谷氨酸促进大鼠海马神经元的内钙升高

谷氨酸能影响大鼠海马神经元胞内钙信号的变化,进而影响海马神经元神经冲动的发放和学习记忆过程。运用荧光测钙技术实时监测了大鼠海马神经元内钙信号的动态变化,同时分析了谷氨酸对其胞内钙信号的影响。试验表明：谷氨酸能够显著提高胞内游离钙离子的浓度;细胞外钙离子的存在、谷氨酸刺激时间及刺激频率的增加都能引起胞内钙信号不同程度的升高;但谷氨酸的过度刺激会引起钙离子浓度的超负荷,从而导致神经元结构和功能的损坏。     

应用重组表达钙离子敏感蛋白YC2.1研究粟酒裂殖酵母细胞内钙离子浓度的分布

把重组表达钙离子敏感蛋白的YC2．1基因（yellow cameleon 2．1）导入了粟酒裂殖酵母中,观察了粟酒裂殖酵母细胞内钙离子浓度的分布。结果发现,钙离子敏感蛋白所指示的钙离子呈细胞周缘胞质较高浓度分布,而在细胞胞质中部的钙离子浓度相对低一些。通过DAPI染色实验证实这是由于胞质中部细胞核的填充而形成。fluo-3染色的裂殖酵母细胞,由于fluo-3进入到细胞器（房室化现象）,所以出现胞质的内部区域高的荧光信号,而在周缘的胞质区相对弱,不能真实反应胞质钙离子的分布。因此重组表达钙离子敏感蛋白测定钙离子的方法优于fluo-3荧光探针的方法,对于裂殖酵母细胞胞内钙离子的研究具有良好的应用前景。     

林蛙卵收缩因子的进一步纯化(简报)

大家承认动物细胞的胞质分裂是由收缩环的微丝束收缩而引起的。那么微丝束又是在什么物质作用下诱发产生的呢?两栖类卵的第一次胞质分裂是单侧卵裂(unilateral cleavage),即先在动物极出现分裂沟,沟两端逐渐向下延     

双重荧光染色监测听毛细胞游离钙

豚鼠耳蜗分离外毛细胞经fluo-3和fura-red染色后,用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜监测其胞内游离钙的空间分布和动态变化,以fluo-3/fura-red荧光比值大小指示游离钙浓度的高低。外毛细胞胞内游离钙呈不均匀分布,荧光比值分别为细胞质1.71±0.85,质膜1.61±0.75,表皮板1.47±0.65及胞核1.39±0.66,显示细胞质游离钙浓度最高而胞核游离钙浓度最低。静息状态下连续扫描时荧光比值变化小于0.1,而在受到机械刺激后荧光比值增加幅度达0.3—1.2。实验结果表明,fluo-3和fura-red双发射比例法能更准确反映听毛细胞胞内钙的空间分布和动态变化,第二信使钙可能参与了听毛细胞的机械-电换能过程,研究了换能过程中听毛细胞钙信号的时空模式。     

裂球中引起受精卵质膜收缩的因子~*(简报)

根据收缩环的假设,胞质分裂是细胞膜下面的微丝收缩,使细胞膜内陷,将细胞一分为二。蛙卵第一次卵裂是动物极预定分裂沟处细胞膜下面的微丝收缩,细胞膜内陷,出现分裂沟,分裂沟二端缓慢向前伸延,再后,沟二端在植物极相遇,形成环形的分裂沟,受精卵一分为二。由此提示细胞膜的收缩与深层的细胞质无关。Sawai曾将蝾螈卵分裂沟端前面不远处靠近细胞膜的小量细胞质吸出来,注     

增强UV-B辐射对小麦根尖细胞游离钙离子分布的影响

以小麦根尖为材料,利用低温装载法在根尖细胞中成功地装载了酯化形式的钙离子荧光指示剂fluo-3/AM,利用激光共聚焦显微技术检测了增强UV-B辐射后小麦根尖细胞内游离钙离子荧光强度的分布,并对胞质内游离钙离子浓度进行了测定.结果表明:(1)对照组小麦根尖细胞内钙离子荧光主要分布于细胞胞质周缘;而经UV-B辐射处理后,细胞内钙离子荧光不仅分布在胞质周缘,且在细胞壁与胞间隙可观察到大量钙离子荧光.(2)对单个细胞内钙离子荧光强度进行测定,发现UV-B处理使细胞胞质内游离钙离子浓度明显升高.     

