏｎＸ１００和ＫＣｌ处理后,再用Ｚｗｉｔｅｒｇｅｎｔ３１４增溶Ｈ＋ＡＴＰａｓｅ,最后用硫酸铵沉淀得到部分纯化的质膜Ｈ＋ＡＴＰａｓｅ。ＳＤＳＰＡＧＥ结果表明,经过上述步骤纯化,分子量为９４ｋＤ的膜蛋白组分得到富集;与质膜相比,其含量提高１５．７倍。部分纯化的质膜Ｈ＋ＡＴＰａｓｅ可以水解ＡＴＰ,受Ｋ＋刺激,并被Ｎ,Ｎ′ｄｉｃｙｃｌｏｈｅｘｙｌｃａｒｂｏｄｉｍｉｄｅ（ＤＣＣＤ）抑制;ＡＴＰ水解活力被Ｎａ３ＶＯ４抑制９５％,但不被ＮａＮ３、ＮａＮＯ３和Ｎａ２ＭｏＯ４抑制。     

Production, Partial Purification and Characterization of Extracelluar Xylanase from Chaetomium globosum

Culture conditions for efficient production of extracellular xylanase by fungus, Chaetomium globosum isolate Cg2, have been standardized. Further, xylanase has been partially purified and characterized. Xylanase activity was maximum after 9 days of incubation when amended in medium with 1.5 % xylan as carbon source and 0.6% NH₄H₂PO₄ as nitrogen source. Partial purification of the xylanase was accomplished by ammonium sulphate precipitation, followed by further purification by anion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50 column. The partially purified enzyme was electrophoresed on SDS-PAGE and a single band produced corresponded to molecular weight, 32 kD. The optimum temperature and pH for maximum activity of purified xylanase were 30°C and 5.5, respectively. Both the purified xylanase and culture filtrate have shown the antifungal activity against Bipolaris sorokiniana, a causal organism of spot blotch of wheat. Purified xylanase at 100 μg ml^?1 concentration caused 100 per cent inhibition of conidia germination of B. sorokiniana, whereas the culture filtrate was able to inhibit germination up to 67.5 per cent.     

Purification of opioid receptor in the presence of sodium ions.

Opioid receptor was solubilized from rat brain membranes with a mixture of the detergents CHAPS and digitonin in the presence of protease inhibitors and 1 M NaCl. The solubilized receptor bound mu-opioid agonists and antagonists with affinities similar to those of native membrane receptor. The affinity of solubilized receptor for the agonist PL017 was greatly reduced by GTP gamma S, suggesting the receptor is still associated with G-protein. The solubilized material was passed through an opioid antagonist (10cd) affinity column and a wheat germ agglutinin column, set up in series, to obtain a partially purified receptor preparation. This partially purified material bound mu-agonist with low affinity and the binding affinity was no longer affected by GTP gamma S. The partially purified receptor was further purified by repeating the affinity and lectin chromatography with smaller size column. Binding of opioid antagonist [3H]diprenorphine to the partially or purified receptors was dependent upon the presence of sodium ions. The purified receptor showed saturable and stereospecific binding for opioid ligands, was predominantly of the mu-type, and exhibited as a diffuse band with a medium molecular mass of 62 kD upon sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The average specific binding activity of the purified receptor was 18.8 +/- 2.3 pmol/micrograms protein, a value close to the theoretical estimation.     

兔出血症病毒主要结构多肽的氨基酸分析

兔出血症病毒主要结构多肽的氨基酸分析王恒安,杜念兴,徐为燕（南京农业大学,南京２１００９５）关键词兔出血症病毒,结构多肽,氨基酸分析有关兔出血症病毒（ＲＨＤＶ）结构多肽的报道很多,有认为只有１条,有报道４条的,也有报道多达６条的。但其主要结构多肽为分...     

