A comparison of the immediate effects of resistance, aerobic, and concurrent exercise on postexercise hypotension

A comparison of the immediate effects of resistance, aerobic, and concurrent exercise on postexercise hypotension. The influence of resistance exercise (RE), aerobic exercise (AE), and concurrent exercise (CE) on postexercise hypotension (PEH) is not known. We investigated the immediate blood pressure (BP) lowering effects of exercise after RE, AE, and CE sessions among healthy subjects. Twenty-one men (20.7 ± 0.7 years) performed 4 experimental sessions each in a within-subject design: control (CTL-seated rest for 60 minutes), RE (3 sets at 80% 1RM for 8 exercises, including upper and lower limbs), AE (7-minutes warm-up followed by 50 minutes of cycle ergometer exercise at 65% VO?peak and 3-minute cooldown), and CE (2 sets at 80% 1RM for 6 exercises among those which composed the RE session, plus 20 minutes of cycle ergometer exercise at 65% VO?peak, 7-minute warm-up and 3-minute cooldown, exactly in this order). The total duration of each exercise session was approximately 60 minutes. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were assessed by ambulatory monitoring at rest (20 minutes) and every 10 minutes after the exercise during 120 minutes while in the laboratory. The duration of the decrease in SBP was longer after AE and CE (120 minutes) compared to RE (80 minutes); and for DBP after AE (50 minutes) compared to CE (40 minutes) and RE (20 minutes) (p < 0.05). The magnitude of the decrease in SBP and DBP was similar after all exercise sessions and significantly different from CTL (p < 0.05) (SBP: RE = 4.1 ± 2.0 mm Hg, AE = 6.3 ± 1.3 mm Hg, CE = 5.1 ± 2.2 mm Hg; DBP: RE = 1.8 ± 1.1 mm Hg, AE = 1.8 ± 1.0 mm Hg, CE = 1.6 ± 0.6 mm Hg). It was concluded that exercise sessions combining aerobic and resistance activities are as effective as AE sessions and more effective than RE sessions to promote PEH.     

Long-term follow-up of a hypertension screening program.

Of 185 people found to be hypertensive in a shopping centre screening program who went to their physician and had medication prescribed, then were contacted 18 months later, 33 had discontinued the medication at their physician''s request. But of 152 who were to continue taking medication 139 (91.4%) had complied. Blood pressure had decreased to less than 160 mm Hg systolic or less than 95 mm Hg diastolic, or both, in 65.1% of the 152; was 160 to 169 mm Hg systolic or 95 to 99 mm Hg diastolic, or both, in 13.8%; was mildly or moderately decreased but still above 169 mm Hg systolic or 99 mmHg diastolic, or both, in 8.6%; and was higher than before the onset of treatment in 3.9%. Adequacy of blood pressure control was not related to age, sex, initial blood pressure values, awareness before the screening of having hypertension, or treatment for hypertension before the screening. Diuretics had been prescribed for 93.5% of the 139 patients, most often as single-pill combinations with other antihypertensive agents.     

Influence of rest interval lengths on hypotensive response after strength training sessions performed by older men

The purpose of this study was to compare the postexercise hypotensive response after different rest intervals between sets (1 and 2 minutes) in normotense older men. Seventeen older men (67.6 ± 2.2 years) with at least 1 year of strength training experience participated. After determination of 10 repetition maximum (10RM) loads for exercises, subjects performed 2 different strength training sessions. On the first day, volunteers performed 3 sets of 10 repetitions per exercise at 70% 10RM, with 1 or 2 minutes' rest interval between sets depending on random assignment. On the second day, the procedures were similar but with the other rest interval. There was no difference in systolic and diastolic blood pressure between rest intervals at any time point measure. Before 1- and 2-minute sessions, the systolic blood pressure values were 122.7 ± 6.0 and 123.2 ± 3.7 mm Hg, and diastolic blood pressure values were 80.5 ± 5.6 and 82.0 ± 3.7 mm Hg, respectively. Both 1 and 2 minute sessions still presented reduced values for systolic blood pressure after 60 minutes (102.9 ± 6.9 and 106.7 ± 5.4 mm Hg, respectively), while the diastolic blood pressure presented significant reductions for 50 minutes after a 1 minute session (12.1 to 5.6 mm Hg) and for 60 minutes after the 2 minute session (13.3 to 6.5 mm Hg). Additionally, the systolic and diastolic blood pressure effect size data demonstrated higher magnitudes at all time point measures after the 2-minute rest sessions. These results suggest a poststrength training hypotensive response for both training sessions in normotense older men, with higher magnitudes for the 2-minute rest session. Our findings suggest a potentially positive health benefit of strength training.     