构建钙荧光探针细胞用于探究胞浆和线粒体钙对ATP刺激的响应

目的:构建表达基因编辑钙探针(GECIs)的细胞系HeLa-GECIs,探究细胞应答外界ATP刺激中钙离子在细胞内的响应和变化。方法:分别用能够直接通过荧光强度反映细胞胞浆内和线粒体内钙离子相对浓度的2种钙探针cyto-GCaMP6和4mt-GCaMP6感染HeLa细胞,获得2种表达钙离子探针的HeLa细胞系;在感染了2种腺病毒探针24 h后,用共聚焦荧光显微镜检测荧光探针在HeLa细胞内的表达情况;在表达2种钙探针的细胞的培养基中加入外源ATP,用Time-lapse成像动态观测技术观察HeLa细胞内钙离子对外环境中ATP的响应。结果:共聚焦荧光显微镜观察,确定95%以上的细胞表达了对应的钙离子指示荧光探针;Time-lapse成像动态观测技术观察发现,在细胞培养基中加入ATP后,细胞胞浆钙探针荧光强度瞬时(3～6 s)升至10倍,200 s后逐渐降低到基础水平;线粒体钙到达峰值(4倍)的时间稍滞后(5～8 s),并且回落更慢,300 s时至1.5倍。在ATP受体P2X7抑制剂A438079预处理的实验组,上述胞浆钙和线粒体钙浓度上升不明显。结论:构建了能在活体细胞内通过荧光探针实时监测钙离子响应胞外ATP刺激的细胞实验体系,为进一步深入探究ATP等危险信号导致细胞的炎性损伤机制奠定了基础。     

林蛙卵细胞第一次分裂沟形成和回复时的扫描电镜观察

林蛙受精卵表面有三种细微结构:丘状突起、细丝和小颗粒。前者在所有卵的整个表面都出现,后两者只在一些卵的部分区域出现。卵裂开始时,原先在细胞表面的“黑色”老膜随分裂沟内陷,因为在陷入的分裂沟表面上能看到上述三种结构。卵裂继续进行,深陷的分裂沟表面出现较为光滑的“灰白色”新膜。将固定的裂球沿分裂沟掰开,在分裂沟内新膜和细胞质的交界处,以及老膜和细胞质的交界处可看到成堆的突起,它们可能是新膜的来源之一。受精卵经细胞松弛素B处理后,卵裂照常进行。当分裂沟的前端到达卵的背(灰色新月区)腹区时,背部分裂沟首先开始回复(出现白色斑块),新膜外翻;稍后或同时,动物极处亦出现外翻的新膜,最后是腹区外翻。这时卵表面出现“川”字形;背区的回复分裂沟端成“V”字形,腹区成“γ”形,说明受精卵的背腹区对细胞松弛素B的反应是不同的。当卵裂进行到背腹区之下时,上述区域性就难以看到了。     

斑马鱼中囊胚过渡调控机制

斑马鱼中囊胚过渡(MBT)始于受精卵的第10次卵裂,此时亦伴有细胞周期延长,分裂同步性丧失,合子型基因开始转录活化,胚胎细胞开始具备运动迁移能力等现象。斑马鱼MBT。的发生依赖于胚胎细胞的核质比,胚胎细胞周期中的G1时相则只有在合子型基因组开始被转录活化后才能出现。细胞周期检验点的激活可能也是受转录调控的,但中期检验点对DNA复制抑制状态的响应不仅在MBT前后、甚至在MBT前的不同阶段也可能有具体作用途径的差异。活化的P38蛋白在胚胎中的不对称分布是维持卵裂阶段细胞分裂同步性的关键因素。尽管大规模的合子型基因的表达发生在MBT开始后,也有少数与胚层分化有关的合子型基因是在MBT。前表达的,还有一些既有母型表达也有合子型表达的基因在MBT前后分别参与不同的信号途径来调控胚胎的发育与分化。     