Wheat DNA Primase (RNA Primer Synthesis in Vitro,Structural Studies by Photochemical Cross-Linking,and Modulation of Primase Activity by DNA Polymerases)

DNA primase synthesizes short RNA primers used by DNA polymerases to initiate DNA synthesis. Two proteins of approximately 60 and 50 kD were recognized by specific antibodies raised against yeast primase subunits, suggesting a high degree of analogy between wheat and yeast primase subunits. Gel-filtration chromatography of wheat primase showed two active forms of 60 and 110 to 120 kD. Ultraviolet-induced cross-linking with radioactive oligothymidilate revealed a highly labeled protein of 60 kD. After limited trypsin digestion of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) primase, a major band of 48 kD and two minor bands of 38 and 17 kD were observed. In the absence of DNA polymerases, the purified primase synthesizes long RNA products. The size of the RNA product synthesized by wheat primase is considerably reduced by the presence of DNA polymerases, suggesting a modulatory effect of the association between these two enzymes. Lowering the primase concentration in the assay also favored short RNA primer synthesis. Several properties of the wheat DNA primase using oligoadenylate [oligo(rA)]-primed or unprimed polythymidilate templates were studied. The ability of wheat primase, without DNA polymerases, to elongate an oligo(rA) primer to long RNA products depends on the primer size, temperature, and the divalent cation concentration. Thus, Mn2+ ions led to long RNA products in a very wide range of concentrations, whereas with Mg2+ long products were observed around 15 mM. We studied the ability of purified wheat DNA polymerases to initiate DNA synthesis from an RNA primer: wheat DNA polymerase A showed the highest activity, followed by DNA polymerases B and CII, whereas DNA polymerase CI was unable to initiate DNA synthesis from an RNA primer. Results are discussed in terms of understanding the role of these polymerases in DNA replication in plants.     

Partial purification of sequestered particles of phytochrome from oat (Avenu sativa L.) seedlings

Sequestered particles of phytochrome (SAPs) were partially purified from red-light-irradiated oat coleoptiles. Phytochrome pelletability was enhanced by using buffers containing 10 mM Mg²⁺ or high concentrations (0.6–0.8 M) of orthophosphate (Pi). Combining the pelletability of phytochrome in the presence of Mg²⁺ with that in the presence of 0.6 Pi resulted in a strong enrichment (about 100-fold) of pelletable phytochrome. Antisera were raised against Mg²⁺-Pi-pellets from darkgrown seedlings. Using these antisera, no evidence was found by Western blotting and immunocytochemistry that SAPs contain major proteins other than phytochrome. The major contamination of these enriched SAP preparations consisted of protein crystals which are probably catalase. The preparations contained methyltransferase and protein-kinase activities which were not associated with SAPs. Phytochrome purified from SAPs served as a substrate for protein-kinase activity but not for the methyltransferase activity. Phytochrome itself did not show any kinase activity.Abbreviations ME 2-mercaptoethanol - PAGE polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis - Pfr far-red-light-absorbing form of phytochrome - PMSF phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride - SAP sequestered area of phytochrome - SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate This work was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. The competent technical assistance of Karin Fischer is gratefully acknowledged.     

Bme585 I [5'-CCCGC(4/6)-3'], a new isoschizomer of restriction endonuclease Fau I, isolated from a strain of Bacillus mesentericus

Bme585 I is a new member of the restriction endonuclease type IIS family. It was partially purified from the heterothrophic, mesophilic bacterial strain Bacillus mesentericus 585 by ammonium sulphate precipitation and phosphocellulose column chromatography. Bme585 I is a monomeric protein with a molecular mass of 62 kD. The enzyme is active over a broad pH range from 7.0 to 8.8, has a temperature optimum of 37 degrees C and tolerance of NaCl in reaction buffer from 0 to 400 mM. Bme585 I recognizes the asymmetric sequence 5'-CCCGC(4/6)-3' and is therefore an isoschizomer of restriction endonuclease Fau I.     

Differential inhibition of protein synthesis in reticulocyte lysates and wheat germ extracts by a protein isolated from wheat germ extracts.

A protein with a molecular mass of 35-37 kDa has been isolated and partially purified from the postribosomal supernatant of wheat germ by ammonium sulfate precipitation (60-90%), Sephadex G-75, and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. It inhibited endogenous protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysates but had no effect on translation in wheat germ extracts. At low concentrations (0.34-1.36 ng/15 microliter assay), inhibition was limited to initiation of peptide synthesis. At higher concentrations (13.6 ng/15 microliter assay), elongation was also suppressed.     

