Molecular markers of nuclear restoration gene Rf1 in sunflower using bulked segregant analysis-RAPD

Restoration of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in sunflower was demonstrated to be controlled by polygenes by analysing 982 effective crosses among 109 self-crossed lines and 16 CMS lines. Two self-crossed lines and one CMS line with distinct genotypes were applied to creation of segregating populations for DNA bulks of the target gene Rfl. Bulked DNA was prepared in order to investigate single gene Rfl and its gene marker among polygenic characters at the same genetic background. Using 80 10-mer operon primers, 620 RAPD reactions were carried out between fertile and sterile DNA bulks. In about 800 loci, primary results showed that 8 were related to the restoration genes. Furthermore. 2 were confirmed as RAPD markers for gene Rfl by examining 9 maintenance and 7 restoration lines. This method is the improvement for bulked segregant analysis[1] with which markers of single gene of target can be identified rapidly among polygenic characters.     

Alloplasmic male-sterile <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica juncea</Emphasis> with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Enarthrocarpus lyratus</Emphasis> cytoplasm and the introgression of gene(s) for fertility restoration from cytoplasm donor species

A new cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) source in Brassica juncea (2n = 36; AABB) was developed by substituting its nucleus into the cytoplasm of Enarthrocarpus lyratus (2n = 20; E(l)E(l)). Male sterility was complete, stable and manifested in either petaloid- or rudimentary-anthers which were devoid of fertile pollen grains. Male sterile plants resembled the euplasmic B. juncea except for slight leaf yellowing and delayed maturity. Leaf yellowing was due mainly to higher level of carotenoids rather than a reduction in chlorophyll pigments. Female fertility in male-sterile plants varied; it was normal in lines having rudimentary anthers but poor in those with petaloid anthers. Each of the 62 evaluated germplasm lines of B. juncea was a functional maintainer of male sterility. The gene(s) for male-fertility restoration ( Rf) were introgressed from the cytoplasm donor species through homoeologous pairing between A and E(l) chromosomes in monosomic addition plants (2n = 18II+1E(l)). The percent pollen fertility of restored F(1) ( lyr CMS x putative restorer) plants ranged from 60 to 80%. This, however, was sufficient to ensure complete seed set upon by bag selfing. The CMS ( lyr) B. juncea compared favourably with the existing CMS systems for various productivity related characteristics. However, the reduced transmission frequency of the Rf gene(s) through pollen grains, which was evident from the sporadic occurrence of male-sterile plants in restored F(1) hybrids, remains a limitation.     

叶用芥菜细胞质雄性不育系0912A的胞质效应和杂种优势分析

通过异地多代的育性鉴定及花器形态观察来调查叶用芥菜细胞质雄性不育系0912A的不育性及结籽能力;同时分别以不育系0912A和其保持系0912B为母本,与5个典型叶用芥菜自交系配成10个同核异质的杂交种,以研究hau胞质的胞质效应并测定杂种优势.结果显示:该不育系败育彻底稳定,不育株率和不育度均为100％,有正常的结籽能力;不育系杂种一代与产最相关性状的杂种优势明显,但品质性状无优势;hau胞质在单株重上的负效应较明显,在其他性状上的负效应相对较弱,但hau胞质组合F1的单株重杂种优势依然显著,且胞质效应受杂交父本核影响,通过选择合适的杂交父本配组,细胞质的负效应可以减轻或消除.     

Rye SCAR markers for male fertility restoration in the P cytoplasm are also applicable to marker-assisted selection in the C cytoplasm

The study aimed at testing the usefulness of recently developed SCAR markers on rye (Secale cereale L.) chromosome 4R in hybrid breeding based on the C source of male sterility-inducing cytoplasm. Of 10 markers studied, 4 revealed polymorphisms between 2 inbred lines (544cms-C and Ot0-20) crossed to develop F2 and BC1 mapping populations. Analyses performed on 94 F2 and 93 BC1 plants allowed to extend a formerly constructed genetic map of chromosome arm 4RL. Three SCAR markers (SCP14M55, SCP15M55 and SCP16M58) were mapped in the vicinity of gene Rfc1, which restores male fertility in the C cytoplasm. The 3 tested SCAR markers proved to be effective in marker-assisted selection (MAS) for male fertility/sterility.     

