稳定表达人Fhit突变体细胞系的建立

目的:构建人脆性组氨酸三联体(Fhit)突变体真核表达载体并建立稳定表达人Fhit突变体的细胞株,以便进一步研究Fhit与复制蛋白A(RPA)在体内的相互作用。方法:将3种人Fhit突变体cDNA克隆至带有HA标签的真核表达载体pREP10上,构建人Fhit突变体真核表达载体,转染HeLa细胞,经潮霉素B加压筛选阳性克隆,用Western印迹鉴定稳定表达Fhit突变体蛋白FhitA、FhitD和FhitF的阳性细胞株。结果:经PCR鉴定及序列分析,Fhit突变体基因真核表达载体pREP10/FhitA/D/F-HA构建正确,转染人HeLa细胞,筛选出Fhit突变体表达较高的细胞株。结论:建立了3株稳定表达Fhit突变体的细胞株HeLa-FhitA/D/F,为研究Fhit与RPA的相互作用在DNA损伤应答中发挥的作用奠定了基础。     

中国株HIV-1核心蛋白真核表达载体的构建与表达

运用限制性内切酶XbaⅠ、SalⅠ对pKSGAG进行双酶切,获得HIV-lgag基因,并与真核表达载体pCI—neo连接,构建含有中国流行株HIV-1核心蛋白真核表达载体pCI—neoGAG。经XbaⅠ／SalⅠ双酶切及测序鉴定证实,成功地构建了HIV-1核心蛋白真核表达载体pCI-neoGAG。通过脂质体将pCI—neoGAG转染入p815细胞,G418筛选4周后,使用间接免疫荧光方法检测表达产物。结果表明所构建的HIV-1核心蛋白真核表达载体能在p815细胞中高效表达,为下一步进行HIV-1 DNA疫苗研究奠定了基础。     

人组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(t-PA)突变体在CHO细胞中的高效表达

构建了二氢叶酸还原酶(dhfr)选择基因启动子上游无增强子(cnhancer)的组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(t-PA)组合突变体FrGGI真核表达质粒pZLFrGGI。将pZLFrGGI酶切线性化,采用大剂量DNA电击介导法,转染dhfr基因缺陷型中国仓鼠卵巢细胞系(CHO-dhfr~-)。用氨甲喋呤(MTX)筛选转染细胞。混合加压后,挑选克隆,在1×10~(-7)mol/L MTX压力下,得到了表达水平达1500～2500IU/10~6细胞·24小时的细胞株。此细胞株表达水平稳定,形态良好,倍增时间为36小时,且有进一步提高表达水平的潜能,有望发展为工程细胞株。     

人组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(t-PA)组合突变体FrGGI在CHO细胞中的高效表达

为了得到t—PA组合突变体FrGGI在CHO细胞中的高效表达,将表达质粒筛选基因启动子上游的增强子(enhancer)去除．构建了FrGGI真核表达质粒pZLFrGGI。酶切线性化后．采用大剂量DNA电击介导法,转染dhfr基因缺陷型中国仓鼠卵巢细胞系(CHO-dhfr^-)。氨甲喋呤(MTX)筛选转染细胞,混合加压．挑选克隆。在1×10^-7mol／L MTX压力下。获得表达水平达1 500～2500Iu/106细胞·24h的细胞株。此细胞株表达水平稳定,形态良好．倍增时间约为36h．且有进一步提高表达水平的潜能,有望发展为工程细胞株。     

人红细胞生成素工程细胞株的特性鉴定

目的：为了对人红细胞生成素工程细胞株(F10—6)进行特性鉴定。方法：将人红细胞生成素基因构建的重组表达质粒pCDB与标志质粒pSV—dhfr共转染CHO-dhfr^-细胞中,经氨甲喋呤加压筛选和亚克隆挑选,获得高效稳定表达EPO的工程细胞株并对其进行鉴定。结果：实验结果表明,工程细胞株无细菌、支原体、真菌和病毒污染;并无致瘤性;染色体数目不变;连续传代50次和三次冻存复苏后,细胞表达稳定。结论：该工程细胞株可用于工业化生产。     