斑马鱼ca15b的克隆及在原始生殖细胞中的特异表达

高保真PCR克隆获得了ca15b基因的全长,利用胚胎整体原位杂交等技术研究了ca15b基因在斑马鱼早期发育过程中的动态表达。结果发现,ca15b在斑马鱼早期发育过程中存在显著的原始生殖细胞（Primordial germ cell,PGC）特异表达模式。ca15b是一个母源性表达的基因:在分裂期的胚胎中,其mRNA集中分布于位于分裂沟的生殖质（Germ plasm）;从囊胚期开始,可以观察到其在PGC中的特异表达;在原肠胚中,其mRNA在体细胞中急剧降解,仅特异表达于PGC,这一表达特征一直持续到受精后1d的胚胎。将体外合成的包含5'UTR和3'UTR的ca15b全长mRNA注射到斑马鱼胚胎后,仅能增强原肠期之前胚胎中ca15b的整体杂交信号;在原肠胚期之后,注射的mRNA在体细胞中快速降解。这提示在ca15b mRNA上可能存在某种转录后调控其在早期胚胎体细胞中降解而在PGC中稳定存在的机制。       

Cleavage in a saponin model of the sea urchin egg

A cell model, in which cleavage could be induced, was obtained from fertilized sea urchin eggs by putting eggs that were in the first cleavage into a solution containing 3 X 10(-5) g/ml saponin and suitable amounts of ATP and Ca2+. The cell membrane became freely permeable to ATP and Ca2+ within 1 minute. The respective optimal concentrations of ATP and Ca2+ that advanced the cleavage furrow in this model were 2 mM and 10(-8) M. With the optimal ATP and Ca2+ concentrations, the cleavage furrow of the model advanced at a rate that differed little from that in living eggs. The cleavage furrow soon receded, however, when the concentration of ATP was decreased to less than 1 mM or increased to more than 3 mM, as well as when the concentration of Ca2+ was increased to more than 10(-7) M.     

Microinjection of Ca2+ store-enriched microsome fractions to dividing newt eggs induces extra-cleavage furrows via inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-induced Ca2+ release.

The cleavage signal transferred to the future cleavage cortex during anaphase has been proposed as "cleavage stimulus," but no signal has proved to induce cleavage furrows. The local Ca2+ transient along the cleavage furrow has been reported, but the Ca2+ source has remained unknown. To address these questions, we studied functions of Ca2+ stores in dividing newt eggs and found that microinjection of the Ca2+ store-enriched microsome fraction to the dividing newt egg induced a local extra-cleavage furrow at the injection site in 64-67% of the injected newt eggs while coinjection with inositol 1,4, 5-trisphosphate receptor (IP(3)R) antagonists heparin or anti-type 1-IP(3)R antibody clearly suppressed this induction (5 and 11% in induction rates, respectively). Injection of cerebellar microsomes from the type 1-IP(3)R-deficient mice induced extracleavage furrows albeit at a low rate (19%). Our observations strongly suggest that Ca2+ stores with IP(3)R induce and position a cleavage furrow via IP(3)-induced Ca2+ release (IICR) as Ca(2+)-releasing machinery and putative cleavage stimulus itself.     

Localized calcium signals along the cleavage furrow of the Xenopus egg are not involved in cytokinesis

It has been proposed that a localized calcium (Ca) signal at the growing end of the cleavage furrow triggers cleavage furrow formation in large eggs. We have examined the possible role of a Ca signal in cleavage furrow formation in the Xenopus laevis egg during the first cleavage. We were able to detect two kinds of Ca waves along the cleavage furrow. However, the Ca waves appeared after cleavage furrow formation in late stages of the first cleavage. In addition, cleavage was not affected by injection of dibromoBAPTA or EGTA into the eggs at a concentration sufficient to suppress the Ca waves. Furthermore, even smaller classes of Ca release such as Ca puffs and Ca blips do not occur at the growing end of the cleavage furrow. These observations demonstrate that localized Ca signals in the cleavage furrow are not involved in cytokinesis. The two Ca waves have unique characteristics. The first wave propagates only in the region of newly inserted membrane along the cleavage furrow. On the other hand, the second wave propagates along the border of new and old membranes, suggesting that this wave might be involved in adhesion between two blastomeres.     