Purification of a 24 kD parasitism-specific hemolymph protein from pharate pupae of the caribbean fruit fly,Anastrepha suspensa

We report purification of a 24 kD parasitism-specific protein (24 kD PSP) from pharate pupal hemolymph of the Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa, after parasitization by the braconid wasp, Diachasmimorpha (= Biosteres) longicaudata. We previously utilized isoelectric focusing (IEF) and two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis to demonstrate that the 24 kD PSP consists of two variants with pl 6.7 (more abundant) and pl 6.3. Purification of the more abundant 24 kD PSP variant was accomplished by Concanavalin A (Con A) sepharose B affinity chromatography followed by DEAE column chromatography. A second protocol, utilizing wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) sepharose 6MB affinity chromatography between the ConA and DEAE chromatographic steps, resulted in the purification of a partially deglycosylated form of the 24 kD PSP which retained its immunore-activity with anti-PSP serum but which exhibited a greater relative migration in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-PAGE than the pl 6.7 24 kD PSP variant. For structural studies both 24 kD PSP variants were purified from whole hemolymph by flat bed IEF followed by SDS-PAGE. Peptide cleavage profiles in 1-D SDS-PAGE after treatment with BNPS-skatole, CNBr, and endproteinases Lys-C and Asp-N were identical for both 24 kD PSP variants. Primary N-terminus sequences of at least the first 20 amino acid residues of both variants were identical. A secondary sequence of five amino acids residues was detected in both variants at Thr, the seventh amino acid residue from the N-terminus of the primary sequence. These data indicate that both 24 kD PSPs are glycoforms of a branched, apparently homogeneous polypeptide. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Synthesis and Posttranslational Activation of Sulfhydryl-Endopeptidase in Cotyledons of Germinating Vigna mungo Seeds

A sulfhydryl-endopeptidase was purified as a 33 kilodalton (kD) mass polypeptide from cotyledons of Vigna mungo seedlings. Immunoblot analysis with antiserum made against the purified enzyme showed that the sulfhydryl-endopeptidase was synthesized only in the cotyledons during germination and that the amount of the enzyme increased until 4 days after imbibition and decreased thereafter. Next, an RNA fraction was prepared from cotyledons of 3 day old seedlings and translated in a wheat germ system. The synthesis of a 45 kD polypeptide was shown by the analysis of its translation products by immunoprecipitation with the antiserum to the endopeptidase and gel electrophoresis. When the RNA fraction was translated in the presence of canine microsomal membranes, a smaller polypeptide, having a 43 kD molecular mass, was detected as the translation product. When membrane-bound polysomes, but not free polysomes, prepared from cotyledons were used for translation in the wheat germ system, both the 43 and 45 kD polypeptides were synthesized. By incubation of a crude enzyme extract from cotyledons at 5 ± 1°C at neutral pH, the 43 kD polypeptide was sequentially cleaved to the 33 kD polypeptide via 39 and 36 kD intermediate polypeptides. The endopeptidase was activated simultaneously with the processing. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the 33 kD polypeptide was the fully activated form of the enzyme, whereas little or no activity was detected in other forms. From the present results, we postulate that the sulfhydryl-endopeptidase is first synthesized as the 45 kD precursor with a 2 kD signal peptide being cleaved, and that the 43 kD polypeptide is further cleaved to give the 33kD mature enzyme.     

Purification and characterization of a glutathione S-transferase from benoxacor-treated maize (Zea mays).