tPA/gGH双基因转染山羊乳腺上皮细胞表达分析

人组织纤溶酶原激活剂(tissue-type plasminogen activator,tPA)是一种被广泛应用于临床的溶栓药物。双基因共整合入生物体内能够产生协同作用,从而提高目的基因的表达水平。但是目前,利用gGH基因与tPA基因共整合以期提高tPA表达水平的相关研究较少。为筛选获得tPA高表达的tPA/gGH双基因整合的单克隆转基因山羊乳腺上皮细胞株,本研究以β-casein基因作为调控序列,构建乳腺特异性表达载体PCL25/gGH,并通过电转染将tPA和gGH双基因共转染山羊乳腺上皮细胞;通过G418筛选获得抗性细胞株,经PCR检测获得转基因单克隆细胞株;利用催乳素诱导tPA表达,收集48 h后细胞诱导液进行ELISA()和Western blotting检测并分析其tPA表达水平。结果表明,共获得142株抗性单克隆细胞,其中有53株tPA单基因整合细胞株,34株tPA/gGH双基因整合细胞株,双基因整合率达23.9%(34/142)。共检测出29株细胞能够表达tPA,其中单基因表达细胞为12株,表达率为22.6%(12/53);双基因表达细胞为17株,表达率为50.0%(17/34);且单基因细胞表达tPA含量为7.5~52.0μg/mL,而双基因细胞表达tPA含量为40~360μg/mL,明显高于单基因表达水平。本研究通过电转染的方式成功获得了tPA/gGH双基因整合的单克隆山羊乳腺上皮细胞株,并证明双基因整合的细胞株表达tPA水平明显提高,为后期制备高表达转基因山羊奠定了基础。     

基于流式细胞术分选的高效表达外源基因细胞的筛选

目的：以增强型绿色荧光蛋白（EGFP）作为报告基因,用流式细胞术筛选高表达EGFP的细胞,从而获得外源基因高效表达细胞株。方法：构建在EGFPC端编码区融合新霉素（neomycin）抗性基因的融合基因EGFP-Neomycin,将其插入pcDNA3.1（＋）载体,构建EGFP-Neomycin融合基因表达载体pcDNAEN,转染CHO-K1细胞,G418加压筛选和倒置荧光显微镜观察证实所表达的EGFP-Neomycin融合蛋白具有新霉素抗性和激发EGFP荧光双功能;将编码组织型纤溶酶原激活剂（tPA）的cDNA插入pcDNAEN中CMV启动子下游,构建表达tPA的表达载体pcDNAEN/tPA。结果：流式细胞术分析和tPA纤维蛋白溶解活性测定表明,pcDNAEN/tPA转染CHO-K1细胞的EGFP相对荧光强度（RFT）的自然对数值与tPA表达水平呈明显的直线相关关系,相关系数为0.983;比较部分未经流式细胞仪分选的pcDNAEN/tPA转染阳性细胞克隆和RFT分布在100～1000的pcDNAEN/tPA转染阳性细胞克隆的tPA表达水平,经流式细胞术分选获得的细胞克隆的tPA平均表达水平和最高表达水平分别是未经分选获得的细胞克隆的3.9倍和4.1倍。结论：构建的EGFP-Neomycin融合基因具有双功能,建立了利用流式细胞术筛选外源基因高效表达物细胞株的方法。     

CHO/dhfr-细胞定点整合高效表达系统的建立

为了克服随机整合建立高表达细胞株时“位置效应”所带来的不可预知的后果,我们尝试建立基于定点整合的CHO高效表达系统。首先设计一个新的高效筛选载体pMCEscan。该载体含有报告基因(k2tPA)、扩增基因(dhfr)、重组酶识别序列(FRT)及筛选基因(neo),且neo基因的表达经过系统的弱化,确保能够对基因组中的整合位点进行大规模的高效筛选。然后利用该载体转染CHO/dhfr-细胞并进行大规模筛选以获得足够多的阳性克隆,并对阳性克隆进行系统分析,筛选出报告基因表达水平高、单拷贝且扩增效果好的克隆,此克隆被认为筛选载体整合入CHO细胞基因组中转录热点(Hotspot)区域,从而获得了能够实现外源基因在基因组中定点整合和有效表达的CHO/dhfr-细胞系。随后利用位点特异性重组系统(FLP-FRT)将外源基因定点整合到Hotspot区域,以实现外源基因在CHO细胞基因组中的定点整合及高效表达。并利用该细胞系实现了k2tPA的高表达,表达量达到17.1μg/106cell.24h。该研究致力于CHO细胞基因组中高表达位点的寻找和确认,建立基于定点整合的哺乳动物细胞高效表达系统。     

t-PA突变体真核表达载体的构建及其在COS-7细胞的瞬时表达

根据tPAcDNA的全长序列,设计了扩增tPA信号肽cDNA的引物,并进而获得了信号肽cDNA片段。将其回收纯化后,作为上游引物,结合原有的tPA下游引物,分别以tPA的缺失性原核表达载体pErA,以及后者的点突变体pErA(K)为模板,进行PCR反应,从而使二者各自增加了信号肽部分。进一步将其分别克隆至pcDNA30,构建了相应的真核表达载体pCSRA与pCSRK。酶切及测序结果均证明了构建的正确性。经LIPOFECTAMINE[TM]2000Reagent将其分别转染至COS7细胞,并同时设以pCDNA30为阴性对照。取转染后不同时间培养上清,以FAPA法进行检测。结果表明,上述构建载体的表达产物具有良好的溶圈活性。本实验为tPA突变体在真核细胞的稳定表达奠定了基础 。     