Administration time-dependent effects of valsartan on ambulatory blood pressure in elderly hypertensive subjects

Previous results have indicated that valsartan administration at bed-time, as opposed to upon wakening, improves the diurnal/nocturnal ratio of blood pressure (BP) toward a normal dipping pattern, without loss of 24 h efficacy. This ratio is characterized by a progressive decrease with aging. Accordingly, we investigated the administration time-dependent antihypertensive efficacy of valsartan, an angiotensin blocking agent, in elderly hypertensive patients. We studied 100 elderly patients with grade 1-2 essential hypertension (34 men and 66 women), 68.2+/-4.9 years of age, randomly assigned to receive valsartan (160 mg/d) as a monotherapy either upon awakening or at bed-time. BP was measured for 48 h by ambulatory monitoring, at 20 min intervals between 07:00 to 23:00 h and at 30 min intervals at night, before and after 3 months of therapy. Physical activity was simultaneously monitored every minute by wrist actigraphy to accurately determine the duration of sleep and wake spans to enable the accurate calculation of the diurnal and nocturnal means of BP for each subject. There was a highly significant BP reduction after 3 months of valsartan treatment (p < 0.001). The reduction was slightly larger with bed-time dosing (15.3 and 9.2 mm Hg reduction in the 24 h mean of systolic and diastolic BP, respectively) than with morning dosing (12.3 and 6.3 mm Hg reduction in the 24 h mean of systolic and diastolic BP, respectively). The diurnal/nocturnal ratio, measured as the nocturnal decline of BP relative to the diurnal mean, was unchanged in the group ingesting valsartan upon awakening (-1.0 and -0.3 for systolic and diastolic BP; p > 0.195). This ratio was significantly increased (6.6 and 5.4 for systolic and diastolic BP; p < 0.001) when valsartan was ingested at bed-time. The reduction of the nocturnal mean was doubled in the group ingesting valsartan at bed-time, as compared to the group ingesting it in the morning (p < 0.001). In elderly hypertensive patients, mainly characterized by a diminished nocturnal decline in BP, bed-time valsartan dosing is better than morning dosing since it improves efficacy during the nighttime sleep span, with the potential reduction in cardiovascular risk that has been associated with a normalized diurnal/nocturnal BP ratio.     

Screening for hypertension in a high school population.

Of 15 594 high school students (ages, 15 to 20) whose blood pressure was measured in a screening program, 350 (2.2%) has hypertensive readings (150 mm Hg or more systolic, or 95 mm Hg or more diastolic, or both). The mean blood pressure for the boys was 125.0 plus or minus 12.1/71.8 plus or minus 10.9 mm Hg, and for the girls, 119.8 plus or minus 10.2/72.3 plus or minus 9.2 mm Hg. The parents of the students with hypertensive readings were advised to send their children to a physician. By 6 months, of the 232 who were followed up, 156 (67.2%) has visited a physician and in 19 cases (12.2%) the physician had confirmed the hypertensive readings. Only one student, an asymptomatic 17-year-old boy whose hypertension had not previously been detected, was found to have secondary hypertension, which was relieved surgically. Of the 18 hypertensive students 4 are currently receiving antihypertensive medication and 8 continue to have their blood pressure monitored. The mean blood pressures recorded in the physicians'' offices averaged 23.7/11.1 mm Hg less than those recorded in the schools. One reason for this was that none of the physicians used pediatric cuffs, but these were required by 62.4% of the students at the screening. Hence, the intravascular blood pressure was probably underestimated in a number of cases in the physicians'' offices.     