Fine mapping and candidate gene analysis of the nuclear restorer gene Rfp for pol CMS in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

The Polima (pol) system of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in rapeseed is widely used in China for commercial hybrid seed production. Genetic studies have shown that its fertility restorer gene (Rfp) is monogenic dominant. For fine mapping of the Rfp gene, a near isogenic line comprising 3,662 individuals of BC(14)F(1) generation segregating for the Rfp gene was created. Based on the sequences of two SCAR markers, SCAP0612ST and SCAP0612EM2, developed by Zhao et al. (Genes Genom 30(3):191-196, 2008) and the synteny region of Brassica napus and other Brassica species, 13 markers strongly linked with the Rfp gene were identified. By integrating three of these markers to the published linkage map, the Rfp gene was mapped on linkage group N9 of B. napus. Using these markers, the Rfp locus was narrowed down to a 29.2-kb genomic region of Brassica rapa. Seven open reading frames (ORFs) were predicted in the target region, of these, ORF2, encoding a PPR protein, was the most likely candidate gene of Rfp. These results lay a solid foundation for map-based cloning of the Rfp gene and will be helpful for marker-assisted selection of elite CMS restorer lines.     

Identification of AFLP markers linked to the male fertility restorer gene of CMS (Moricandia arvensis) Brassica juncea and conversion to SCAR marker

We have developed a cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) line of Brassica juncea through somatic hybridization with Moricandia arvensis and introgressed the fertility restorer gene into B. juncea. This fertility restorer locus is unique in that it is capable of restoring male fertility to two other alloplasmic CMS systems of B. juncea. As a first step toward cloning of this restorer gene we attempted molecular tagging of the Rf locus using the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique. A BC₁F₁ population segregating for male sterility/fertility was used for tagging using the bulk segregant analysis method. Out of 64 primer combinations tested in the bulks, 5 combinations gave polymorphic amplification patterns. Further testing of these primers in individual plants showed four amplicons associated with the male fertility trait. Polymorphic amplicons were cloned and used for designing SCAR primers. One of the SCAR primers generated amplicons mostly in the fertile plants. Linkage analysis using MAPMAKER showed two AFLP and one SCAR markers linked to the male fertility gene with a map distance ranging from 0.6 to 2.9 cM. All the markers are located on one side of the Rf locus.     

Pollen Fertility Restoration by Nuclear Gene Fr in Cms Bean: Nuclear-Directed Alteration of a Mitochondrial Population

Two nuclear genes, Fr and Fr2, have been identified that restore pollen fertility to cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by apparently distinct mechanisms. Whereas Fr2 appears to suppress the expression of a male sterility associated mitochondrial sequence (designated pvs), Fr restores pollen fertility by causing the elimination of this unusual mitochondrial DNA segment. To further investigate the mechanism of Fr action, Fr and Fr2 were cointroduced into the nucleus of a bean line containing the sterility inducing cytoplasm. When the effect of pvs was suppressed by Fr2, the presence of Fr no longer directed the elimination of the mitochondrial pvs sequence. This result suggests that the Fr function is dependent on proper expression of the pvs sequence. To evaluate the temporal and spatial patterns of Fr action, we undertook a polymerase chain reaction-based approach to trace the fate of the pvs sequence in different tissues of F(2) and F(3) fertile-restored plants derived from a genetic cross between a cytoplasmic male sterile line of common bean, CMS-Sprite (frfr), and fertility restorer line R351 (FrFr). We demonstrate that the Fr-directed disappearance of pvs sequence occurs during flower development. Elimination of the pvs sequence from developing megaspores results in permanent fertility restoration in the following generations. Genetic analysis demonstrated that permanent fertility restoration, that is, the complete elimination of pvs from reproductive tissues requires two doses of the Fr allele or the absence of fr in F(2) individuals. The effect of Fr was reversible until full fertility was achieved. On the basis of these results, we propose a model for the mechanism of pvs elimination by the Fr gene and discuss the dynamics of pvs-containing mitochondrial transmission in the presence of the Fr gene.     