A glutathione S-transferase (GST) isozyme from maize (Zea mays Pioneer hybrid 3906) treated with the dichloroacetamide herbicide safener benoxacor (CGA-154281) was purified to homogeneity and partially characterized. The enzyme, assayed with metolachlor as a substrate, was purified approximately 200-fold by ammonium sulfate precipitation, anion-exchange chromatography on Mono Q resins, and affinity chromatography on S-hexylglutathione agarose from total GST activity present in etiolated shoots. The purified protein migrated during sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) as a single band with a molecular mass of 27 kD. Using nondenaturing PAGE, we determined that the native protein has a molecular mass of about 57 kD and that the protein exists as a dimer. Two-dimensional electrophoresis revealed only a single protein with an isoelectric point of 5.75 and molecular mass of 27 kD. These results further suggest that the protein exists as a homodimer of two identical 27-kD subunits. The enzyme was most active with substrates possessing a chloroacetamide structure. trans-Cinnamic acid and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene were not effective substrates. Apparent Km values for the enzyme were 10.8 microM for the chloroacetamide metolachlor and 292 microM for glutathione. The enzyme was active from pH 6 to 9, with a pH optimum between 7.5 and 8. An apparently blocked amino terminus of the intact protein prevented direct amino acid sequencing. The enzyme was digested with trypsin, and the amino acid sequences of several peptide fragments were obtained. The sequence information for the isolated GST we have designated "GST IV" indicates that the enzyme is a unique maize GST but shares some homology with maize GSTs I and III.     

Purification and Characterization of B2 Bradykinin Receptor from Rat Uterus

Abstract: A B₂ bradykinin (BK) receptor was solubilised and partially purified from rat uterine membranes by a combination of ammonium sulphate precipitation, desalting on Sephadex G-50, and hydroxyapatite and wheat germ agglutinin affinity chromatography. The partially purified BK receptor, enriched 1,500-fold, was then cross-linked to ¹²⁵l-Tyr⁰-BK using disuccinimidyl suberate and purified to homogeneity as a single protein species on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis with a molecular mass of 81 kDa. This molecular size was in agreement with the value of 80–120 kDa estimated from Sephacryl 300 size exclusion column chromatography of the B₂ receptor. The partially purified and the crude solubilised B₂ BK receptor from rat uterus showed similar affinities for BK and the BK analogues iodo-Tyr⁰-BK, D-Phe⁷-BK, and des-Arg⁹-BK, indicating that the ligand binding specificity of the receptor had been retained during the purification procedures. The biochemical properties of the solubilised B₂ BK receptor correspond to those of a hydrophobic acidic glycoprotein (isoelectric focusing gave a value of 4.5–4.7) that binds specifically to wheat germ agglutinin but has no affinity for either concanavalin A or lentil lectin, suggesting the absence of terminal mannose or glucose residues.     

Production, Purification of Exo-Polygalacturonase from Soil Isolate Paecilomyces variotii NFCCI 1769 and Its Application

The aim of the present study was to produce exo-polygalacturonase from potent soil isolate by submerged fermentation and its application for fruit juice treatment. Pectinase producing strains were selectively isolated from pectin industry waste. A selected isolate C2 was found to produce significant amount of exo-polygalacturonase. The isolate was identified as Paecilomyces variotii on the basis of morphological characteristics and 18S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The exo-polygalacturonase produced by the isolate was purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation, size exclusion chromatography and ion exchange chromatography. The purified enzyme had MW of 39.4 kD based on SDS PAGE. Under partially optimized conditions, purified exo-polygalacturonase showed specific activity of 98.49 U/mg protein at pH 6.0 and 30°C. The enzyme was comparatively stable from 10 to 30°C and the activity decreased with increasing temperature. Purified enzyme brought about considerable reduction in viscosity of fruit juice samples.     

Biochemical and functional characterisation of macrophage stimulating factors secreted by mitogen-induced goldfish kidney leucocytes