Requirement for a localized, IP3R-generated Ca2+ transient during the furrow positioning process in zebrafish zygotes

We report that the first localized Ca(2+) transient visualized in the blastodisc cortex of post-mitotic zebrafish zygotes has unique features. We confirm that this initial 'furrow positioning' Ca(2+) transient precedes the physical appearance of the first cleavage furrow at the blastodisc surface and that it has unique dynamics, which distinguish it from the subsequent furrow propagation transients that develop from it. This initial transient displays a distinct rising phase that peaks prior to the initiation of the two linear, subsurface, self-propagating Ca(2+) waves that constitute the subsequent furrow propagation transient. Through the carefully timed introduction of the Ca(2+) buffer, dibromo-BAPTA, we also demonstrate the absolute requirement of this initial rising phase Ca(2+) transient in positioning the furrow at the blastodisc surface: no rising phase transient, no cleavage furrow. Likewise, the introduction of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) antagonist, 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate, eliminates both the rising phase transient and the appearance of the furrow at the cell surface. On the other hand, antagonists of the ryanodine receptor and NAADP-sensitive channels, or simply bathing the zygote in Ca(2+)-free medium, have no effect on the generation of the rising phase positioning transient or the appearance of the furrow at the surface. This suggests that like the subsequent propagation and deepening/zipping Ca(2+) transients, the rising phase furrow positioning transient is also generated specifically by Ca(2+) released via IP3Rs. We propose, however, that despite being generated by a similar Ca(2+) release mechanism, the unique features of this initial transient suggest that it might be a distinct signal with a specific function associated with positioning the cleavage furrow at the blastodisc surface.     

Evidence that binding of Indo-1 to cardiac myocyte protein does not markedly change Kd for Ca2+

Quantitative measurement of [Ca2+]i with the fluorescent Ca(2+)-indicators Indo-1 and Fura-2 is complicated by the possibility that the value of the dissociation constant (Kd) may be influenced by binding to intracellular proteins. We investigated this question in cultured chick ventricular myocytes by use of two different Indo-1 calibration methods. First, the Indo-1 fluorescence ratio (R) (400/500 nm) was measured in beating myocytes loaded by exposure to Indo-1/AM. Then, cells were exposed to the Ca2+ ionophore Br A-23187 and fluorescence ratio was measured in the presence of 500 nM Ca2+ (EGTA-Ca2+ buffer). Subsequently cells were permeabilized to Ca2+ by a 1 min exposure to 25 microM digitonin in the presence of 'zero' Ca2+ (10 mM EGTA) and saturating 1 mM Ca2+ to obtain Rmin, Rmax and beta. We then calculated [Ca2+]i from the formula ([Ca2+]i = Kd [( R - Rmin)/(Rmax - R)]beta). With Kd = 250 nM, calculated systolic [Ca2+]i was 750 +/- 44 nM and diastolic 269 +/- 19 nM (means +/- SEM, n = 16). The R value calculated for an assumed [Ca2+]i = 500 nM using the above formula and digitonin derived constants was very similar to the value measured using Br A-23187 (digitonin, 0.67 +/- 0.03: Br A-23187, 0.66 +/- 0.03, ns). As the Br A-23187 method is independent of the value chosen for Kd, we conclude that the Kd of 250 nM for Indo-1 measured in free solutions closely approximates the Kd for intracellular Indo-1 in these cells, and that therefore the Kd of Indo-1 for Ca2+ does not appear to be markedly affected by binding to proteins or other intracellular molecules.     

Protein kinase C acts downstream of calcium at entry into the first mitotic interphase of Xenopus laevis.

Transit into interphase of the first mitotic cell cycle in amphibian eggs is a process referred to as activation and is accompanied by an increase in intracellular free calcium [( Ca2+]i), which may be transduced into cytoplasmic events characteristic of interphase by protein kinase C (PKC). To investigate the respective roles of [Ca2+]i and PKC in Xenopus laevis egg activation, the calcium signal was blocked by microinjection of the calcium chelator BAPTA, or the activity of PKC was blocked by PKC inhibitors sphingosine or H7. Eggs were then challenged for activation by treatment with either calcium ionophore A23187 or the PKC activator PMA. BAPTA prevented cortical contraction, cortical granule exocytosis, and cleavage furrow formation in eggs challenged with A23187 but not with PMA. In contrast, sphingosine and H7 inhibited cortical granule exocytosis, cortical contraction, and cleavage furrow formation in eggs challenged with either A23187 or PMA. Measurement of egg [Ca2+]i with calcium-sensitive electrodes demonstrated that PMA treatment does not increase egg [Ca2+]i in BAPTA-injected eggs. Further, PMA does not increase [Ca2+]i in eggs that have not been injected with BAPTA. These results show that PKC acts downstream of the [Ca2+]i increase to induce cytoplasmic events of the first Xenopus mitotic cell cycle.     