Labetalol: potent antihypertensive agent that blocks both alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors.

Labetalol was administered as the sole antihypertensive agent to 20 ambulatory patients with mild to moderate hypertension. The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures (+/- standard error of the mean) with the patients sitting fell significantly (P < 0.001), from 145.5 +/- 3.2 and 103.7 +/- 1.6 mm Hg respectively at the start of labetalol therapy (after a period free of antihypertensive medication) to 125.7 +/- 2.0 and 87.2 +/- 1.1 mm Hg by the end of the trial. The diastolic blood pressure was well controlled (90 mm Hg or less) with labetalol therapy in 90% of the patients. The medication was well tolerated, and no orthostatic fall in the diastolic blood pressure was observed. Pharmacologically labetalol most closely resembles a combination of a nonselective beta-adrenergic blocker like propranolol and a postsynaptic alpha-adrenergic blocker like prazosin.     

Chronotherapy with valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide combination in essential hypertension: improved sleep-time blood pressure control with bedtime dosing

Administration of angiotensin receptor blockers at bedtime results in greater reduction of nighttime blood pressure than dosing upon awakening, independent of the terminal half-life of each individual medication. To obtain blood pressure (BP) target goals most patients require treatment with more than one hypertension medication. However, the potential differing effects on BP regulation of combination therapy depending on the time-of-day of administration have scarcely been investigated. Accordingly, the authors prospectively evaluated the administration-time-dependent BP-lowering efficacy of valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) combination therapy. The authors conducted a randomized, open-label, blinded-endpoint trial on 204 subjects with essential hypertension (95 men/109 women), 49.7?±?11.1 (mean?±?SD) yrs of age. The BP of participants in this trial was not properly controlled with respect to published ambulatory BP criteria after initially randomized to valsartan monotherapy (160?mg/day), whether routinely ingested upon awakening by one group or at bedtime by another group for 12 wks. Thus, HCTZ (12.5?mg/day) was added to valsartan as a single-pill formulation, maintaining the original treatment-time, i.e., upon awakening or at bedtime, of participants of the two groups, for another 12 wks. BP was measured by ambulatory monitoring for 48?h at inclusion and after each 12-wk span of therapy. Physical activity was simultaneously monitored every minute by wrist actigraphy to accurately define the beginning and end of daytime activity and nocturnal sleep so that the respective BP means for every participant at each evaluation could be precisely determined. Combination therapy resulted in a similar statistically significant reduction of the 48-h BP mean from baseline for both treatment-time groups (17.0/11.5?mm Hg in systolic/diastolic BP after combination therapy on awakening; 17.9/12.1?mm Hg reduction after combination treatment at bedtime; p?>?.542 between groups). The awake BP mean was reduced to a comparable extent in both treatment-time groups (p?>?.682). However, bedtime compared to morning dosing better reduced the asleep means of systolic BP (20.1 vs. 16.0?mm Hg; p?=?.015) and pulse pressure (6.5 vs. 4.0?mm Hg; p?=?.007 between groups). Accordingly, the proportion of subjects with a baseline non-dipper BP profile was significantly reduced from 59% to 23% only after bedtime combination treatment (p?相似文献   

Relative roles of heredity and physical activity in adolescence and adulthood on blood pressure.

Part of the association between physical activity and low blood pressure (BP) may be a consequence of genetic selection. We investigated the association of genetic factors and physical activity in adolescence and adulthood with BP. BP was measured with a Finapres device in 71 monozygotic and 104 dizygotic male twin pairs using no antihypertensive medication. Subjects' mean age was 50.4 yr (range 40-72 yr). Subjects were interviewed about their lifetime exercise and other health habits. Exercise was classified as aerobic, power, or other, and these were further divided into adolescence (12-20 yr of age), the previous year, and lifetime. Genetic modeling was conducted to estimate genetic and environmental components of variance of systolic and diastolic BP. Aerobic exercise in adolescence and high-intensity aerobic exercise throughout the lifetime were associated with low diastolic BP in adulthood. Of the variance in diastolic BP, genetic factors accounted for 35% and aerobic exercise in adolescence for 5%. For systolic BP, genetic factors accounted for 39% of the variance. In turn, genetic factors accounted for 44% of the variance in aerobic exercise in adolescence. The genetic factors in part accounting for the variance in diastolic BP and those in part accounting for variance in aerobic exercise in adolescence were correlated. The association between aerobic exercise in adolescence and low diastolic BP in adulthood is a new finding, as is the observation that the factors partly share the same genes.     