Mitogen-stimulated goldfish kidney leucocytes secrete a number of different macrophage activation factors (MAF) that induce profound physiological changes in macrophages. MAF produced by goldfish kidney leucocytes was characterised using fast performance liquid chromatography (FPLC) and bioassays that measured MAF-induced respiratory burst (RB) and nitric oxide (NO) responses of activated macrophages. Mitogen-induced fish kidney leucocyte supernatants were fractionated using gel permeation FPLC (GP-FPLC) and the ability of different fractions to induce NO or RB measured. A MAF of M(r) 50 kD, that induced a potent nitric oxide response in both a long-term goldfish macrophage cell line (GMCL) and in in vitro-derived fish kidney macrophages (IVDKM) was identified. The GP-FPLC partially purified 50 kD MAF activity occasionally induced significantly higher nitric oxide production than that of the crude MAF preparations. This increase in the NO-inducing activity was due to segregation of the 50 kD MAF from a novel macrophage deactivating molecule of M(r) 10-12 kD present in crude MAF preparations. This 10-12 kD molecule was shown to inhibit nitric oxide production in cytokine-activated goldfish macrophages. Mitogen-induced fish kidney leucocyte supernatants contained two distinct MAFs that induced the respiratory burst in GMCL and IVDKM: the 50 kD and 30 kD proteins. The partially purified 30 kD MAF primed goldfish macrophage for increased RB activity after only 6 h of treatment, and continued to augment the RB activity after 24 h of stimulation. In contrast, the GP-FPLC partially purified 50 kD molecule also primed the RB after only 6 h of stimulation, but subsequently deprimed the RB after 24 h of stimulation, an effect similar to that observed for crude MAF preparations. The 50 kD MAF activity was further purified using chromatofocusing FPLC (C-FPLC) using basic pH gradients and was shown to consist of two distinct NO-inducing molecules (> pI 9.3). Mitogen-stimulated fish kidney leucocytes secrete several factors that profoundly affect the anti-microbial responses of teleost macrophages and which undoubtedly are responsible for regulating teleost macrophage function in vivo.     

Partial Purification and Characterization of UDP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase from Immature Grains of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Uridine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (UDP-Glc PPase, EC2.7.7.9) was purified 65 fold from immature grains of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv, WH-147) by ammonium sulphate fractionation, DEAE-cellulose anion exchange chromatography and Sephadex G-100 permeation chromatography. The partially purified enzyme, having molecular weight of 72 kD, exhibited broad pH optimum between 8 and 9 and was stable at 4°C for 15 days. At pH 8.5, the enzyme followed typical hyperbolic kinetics with respect to UDP-glucose and inorganic pyrophosphate (Km 0.22 mM and 0.66 mM respectively). The enzyme showed absolute requirement for Mg²⁺ and did not appear to require sulfhydryl groups for its activity. Initial velocity and product inhibition studies indicated sequential addition of substrates and sequential release of products.     

结核分枝杆菌重组38kD蛋白用于新疆南疆维吾尔族和湖南湘中汉族血清学诊断的研究

目的：对结核分枝杆菌38kD蛋白编码基因进行克隆表达及纯化,建立基于重组38kD蛋白的酶联免疫吸附法（EusA）检测结核病人血清标本,评价重组38kD蛋白用于结核病血清学诊断抗原的价值。并比较分析其在汉族和维吾尔族人群中的血清学诊断的差异。方法：用PCR方法扩增38kD蛋白的编码基因,构建重组质粒,转化到大肠杆菌BL21中,经IPTG诱导表达,得到纯化的38kD蛋白,建立以38kD蛋白为包被抗原的ELISA,并检测临床确诊的结核病人血清标本。结果：ELISA检测结核病患者血清标本的维吾尔族阳性率为34％（52／153）,汉族为52．4％（65／124）,两者对比有统计学差异（x2=9．538,P〈O．005）。在阴性对照中的维吾尔族特异度为96．4％（159／165）,汉族为98．8％（130／133）,结果无统计学意义（x2=0．111,P〉0．5）。结论：重组38kD蛋白用于血清学诊断的敏感度在维吾尔族和汉族中有差异,而其诊断特异度无差别。     