Intracellular Ca2+ measurement with Indo-1 in substrate-attached cells: advantages and special considerations

The dual emission, Ca2+ sensitive fluorescent dye, Indo-1, offers several potential advantages over its dual excitation analogue, Fura-2. Most notable among these advantages are increased speed of measurement using dual wavelength photometry and the absence of a requirement for special quartz optics. Despite these potential advantages, only a tiny fraction of the microscopic studies of intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]i) on substrate-attached cells has employed Indo-1. Among the reasons for the infrequent use of Indo-1 are the fact that it exhibits somewhat different spectral properties in the cytosol than it does in extracellular buffers, and the notion that it is much more sensitive to photobleaching than Fura-2. We report here that under our experimental conditions, Indo-1 photobleaching is small and does not noticeably affect the measurement of free Ca2+, even after 30 minutes of continuous illumination. We also report a new method for creating in situ standard curves that is easy, reproducible, and yields values for [Ca2+]i that are identical to those obtained with Fura-2. In addition, we have found that Indo-1 is less subject than Fura-2 to compartmentalization within subcellular organelles. These results provide baseline data to take advantage of the significant improvement afforded by Indo-1 in the measurement of rapid [Ca2+]i responses and the avoidance of compartmentalization artifacts during experiments of long duration.     

Investigation of factors affecting fluorometric quantitation of cytosolic [Ca2+] in perfused hearts.

The goal of these studies was to examine the effects of several factors that may artifactually influence quantitation of cytosolic [Ca2+], [Ca2+]c, while using the fluorescent calcium indicator Indo-1. The following factors were investigated: 1) a possible fluorescence contribution from unhydrolized Indo-1/AM (by Mn2+ quenching), 2) Ca2+ buffering by Indo-1 (by varying [Indo-1]), 3) endothelial and mitochondrial Indo-1 loading (by bradykinin stimulation and calculations), and 4) effects of changing tissue fluorescence (predominantly NAD(P)H) on calculated [Ca2+]c during hypoxia (by a new method which allowed simultaneous determination of [Ca2+]c and changes in [NAD(P)H]). No significant contribution of Indo-1/AM was found. With increasing [Indo-1], calculated systolic [Ca2+]c fell significantly. Indo-1 incorporation (< 18%) into endothelial cells, caused a slight underestimation of systolic [Ca2+]c, while mitochondrial Indo-1 loading may cause overestimation of [Ca2+]c. With increased tissue fluorescence, during hypoxia, systolic [Ca2+]c may be underestimated by approximately 27% (for Indo-1 loading factors three to five times original tissue fluorescence). These studies suggest conditions in which experimental artifacts could be minimized to allow reliable quantitation of [Ca2+]c in intact perfused hearts using Indo-1 fluorometry. The major problem of obtaining reliable results depended on the ability to correct for changing NAD(P)H fluorescence while keeping [Indo-1] low.     

Ratiometric intracellular calcium imaging in the isolated beating rat heart using indo-1 fluorescence.

Abnormalities in intracellular calcium (Ca(i)(2+)) handling have been implicated as the underlying mechanism in a large number of pathologies in the heart. Study into the relation between Ca(i)(2+) behavior and performance of the whole heart function could provide detailed information into the cellular basis of heart function. In this study we describe an optical ratio imaging setup and an analysis method for the beat-to-beat Ca(i)(2+) videofluorescence images of an indo-1 loaded, isolated Tyrode-perfused beating rat heart. The signal-to-noise ratio and the spatiotemporal resolution (with an optimum of 1 ms and 0.6 mm, respectively) made it possible to register different temporal Ca(i)(2+) transients together with left ventricle pressure changes. The Ca(i)(2+) transients showed that Ca(i)(2+) activation propagates horizontally from left to right during sinus rhythm or from the stimulus site during direct left ventricle stimulation. The indo-1 ratiometric video technique developed allows the imaging of ratio changes of Ca(i)(2+) with a high temporal (1 ms) and spatial (0.6 mm) resolution in the isolated Tyrode-perfused beating rat heart.