Administration-time-dependent effects of doxazosin GITS on ambulatory blood pressure of hypertensive subjects

Previous studies have shown that a single nighttime dose of standard doxazosin, an alpha-adrenergic antagonist, reduces blood pressure (BP) throughout the 24 h. We investigated the administration-time-dependent effects of the new doxazosin gastrointestinal therapeutic system (GITS) formulation. We studied 91 subjects (49 men and 42 women), 56.7+/-11.2 (mean+/-SD) yrs of age with grade 1-2 essential hypertension; 39 patients had been previously untreated, and the remaining 52 had been treated with two antihypertensive medications with inadequate control of their hypertension. The subjects of the two groups, the monotherapy and polytherapy groups, respectively, were randomly assigned to receive the single daily dose of doxazosin GITS (4 mg/day) either upon awakening or at bedtime. BP was measured by ambulatory monitoring every 20 min during the day and every 30 min at night for 48 consecutive hours just before and after 3 months of treatment. After 3 months of doxazosin GITS therapy upon awakening, there was a small and nonstatistically significant reduction in BP (1.8 and 3.2mm Hg in the 24 h mean of systolic and diastolic BP in monotherapy; 2.2 and 1.9mm Hg in polytherapy), mainly because of absence of any effect on nocturnal BP. The 24 h mean BP reduction was larger and statistically significant (6.9 and 5.9 mm for systolic and diastolic BP, respectively, in monotherapy; 5.3 and 4.5 mm Hg in polytherapy) when doxazosin GITS was scheduled at bedtime. This BP-lowering effect was similar during both the day and nighttime hours. Doxazosin GITS ingested daily on awakening failed to provide full 24h therapeutic coverage. Bedtime dosing with doxazosin GITS, however, significantly reduced BP throughout the 24h both when used as a monotherapy and when used in combination with other antihypertensive pharmacotherapy. Knowledge of the chronopharmacology of doxazosin GITS is key to optimizing the efficiency of its BP-lowering effect, and this must be taken into consideration when prescribing this medication to patients.     

Administration-Time-Dependent Effects of Doxazosin GITS on Ambulatory Blood Pressure of Hypertensive Subjects

Previous studies have shown that a single nighttime dose of standard doxazosin, an α-adrenergic antagonist, reduces blood pressure (BP) throughout the 24 h. We investigated the administration-time-dependent effects of the new doxazosin gastrointestinal therapeutic system (GITS) formulation. We studied 91 subjects (49 men and 42 women), 56.7 ± 11.2 (mean ± SD) yrs of age with grade 1–2 essential hypertension; 39 patients had been previously untreated, and the remaining 52 had been treated with two antihypertensive medications with inadequate control of their hypertension. The subjects of the two groups, the monotherapy and polytherapy groups, respectively, were randomly assigned to receive the single daily dose of doxazosin GITS (4 mg/day) either upon awakening or at bedtime. BP was measured by ambulatory monitoring every 20 min during the day and every 30 min at night for 48 consecutive hours just before and after 3 months of treatment. After 3 months of doxazosin GITS therapy upon awakening, there was a small and nonstatistically significant reduction in BP (1.8 and 3.2 mm Hg in the 24 h mean of systolic and diastolic BP in monotherapy; 2.2 and 1.9 mm Hg in polytherapy), mainly because of absence of any effect on nocturnal BP. The 24 h mean BP reduction was larger and statistically significant (6.9 and 5.9 mm for systolic and diastolic BP, respectively, in monotherapy; 5.3 and 4.5 mm Hg in polytherapy) when doxazosin GITS was scheduled at bedtime. This BP-lowering effect was similar during both the day and nighttime hours. Doxazosin GITS ingested daily on awakening failed to provide full 24 h therapeutic coverage. Bedtime dosing with doxazosin GITS, however, significantly reduced BP throughout the 24 h both when used as a monotherapy and when used in combination with other antihypertensive pharmacotherapy. Knowledge of the chronopharmacology of doxazosin GITS is key to optimizing the efficiency of its BP-lowering effect, and this must be taken into consideration when prescribing this medication to patients.     