Photochemistry of 124 kilodalton Avena phytochrome in vitro

The photochemical properties of purified 124 kilodalton (kD) Avena cv Garry phytochrome are examined and compared with those of the proteolytically degraded 118/114 kD species. The proportion of the chromoprotein in the far red absorbing form, Pfr, following saturating red irradiation is 0.86 for 124 kD phytochrome, substantially higher than the values of 0.79 determined here and 0.75 reported in the literature for 118/114 kD preparations. The ratio of the quantum yields for Pr to Pfr phototransformation and for Pfr to Pr phototransformation (r/fr) is 1.76 for the 124 kD molecule and 0.98 for the 118/114 kD species. Based on extinction coefficients determined using the Lowry assay as a measure of protein weight, the individual phototransformation quantum yields for 124 kD phytochrome are 0.17 for Pr → Pfr (r) and 0.10 for Pfr → Pr (fr). Comparison of these quantum yields with those of the 118/114 kD species (where r = fr = ~0.11) indicates that proteolytic degradation of the 124 kD molecule to the 118/114 kD species significantly affects only r. Therefore, the lower proportion of Pfr at photoequilibrium observed for 118/114 kD preparations is explained mainly in terms of a reduced efficiency of Pr → Pfr phototransformation. The absolute Pfr absorbance spectrum for 124 kD phytochrome obtained by correcting the measured spectrum for residual Pr exhibits a maximum at 730 nm and differs from previous absolute Pfr spectra for both `120' kD and 60 kD phytochrome in that it lacks a shoulder in the red region of the spectrum.     

结核分枝杆菌重组38kD蛋白用于新疆南疆维吾尔族和 湖南湘中汉族血清学诊断的研究

目的：对结核分枝杆菌38kD 蛋白编码基因进行克隆表达及纯化,建立基于重组38 kD 蛋白的酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测 结核病人血清标本,评价重组38 kD蛋白用于结核病血清学诊断抗原的价值。并比较分析其在汉族和维吾尔族人群中的血清学 诊断的差异。方法：用PCR方法扩增38 kD 蛋白的编码基因, 构建重组质粒, 转化到大肠杆菌BL21 中,经IPTG诱导表达, 得到纯 化的38 kD 蛋白,建立以38 kD蛋白为包被抗原的ELISA,并检测临床确诊的结核病人血清标本。结果：ELISA 检测结核病患者 血清标本的维吾尔族阳性率为34%（52/153）,汉族为52.4%（65/124）,两者对比有统计学差异（X2＝9.538,P＜0.005）。在阴性对照 中的维吾尔族特异度为96.4%（159/165）,汉族为98. 8%（130/133）,结果无统计学意义（X2＝0.111,P＞0.5）。结论：重组38kD 蛋白 用于血清学诊断的敏感度在维吾尔族和汉族中有差异,而其诊断特异度无差别。     

Morganella morganii J-8羰基不对称还原酶的分离纯化及性质研究

由本实验室筛选得到的摩尔摩根氏菌J-8菌株可将底物1-苯基-2-甲氨基丙酮专一性地转化为d-伪麻黄碱。以M.morganiiJ-8为出发菌株,菌体超声破碎后,经硫酸铵沉淀、Phenyl Superose疏水柱层析、DEAD阴离子柱层析和非变性凝胶电泳四步纯化获得电泳纯羰基不对称还原酶。亚基分子质量为42.5kD,高效液相色谱分析酶的分子质量约为84.1kD,初步认为该酶为二聚体蛋白。对所得到的部分纯化酶的酶学性质做了初步研究,纯酶进行基质辅助激光解析电离-飞行质谱分析,比对结果显示为与亮氨酸脱氢酶蛋白有很高相似性。     

Partial purification of the cyanide-resistant alternative oxidase of skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus) mitochondria.

A partial purification of the cyanide-resistant, alternative oxidase from skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus L.) spadix mitochondria is described. Skunk cabbage mitochondria were solubilized in N,N-bis-(3-D-glucon-amido-propyl)deoxycholamide and the alternative oxidase was purified using a batch DEAE-cellulose treatment, followed by precipitation with Extracti-Gel and chromatography on Sephadex G-200. Following pooling and concentrating of the most active fractions from the gel filtration column, a 20- to 30-fold purification of the alternative oxidase was obtained, with no evidence of contamination by cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV) or cytochrome c reductase (complex III). Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the partially purified oxidase showed major polypeptides at 36 and 29 kD, both of which react with monoclonal antibodies raised against the Sauromatum guttatum alternative oxidase. The purified oxidase fraction showed no absorbance in the visible spectral region, and addition of sodium borohydride induced no absorbance changes in the ultraviolet region. The purified alternative oxidase catalyzed the four-electron reduction of oxygen to water in the absence of citrate, but catalyzed an apparent two-electron reduction of oxygen to hydrogen peroxide in the presence of 0.7 M citrate.