细胞质雄性不育辣椒育性恢复基因特异分子标记的筛选

利用集团分离分析法(Bulked segregant analysis BSA),以辣椒细胞质雄性不育系BU-12、恢复系RF-12为材料共筛选了336条RAPD引物,其中引物S418在恢复系中呈现特异性扩增,得到一条约3000bp的特异片段。回扩得到两条片段,测序表明大小为1515bp,1162bp。荧光原位杂交证实1515bp片段为恢复系特有,命名为S418_(1515)。序列分析表明S418_(1515)为一新发现的序列,Blastn序列比对同源性小于40%,tBlastx比对发现该序列与水稻2、4、7、10号染色体的几个BAC克隆上的序列高度同源。推测可能与其具有相似的编码功能,为进一步从分子水平研究辣椒育性恢复打下了坚实的基础。根据测序结果设计特异引物,将S418_(1515)转化成特异PCR标记,证明能用于候选材料的初筛。     

Identification of AFLP markers linked to fertility restorer genes for tournefortii cytoplasmic male-sterility system in Brassica napus

The tournefortii cytoplasmic male-sterility system is being used as a method of pollination control to develop hybrids in Brassica napus. Genetic analyses have indicated that two dominant genes, one major ( Rft1) and another minor ( Rft2), were required to achieve complete fertility restoration. Though the major gene ( Rft1) can cause complete fertility restoration on its own, its expression was significantly enhanced in the presence of the minor gene ( Rft2). In the absence of Rft1, Rft2 caused only partial fertility restoration. We used a pair of near-isogenic lines (NILs), differing for the presence/absence of Rf genes, to identify AFLP markers linked to fertility restorer genes. A total of 64 EcoRI/ MseI primer combinations were surveyed which produced 3,225 bands, of which 19 (0.006%) were polymorphic between parental NILs. Primer combinations which led to the identification of polymorphic bands present in fertile parental NILs were used for assaying a mapping population of 70 F(2) plants for determining the segregation pattern of markers. Initial screening resulted in the identification of five AFLP markers. The recombination analyses of these AFLP markers revealed that at least two (EACC/MCTT(105), EAAG/MCTC(80)) were present in the same linkage group along with the Rf loci. Marker EACC/MCTT(105) was separated from the major gene ( Rft1) by a distance of 18.1 cM, while it was 33.2 cM away from the minor fertility restorer gene ( Rft2). Another marker EAAG/MCTC(80) was also located adjacent to Rft1 at a distance of 18.1 cM, but on other side. Identification of flanking markers (EACC/MCTT(105), EAAG/MCTC(80)) for the major fertility restorer gene ( Rft1) provides a crucial component for marker-assisted selection and map-based cloning of the restorer genes, and can hence be used to construct elite restorer genotypes.     

合成甘蓝型油菜中双隐性雄性核不育材料的发现及遗传规律分析

从甘蓝型油菜与白菜型油菜的种间杂交获得的甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus)中发现了雄性不育单株,兄妹交株系和不育株与甘蓝型油菜常规杂交F1和F2株系的育性分离分析表明,该不育材料属于双隐性雄性核不育类型.利用育性分离株系的可育株自交和可育株与不育株间兄妹交等方法筛选出7个纯合可育株系,等位测验表明这7个纯合可育株系(B1～B7)中存在两种基因型:Ms1Ms1ms2ms2和ms1ms1Ms2MS2.该材料对油菜核不育基因定位和杂种优势利用研究有重要意义.     

水稻ＣＭＳ—ＷＡ育性恢复基因的定位

在由227个组合组成的珍汕97A×（珍汕97B×密阳46）F     

Molecular mapping of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rf1</Emphasis> gene restoring pollen fertility in PET1-based F<Subscript>1</Subscript> hybrids in sunflower (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Helianthus annuus</Emphasis> L.)

Up to now a single cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) source, PET1, is used worldwide for hybrid breeding in sunflower. Introgression of the restorer gene Rf1, responsible for fertility restoration, into new breeding material requires tightly linked markers to perform an efficient marker-assisted selection. A survey of 520 decamer primers by bulked segregant analyses identified five RAPD markers linked to the restorer gene Rf1. In a F(2) population of 183 individuals one of the RAPD markers, OPK13_454, mapped 0.8 cM from Rf1, followed by OPY10_740 with 2 cM. Bulked segregant analyses using 48 AFLP primer combinations identified 17 polymorphisms, which could be mapped in the same linkage group as Rf1. E33M61_136, and E41M48_113 were mapped 0.3 cM and 1.6 cM from the gene, respectively. Conversion of E41M48_113 into a sequence-specific marker resulted in a monomorphic pattern. However, two of the RAPD markers, OPK13_454 and OPY10_740, were successfully converted into SCAR markers, HRG01 and HRG02, which are now available for marker-assisted selection. To investigate the utility of these SCAR markers in other cross-combinations they were tested in a set of 20 lines. Comparison of the patterns of 11 restorer and nine maintainer lines of PET1 demonstrated that the markers OPK13_454/HRG01 and HRG02 were absent in all maintainer lines but present in all restorer lines, apart from the high oleic line RHA348 and the dwarf line Gio55. In addition, restorer lines developed from the interspecific hybrids Helianthus annuus x Helianthus mollis and H. annuus x Helianthus rigidus gave the same characteristic amplification products.     