Is there diurnal variation in initial and delayed orthostatic hypotension during standing and head-up tilt?

Moving rapidly from a supine to a standing posture is a common daily activity, yet a significant physiological challenge. Syncope can result from the development of initial orthostatic hypotension (IOH) involving a transient fall in systolic/diastolic blood pressure (BP) of >40/20 mm Hg within the first 15 s, and/or a delayed orthostatic hypotension (DOH) involving a fall in systolic/diastolic BP of >20/10 mm Hg within 15 min of posture change. Although epidemiological data indicate a heightened syncope risk in the morning, little is known about the diurnal variation in the IOH and DOH mechanisms associated with postural change. The authors hypothesized that the onset of IOH and DOH occurs sooner, and the associated cardiorespiratory and cerebrovascular changes are more pronounced, in the early morning. At 06:00 and 16:00 h, 17 normotensive volunteers, aged 26 ± 1 yrs (mean ± SE), completed a protocol involving supine rest, an upright stand, and a 60° head-up tilt (HUT) during which continuous beat-to-beat measurements of middle cerebral artery velocity (MCAv), mean arterial BP (MAP), heart rate, and end-tidal Pco(2) (P(ET)co(2)) were obtained. Mean MCAv was ～12% lower at baseline in the morning (p ≤ .01) and during the HUT (p ?.30). In conclusion, although there is a marked reduction in MCAv in the morning, there is an absence of diurnal variation in the onset of and associated physiological responses associated with IOH and DOH. These responses, at least in this population, are unlikely contributors to the diurnal variation in orthostatic tolerance.     

Effects of Melothriamaderaspatana leaf extract on antioxidant status in sham-operated and uninephrectomized DOCA-salt hypertensive rats

The present study was designed to investigate the antihypertensive and antioxidant effect of Melothria maderaspatana leaf extract (MME) on sham-operated and DOCA-salt (deoxycorticosterone acetate) induced hypertensive rats. Administration of DOCA-salt significantly increased the systolic (from 127 to 212 mm Hg) and diastolic (from 91 to 174 mm Hg) blood pressure compared to sham-operated control rats, while treatment with MME significantly reduced the systolic (from 212 to 135 mm Hg) and diastolic (from 174 to 96 mm Hg) blood pressure compared to hypertensive control. In DOCA-salt rats, the plasma and tissue concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH) significantly increased and administration of MME significantly reduced these parameters towards the levels in sham-operated control. In hypertensive rats, activities of the enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E and reduced glutathione (GSH) decreased significantly in the plasma and tissues. Administration of MME returned the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants towards sham-operated control. MME shows both antihypertensive and antioxidant properties in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats and, among the three different doses tested, 200 mg/kg caused the maximum effect.     

Effects of an 18-week strength training program on low-handicap golfers' performance

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of an 18-week strength training program on variables related to low-handicap golfers' performance. Ten right-handed male golfers, reporting a handicap of 5 or less, were randomly divided into two groups: the control group (CG) (N = 5, age: 23.9 ± 6.7 years) and the treatment group (TG) (N = 5, age: 24.2 ± 5.4 years). CG players followed the standard physical conditioning program for golf, which was partially modified for the TG. The TG participated in an 18-week strength training program divided into three parts: maximal strength training including weightlifting exercises (2 days a week for 6 weeks), explosive strength training with combined weights and plyometric exercises (2 days a week for 6 weeks), and golf-specific strength training, including swings with a weighted club and accelerated swings with an acceleration tubing system (3 days a week for 6 weeks). Body mass, body fat, muscle mass, jumping ability, isometric grip strength, maximal strength (RM), ball speed, and golf club mean acceleration were measured on five separate occasions. The TG demonstrated significant increases (p < 0.05) in maximal and explosive strength after 6 weeks of training and in driving performance after 12 weeks. These improvements remained unaltered during the 6-week golf-specific training period and even during a 5-week detraining period. It may be concluded that an 18-week strength training program can improve maximal and explosive strength and these increases can be transferred to driving performance; however, golfers need time to transfer the gains.     