人尿激酶原cDNA在中国仓鼠卵巢细胞(CH0)中高效表达研究

通过构建高效表达载体,改进转染方法,与二氢叶酸还原酶(dhfr)基因共扩增等手段在CH0细胞内高效表达了人尿激酶原(Pr0-UK)cDNA。首先将pro—UK cDNA插入到sR α启动子的下游,构建成表达质粒pMGl0102,在cos－7细胞内进行暂时性表达,结果表明此启动子的表达水平比SV40早期启动子高约5倍。然后将质粒pMG10102和pSV2－dhfr线性化后用磅酸钙共沉淀法转染CH0－dhfr-细胞,经一系列筛选后获得20个能表达pro—UK的细胞克隆,纤维蛋白溶解平板法(FAPA)测定表达水平为12．5—100IU／10⁶cells／d．再经MTX加压共扩增,得到9株高表达细胞系,其中最高的表达水平达到400—500Iu／10‘cells／d。2—3个月连续传代,表达水平未下降,表明细胞株是稳定的。Western Blot分析证明细胞分泌的重组pro－UK具有与天然pro—UK相同的分子量,而且培养液中不加蛋白酶抑制剂时,分泌的重组UK大部分为单链(60％以上)。     

CHO/dhfr-细胞定点整合高效表达系统的建立

为了克服随机整合建立高表达细胞株时“位置效应”所带来的不可预知的后果,我们尝试建立基于定点整合的CHO高效表达系统。首先设计一个新的高效筛选载体pMCEscan。该载体含有报告基因（k2tPA）、扩增基因（dhfr）、重组酶识别序列（FRT）及筛选基因（neo）,且neo基因的表达经过系统的弱化,确保能够对基因组中的整合位点进行大规模的高效筛选。然后利用该载体转染CHO／dhfr^-细胞并进行大规模筛选以获得足够多的阳性克隆,并对阳性克隆进行系统分析,筛选出报告基因表达水平高、单拷贝且扩增效果好的克隆,此克隆被认为筛选载体整合入CHO细胞基因组中转录热点（Hotspot）区域,从而获得了能够实现外源基因在基因组中定点整合和有效表达的CHO／dhfr-细胞系。随后利用位点特异性重组系统（FLP-FRT）将外源基因定点整合到Hotspot区域,以实现外源基因在CHO细胞基因组中的定点整合及高效表达。并利用该细胞系实现了k2tPA的高表达,表达量达到17．1μg／10^6cell·24h。该研究致力于CHO细胞基因组中高表达位点的寻找和确认,建立基于定点整合的哺乳动物细胞高效表达系统。     

Generation of recombinant CHO(dhfr-) cell lines by single selection for dhfr+ transformants.

In order to establish a mammalian cell expression system with a minimum of selection steps and a stable expression of microgram amounts of recombinant protein (human tissue-type plasminogen activator mutants and chimeric proteins) per 10(6) cells per day, we investigated Chinese hamster ovary cells and the dihydrofolate reductase-deficient Chinese hamster ovary cell line CHO(dhfr-). The 1tPA expression vector pCMVtPA was cotransfected either with the SV40 enhancer sequence containing dhfr expression vector pMT2 or with the enhancerless dhfr expression vector pAdD26SV(A) into CHO(dhfr-) cells. With both dhfr expression plasmids, selection for dhfr+ transformants followed by single dilution cloning was sufficient to generate cell lines with a production level of up to 4.6 micrograms tPA/10(6) cells.day. This approach is useful if gene amplification procedures are time-consuming and impracticable because of a large number of recombinant proteins. In order to establish CHO cell lines with a tPA expression level as high as that in the case of CHO(dhfr-) cells, repeated dilution cloning is necessary.     

Transformed Lepidopteran insect cells: new sources of recombinant human tissue plasminogen activator.