利用SSR标记定位明恢63的2对恢复基因

选取珍汕97A和明恢63杂交组合的F2高可育和高不育单株构建基因池,利用302对SSR引物对其进行了多态性分析。结果表明,位于第1染色体上的RM1和位于第10染色体上的RM258,RM304在亲本,基因池间表现多态性,用F2单株验证证明它们与野败型恢复基因连锁,完全不育株分析表明,与恢复基因间的遗传距离分别为1.9,2.9和0.0cM,野败型,红莲型,BT型3种不育胞质恢复基因在第10染色体上可能为同一基因或家族成员。     

细胞质雄性不育辣椒育性恢复基因特异分子标记的筛选

利用集团分离分析法(Bulked segregant analysis BSA),以辣椒细胞质雄性不育系BU-12、恢复系RF-12为材料共筛选了336条RAPD引物,其中引物S418在恢复系中呈现特异性扩增,得到一条约3000bp的特异片段。回扩得到两条片段,测序表明大小为1515bp,1162bp。荧光原位杂交证实1515bp片段为恢复系特有,命名为S4181515。序列分析表明S4181515为一新发现的序列,Blastn序列比对同源性小于40％,tBlastx比对发现该序列与水稻2、4、7、10号染色体的几个BAC克隆上的序列高度同源。推测可能与其具有相似的编码功能,为进一步从分子水平研究辣椒育性恢复打下了坚实的基础。根据测序结果设计特异引物,将S4181515转化成特异PCR标记,证明能用于候选材料的初筛。     

水稻CMS-DA育性恢复基因定位及其互作分析

在由210个测交组合组成的青早A／（协青早B／密阳46）F6群体中,构建了由129个RFLP、SSLP组成的连锁遗传图普。应用QTL分析方法,对水矮败型质雄性不育恢复基因进行了定位。检测到一个主效基因和3个效应较小的QTL（qRf－1、qRf－1、qRf－5）,这些基因这宰存在复杂的相互作用。     

Linkage analysis between the partial restoration (pr) and the restorer-of-fertility (Rf) loci in pepper cytoplasmic male sterility

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in chili pepper is restored by one major dominant nuclear gene, restorer-of-fertility (Rf), together with some modifier genes and is also affected by temperature. As a result, male fertility was identified as having several phenotypes. That identified and used in the present study allowed partial restoration of fertility, producing plants that simultaneously produce normal and aborted pollen grains, with most grains stuck to the anther wall, even after dehiscence, resulting in low seed set per fruit. The trait was visible only in the presence of Paterson's sterile cytoplasm and was controlled by a recessive nuclear gene, partial restoration (pr). A CAPS marker, PR-CAPS, closely linked to the trait, has been developed by Lee et al. (2008). In this study, linkage analysis was performed in 205 F(2) individuals derived from the 'Buja' Korean commercial F(1) chili pepper variety using the PR-CAPS marker and the three Rf-linked markers (OPP13-CAPS, AFRF8-CAPS, and CRF-SCAR) previously reported. Consequently, we found that these four markers were tightly linked. This result means that the pr gene might be tightly linked to the Rf locus or the third allele of Rf locus. The sequence diversity of the pr- and Rf-linked markers was also analyzed. The internal sequences of OPP13-CAPS (1,180 bp) and PR-CAPS (640 bp) markers in 91 Korean inbred lines were clearly divided into three haplotypes. According to the sequencing results, a new PR-CAPS (MseI or SphI digestion) marker was designed to distinguish the three haplotypes. This marker will be useful for marker-assisted selection to develop new maintainers and restorers in commercial hybrid pepper breeding using CMS.     