Nifedipine in hypertensive emergencies.

The effects and safety of using oral nifedipine 10-20 mg as acute antihypertensive treatment were studied in a single-blind placebo-controlled study of 25 consecutive patients with very high blood pressure requiring emergency reduction. In addition the effect of this treatment on cerebral blood flow was investigated using xenon-133 in 10 patients randomly allocated to receive oral nifedipine or intravenous clonidine. Whereas placebo did not alter the blood pressure, oral nifedipine significantly reduced the systolic and diastolic blood pressures in all 25 patients (from 221 +/- 22/126 +/- 14 mm Hg to 152 +/- 20/89 +/- 12 mm Hg after 30 minutes, p less than 0.001). Heart rate increased from 74 +/- 11 to 84 +/- 11 beats/minute (p less than 0.01); this effect was inversely related to age (r = -0.65, p less than 0.01). The falls in systolic and diastolic blood pressures were closely related to the blood pressures before treatment ) r = 0.67, p less than 0.001 for systolic, and r = -0.58, p less than 0.01 for diastolic values). No serious unwanted effects were observed. Measurement of cerebral blood flow after nifedipine showed an increase in flow in four out of five patients. Clonidine, by contrast, reduced cerebral blood flow in all patients by up to 28%. Nifedipine is a simple, effective, and safe alternative drug for managing hypertensive emergencies, especially when continuous monitoring of the patient cannot be guaranteed.     

Effectiveness and tolerability of a standardized extract from Hibiscus sabdariffa in patients with mild to moderate hypertension: a controlled and randomized clinical trial.

In order to compare the antihypertensive effectiveness and tolerability of a standardized extract from Hibiscus sabdariffa with captopril, a controlled and randomized clinical trial was done. Patients from 30 to 80 years old with diagnosed hypertension and without antihypertensive treatment for at least 1 month before were included. The experimental procedure consisted of the administration of an infusion prepared with 10 g of dry calyx from H. sabdariffa on 0.51 water (9.6 mg anthocyanins content), daily before breakfast, or captopril 25 mg twice a day, for 4 weeks. The outcome variables were tolerability, therapeutic effectiveness (diastolic reduction > or = 10 mm Hg) and, in the experimental group, urinary electrolytes modification. Ninety subjects were included, 15 withdrew from the study due to non-medical reasons; so, the analysis included 39 and 36 patients from the experimental and control group, respectively. The results showed that H. sabdariffa was able to decrease the systolic blood pressure (BP) from 139.05 to 123.73mm Hg (ANOVA p < 0.03) and the diastolic BP from 90.81 to 79.52mm Hg (ANOVA p < 0.06). At the end of the study, there were no significant differences between the BP detected in both treatment groups (ANOVA p > 0.25). The rates of therapeutic effectiveness were 0.7895 and 0.8438 with H. sabdariffa and captopril, respectively (chi2, p > 0.560), whilst the tolerability was 100% for both treatments. A natriuretic effect was observed with the experimental treatment. The obtained data confirm that the H. sabdariffa extract, standardized on 9.6mg of total anthocyanins, and captopril 50 mg/day, did not show significant differences relative to hypotensive effect, antihypertensive effectiveness, and tolerability.     

Two short, daily activity bouts vs. one long bout: are health and fitness improvements similar over twelve and twenty-four weeks?