Stable transformation was used to generate a cloned insect cell line (Bm5 silkmoth cells) over-expressing human tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). This cell line expressed 135 microg/mL single chain tPA in serum-free medium in static culture with a maximum specific activity of 120 IU/microg. In serum-containing medium, this line expressed 160 microg/mL of combined single-chain tPA, two-chain tPA, and a higher molecular weight SDS-stable tPA complex in suspension cultures with a maximum specific activity of 255 IU/microg. Approximately 100 copies of the tPA cDNA were randomly integrated into each Bm5 cell. For secretion of recombinant tPA from Bm5 cells, the native human tPA signal peptide is as effectively recognized as an insect specific signal peptide derived from a silkmoth chorion gene. Finally, stably transformed polyclonal populations of Bm5, High Five, and Sf21 cells expressing tPA were generated and compared for relative tPA expression.     

Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) as a reporter gene in transient gene expression

Using the gene coding for tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) as a reporter gene, a transient gene expression system has been established. Vectors containing the full-length cDNA of tPA with its signal sequences were introduced into mammalian recipient cells by a modified gene transfer procedure. Thirty hours after transfection, the secreted tPA was found in serum-free medium and measured by a fibrin-agarose plate assay (FAPA). In this assay, tPA converts plasminogen into plasmin which then degrades high-Mr fibrin to produce cleared zones. The sizes of these zones correspond to quantities of tPA. The combination of transient tPA expression system and the FAPA provides a quick, sensitive, quantitative and non-destructive method to examine the strength of eukaryotic regulatory elements in tissue-culture cells.     

Quantitative immunocytochemical staining for recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator in transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells

Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is a serine protease which cleaves plasminogen to its active form, plasmin. tPA plays a physiologic role in hemostasis, wound healing, and embryogenesis. Therapeutically, recombinant human tPA is used as a thrombolytic in myocardial infarction. Although production of therapeutic quantities of tPA in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells transfected with the human gene for tPA is practical, production costs remain high. One important factor which determines the ultimate cost of tPA (or any other recombinant protein expressed in mammalian cells) is its production level on a per cell basis. We have used postembedding immunocytochemical staining with colloidal gold to study the subcellular localization of tPA in CHO cells expressing recombinant tPA (rCHO) in an effort to understand the factor(s) which might limit secretion. Staining for tPA was evaluated visually and by morphometric analysis and was specific and reproducible. Serially passaged rCHO showed no significant change in staining density over 31 serial passages. Staining density was greatest over dilated cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope. Golgi stacks and large acid phosphatase-positive vacuoles (probably lysosomes) were also heavily stained. Staining of lysosomal vacuoles suggested that rCHO might be degrading nascent tPA. Incubation of rCHO with 125I-tPA showed that the cells were not internalizing tPA from the media. These results suggest that rCHO fail to secrete a portion of the tPA they synthesize and that it is degraded in lysosomes. This observation may have important implications on the choice of expression systems for efficient production of large quantities of recombinant proteins.     

Potential role for herpes simplex virus ICP8 DNA replication protein in stimulation of late gene expression.

We have identified a trans-dominant mutant form of the herpes simplex virus (HSV) DNA-binding protein ICP8 which inhibits viral replication. When expressed by the V2.6 cell line, the mutant gene product inhibited wild-type HSV production by 50- to 150-fold when the multiplicity of infection was less than 5. Production of HSV types 1 and 2 but not production of pseudorabies virus was inhibited in V2.6 cells. The inhibitory effect was not due solely to the high levels of expression, because the levels of expression were comparable to those in the permissive wild-type ICP8-expressing S-2 cell line. Experiments designed to define the block in viral production in V2.6 cells demonstrated (i) that viral alpha and beta gene expression was comparable in the different cell lines, (ii) that viral DNA replication proceeded but was reduced to approximately 20% of the control cell level, and (iii) that late gene expression was similar to that in cells in which viral DNA replication was completely blocked. Genetic experiments indicated that the mutant gene product inhibits normal functions of ICP8. Thus, ICP8 may play distinct roles in replication of viral DNA and in stimulation of late gene expression. The dual roles of ICP8 in these two processes could provide a mechanism for controlling the transition from viral DNA synthesis to late gene expression during the viral growth cycle.     

Low level of Hox1.3 gene expression does not preclude the use of promoterless vectors to generate a targeted gene disruption. off.

A variety of experimental approaches have been devised recently to mutate mammalian genes by homologous recombination. In this report, we describe the disruption of the Hox1.3 locus by using two of these approaches, namely, positive-negative selection and activation of a promoterless gene. Interestingly, we observe similarly high frequencies of targeted disruption with both procedures. The high frequency of targeted disruption with a promoterless vector was unexpected given the extremely low level of Hox1.3 expression in the embryonic stem cell line used for these studies. These data indicate that minimal expression of the target gene is required to enrich for homologous recombination events with promoterless vectors and thus enhance the promoterless gene approach as a general strategy to mutate mammalian genes by homologous recombination.