Molecular and physical mapping of a barley gene on chromosome arm 1 HL that causes sterility in hybrids with wheat.

Addition of the long arm of barley chromosome 1H (1HL) to wheat causes severe meiotic abnormalities and complete sterility of the plants. To map the barley gene responsible for the 1H-induced sterility of wheat, a series of addition lines of translocated 1H chromosomes were developed from the crosses between the wheat 'Shinchunaga' and five reciprocal translocation lines derived from the barley line St.13559. Examination of the seed fertility of the addition lines revealed that the sterility gene is located in the interstitial 25% region of the 1HL arm. The genetic location of the sterility gene was also estimated by physically mapping sequence-tagged site (STS) markers and simple-sequence repeat (SSR) markers with known map locations. The sterility gene is designated Shw (sterility in hybrids with wheat). Comparison of the present physical map of 1HL with two previously published genetic maps revealed a paucity of markers in the proximal 30% region and non-random distribution of SSR markers. Two inconsistencies in marker order were found between the present physical map and the consensus genetic map of group 1 chromosomes of Triticeae. On the basis of the effects on meiosis and chromosomal location, the relationship of the present sterility gene with other fertility-related genes of Triticeae is discussed.     

Genic markers for wild abortive (WA) cytoplasm based male sterility and its fertility restoration in rice

Commercial exploitation of heterosis is essential for enhancing productivity of rice. The use of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) and fertility restoration system greatly facilitates large scale production of hybrid seed. The wild abortive (WA) cytoplasm is most widely used for hybrid seed production in rice. The present study was undertaken to develop molecular markers for both WA cytoplasm based male sterility and its fertility restoration for use in efficient hybrid breeding. High degree of genetic differentiation of WA-cytoplasm from its normal fertile counterpart was observed due to DNA rearrangements involving five (coxI, coxIII, cob, atp6 and rps3) mitochondrial genes. Cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) markers based on five mitochondrial genes namely, coxIII, cob, atp9, rps3 and 18SrRNA polymorphic between CMS and maintainer line were developed. The utility of these informative markers was demonstrated in purity testing of the CMS line Pusa6A being used in commercial hybrid seed production. Fertility restoration was found to be controlled by a major locus in the Basmati restorer line PRR78, which was mapped to a short marker interval of 0.8 cM and a physical interval of 163.6 kb on rice chromosome 10. A total of 13 pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) motif containing genes were predicted in a 1.66 Mb region on the long-arm of this chromosome of which, four were present in the marker interval containing the fertility restorer gene. High degree of conservation of gene order was observed between japonica and indica for the predicted PPR genes. A sequence tagged site (STS) and a genic non-coding microsatellite (GNMS) marker were designed based on one of the candidate PPR motif containing genes present in the marker interval, which were validated using F₂ population and other known restorer lines. The candidate gene based marker identified in the present study would be useful in marker assisted selection (MAS) for fertility restorer gene in hybrid breeding programme based on WA-CMS of rice.     

Identification of a mitochondrial protein associated with cytoplasmic male sterility in petunia.

The petunia fused gene (pcf), which is associated with cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), is composed of sequences derived from atp9, coxII, and an unidentified reading frame termed urfS. To determine whether the pcf gene is expressed at the protein level, we produced antibodies to synthetic peptides specified by the coxII and urfS portions of the pcf gene. Anti-COXII peptide antibodies recognized petunia COXII but no other mitochondrial proteins. Anti-URF-S peptide antibodies recognized a 20-kilodalton protein present in both cytoplasmic male sterile and fertile lines and a protein with an apparent molecular mass of 25 kilodaltons present only in cytoplasmic male sterile lines. The 25-kilodalton protein was found to be synthesized by isolated mitochondria and to fractionate into both the soluble and membrane portions of disrupted mitochondria, whereas the 20-kilodalton protein was found only in the membrane fraction. The abundance of the 25-kilodalton protein was much lower in fertile plants carrying the cytoplasmic male sterile cytoplasm and a single dominant nuclear fertility restorer gene, Rf. Thus, the pcf gene is correlated with cytoplasmic male sterility not only by its co-segregation with the phenotype in somatic hybrids, but also by the modification of its expression at the protein level through the action of a nuclear gene that confers fertility.