This study sought to determine whether a 12-week intermittent (INT; 2 x 15 min.d(-1)) exercise program yielded similar improvements in cardiovascular health and fitness, compared with a traditional 12-week, 30-minute continuous (CON; 1 x 30 min.d(-1)) exercise program. A second purpose was to determine the effects of switching exercise programs and continuing training for an additional 12 weeks. Twenty women and 17 men, (age 48.8 +/- 9.0 years) were divided randomly into 2 groups: INT (n = 20) and CON (n = 17). Aerobic exercise was performed 4 d.wk(-1) for 12 weeks. Subjects then crossed over to the opposite training program for an additional 12 weeks of training. Subjects exercised incrementally for weeks 1-4 and training was conducted at 70-80% heart rate reserve for weeks 5-24. Both groups showed comparable exercise adherence, completing 96.6 +/- 12.2% (CON) and 96.3% +/- 17.7% (INT) of the prescribed exercise time. The INT walked at a lower percentage of Vo(2)max, maximum heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure (p < 0.05). Maximal oxygen consumption increased by 4.5% in CON and by 8.7% in INT. Following the second 12 weeks, Vo(2)max increased by 3.6 and 7.7% in CON and INT, respectively. Treadmill test time increased by 41 seconds in CON (p < 0.05) and 71 seconds in INT (p < 0.05) after 12 weeks of training. High-density lipoproteins significantly increased in the INT group following the first 12 weeks of training. This study suggests that an INT exercise program, which is incremental in nature, provides comparable, and in some cases greater, health and fitness benefits than those expected following traditional CON exercise training.     

The left ventricle and hemodynamic patterns in essential hypertension

Hemodynamic patterns in hypertensive patients by radionuclide techniques and tomographic gamma camera were evaluated. In younger hypertensive patients, the hyperkinetic state reflected an increase in heart rate and, consequently, an increased cardiac index and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Older hypertensive patients, however, showed a different hemodynamic pattern, with reduced systolic and diastolic function at rest compared with normotensive elderly people, and marked depression of cardiac systolic and diastolic reserve during exercise. They also showed strikingly higher hyperresistance and reduced peripheral perfusion. These hemodynamic differences need to be taken into account when considering antihypertensive treatment. In a study in 106 elderly hypertensive patients, treatment with four different antihypertensive drugs produced a significant decrease in total peripheral resistance and blood pressure, together with a reduction in left ventricular (LV) afterload and an increase in cardiac output and LVEF (tending towards normal values). The LV peak filling rate was also increased and evaluation of systolic and diastolic cardiac reserve during exercise showed positive changes in cardiac performance. Left ventricular hyperthropy (LVH) is a powerful predictor of cardiac events. Long-term increases in BP predispose to LVH, impaired diastolic relaxation and, ultimately, ventricular dysfunction. A reduction in LVH produces a number of different beneficial effects. Coronary flow reserve was evaluated in hypertensive patients. Coronary flow reserve was highly impaired in comparison with normotensive controls, and increases in arteriolar wall thickness, collagen content and diastolic dysfunction were also noted. A marked improvement in coronary flow reserve in patients who received antihypertensive therapy was confirmed.     

Diastolic dysfunction and intraventricular dyssynchrony are restored by low intensity exercise training in obese men

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a low-intensity training program on subclinical cardiac dysfunction and on dyssynchrony in moderately obese middle aged men. Ten obese and 14 age-matched normal-weight men (BMI: 33.6 ± 1.0 and 24.2 ± 0.5 kg/m(2)) were included. Obese men participated in an 8-week low-intensity training program without concomitant diet. Cardiac function and myocardial synchrony were assessed by echocardiography with tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) and speckle tracking echocardiography (STE). At baseline, obese men showed diastolic dysfunction on standard echocardiography, lower strain values (systolic strain: 15.9 ± 0.9 vs. 18.8 ± 0.3%, diastolic strain rate: 0.81 ± 0.09 vs. 1.05 ± 0.06 s(-1)), and significant intraventricular dyssynchrony (systolic: 13.3 ± 2.1 vs. 5.4 ± 2.1 ms, diastolic: 17.4 ± 3.2 vs. 9.1 ± 2.1 ms) (P < 0.05 vs. controls for all variables). Training improved aerobic fitness, decreased systolic blood pressure and heart rate, and reduced fat mass without weight loss. Diastolic function, strain values (systolic strain: 17.4 ± 0.9%, diastolic strain rate: 0.96 ± 0.12 s(-1)) and intraventricular dyssynchrony (systolic: 3.3 ± 1.7 ms, diastolic: 5.5 ± 3.4 ms) improved significantly after training (P < 0.05 vs. baseline values for all variables), reaching levels similar to those of normal-weight men. In conclusion, in obese men, a short and easy-to-perform low intensity training program restored diastolic function and cardiac synchrony and improved body composition without weight loss.     

Effects of exercise training on plasma catecholamines and blood pressure in labile hypertensive subjects

Plasma catecholamine concentrations (norepinephrine, NE; epinephrine, E) were measured along with heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) at rest in supine (20 min) and standing (10 min) positions and in response to cycle ergometer exercise (5 min; 60% estimated maximal aerobic power) in 12 hypertensive patients before and after 20 weeks of aerobic training on cycle ergometer (six males, one female) or by jogging (five males). In a control group of labile hypertensive patients (five males, two females), estimated maximal aerobic power as well as HR and BP at rest in the supine and standing positions and in response to exercise were not modified from the first to the second evaluation (43 +/- 4 vs 43 +/- 5 ml.kg-1.min-1). In comparison estimated maximal aerobic power significantly increased in both training groups (cycle: 38 +/- 4 to 43 +/- 4; jogging: 38 +/- 3 to 46 +/- 4 ml.kg-1.min-1). However HR and BP were not modified following training, except for small reductions in systolic (18.9 to 18 kPa: 142 to 135 mmHg) and diastolic pressures (13.3 to 12 kPa: 100 to 90 mmHg) (p less than 0.05) at standing rest in the cycle group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Telmisartan in the treatment of hypertension in patients with chronic renal insufficiency

The primary aim of this study was evaluation of the efficacy of telmisartan (angiotensin II receptor blocker- AT(1) blocker) on blood pressure in 10 patients with renal impairment in moderate or advanced stages of renal insufficiency and not dependent on haemodialysis. Its effect on proteinuria, renal function (represented by serum urea, creatinine, glomerular filtration), evaluation of overall therapy compliance in comparison with a previously prescribed angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) were secondary aims. Considering the presence of left ventricle hypertrophy in all patients as a marker of hypertensive cardiopathy, the effect of telmisartan therapy on non-invasive cardiovascular parameters (ECG, echocardiography, and assessment of heart rate variability-HRV) was also evaluated. The study group involved 10 hypertensive patients (6 women, 4 men) with diabetic and non-diabetic renal impairment, proteinuria above 1 g/24 hours, hypertensive cardiopathy and intolerance of ACEI (cough). Telmisartan was added to their long-term antihypertensive combination therapy in a dose of 40 mg for the first 14 days, after which the dose increased to the maximal of 80 mg. The average initial daytime systolic blood pressure (SBP) was 149 +/- 19.7 mm Hg, average night-time SBP 145 +/- 23.0 mm Hg, average initial daytime diastolic BP (DBP) 90.6 +/- 2.5 mm Hg, night-time DBP 88.9 +/- 13.5 mm Hg. Average initial serum creatinine was 207.2 +/- 48.5 micromol/l, urea 15.1 +/- 4.4 mmol/l, GF 0.5 +/- 0.1 ml/s. Echocardiography revealed left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy with well preserved systolic and moderately impaired diastolic LV function. Also the HRV assessment revealed impaired neurovegetative (e.g. sympathovagal) balance. After 1 year of combination therapy with telmisartan, there was a clearly significant reduction in both SBP and DBP in both day and night-time (SBP daytime 149.6 vs.116.6 mm Hg, night-time 145.8 vs. 129.5 mm Hg; DBP daytime 90.6 vs. 83.5 mm Hg, night-time 88.9 vs. 79.3 mm Hg) and proteinuria (2.37 vs. 1.27 g/24 hour, p < 0.05). There were no significant changes in serum creatinine, urea values, and LV functions. On the other hand, further progression of the sympathovagal balance impairment was noted (continuing reduction of HRV in 9 from 10 patients), which can be described as the priority finding. The total compliance of telmisartan therapy was very good and without adverse clinical side effects. In conclusion - telmisartan reduces blood pressure and proteinuria safely and effectively in patients with various types of nephropathy in moderate or advanced stages of renal insufficiency.