Contributions to the systematic position of Hydrolea (Hydroleaceae) based on floral development

In the flower of Hydrolea palustris, unusually orientated with one sepal abaxially, organogenesis starts in following sequence: five sepals (2/5 sequence), five simultaneously initiated alternating petals, five episepalous stamens, two (seldom three) carpels forming a coenocarpous septate gynoecium. The two carpels are orientated rather in the diagonal floral plane than in the median one. Petal primordia fuse very late by forming interprimordial bridges (late sympetaly!). Many ovules develop on considerably widened placentas. On the very basis of the superior ovary a five-humped nectary disk is formed.Within Solanales (APG II 2003) late sympetaly, an intrastaminal disk and a 2-carpellate, septate, superior ovary are found in Hydroleaceae, Convolvulaceae, and Solanaceae. Enlarged axile placentas characterize Hydrolea, Solanaceae, and Sphenocleaceae but Sphenocleaceae differ considerably by early sympetaly. Montiniaceae differ by having a choripetalous corolla. Nearly diagonal orientation of the carpels seems to relate Hydrolea close to Solanaceae, but the orientation of the calyx is different.     

姜科植物研究进展

姜科植物在种类、外部性状及内部解剖等方面具有高度的复杂性,其传粉方式也显示出了丰富的多样性。因此,姜科植物的研究对姜目乃至单子叶植物的系统与进化研究,都具有十分重要的意义。本文综述了国内外有关姜科植物在分类学、系统学、解剖学、花器官发生学和繁殖生物学等方面的研究和进展,以期能为该类群的系统研究提供一定的帮助。     

Anatomy and ontogeny of unisexual flowers in dioecious Woonyoungia septentrionalis （Dandy） Law （Magnoliaceae）

Woonyoungia septentrionalis （Dandy） Law is aceae. The floral morphology and structure of the species a dioecious species with unisexual flowers in Magnoliare conspicuously different from other species and are important to the study of floral phylogeny in this family. The floral anatomy and ontogeny were investigated to evaluate the systematic position of W. septentrionalis, using scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. All of the floral organs are initiated acropetally and spirally. The carpels are of conduplicated type without the differentiation of stigma and style. The degenerated stamens in the female flowers have the same structures as the normal stamens at the earlier developmental stages, but they do not undergo successive development and eventually degenerate. The male floral apex was observed to have the remnants of carpels in a few investigated samples. As the bisexual flower features could be traced both in the male and female flowers in W. septentrionalis, it suggests that the flower sex in Magnoliaceae tends toward unisexual. As well as the unisexual flowers, the reduced tepals and carpels and concrescence of carpels conform to the specialized tendency in Magnoliaceae, which confirms the derived position of W. septentrionalis in this family. As the initiation pattern of floral parts of W. septentrionalis is very similar to other species in this family, it needs further investigation and especially comparison with species in Kmeria to evaluate the separation of Woonyoungia.     

Floral anatomy of Bromeliaceae, with particular reference to the evolution of epigyny and septal nectaries in commelinid monocots

Floral anatomy is described in ten genera of Bromeliaceae, including three members of subfamily Bromelioideae, three Tillandsioideae, and four genera of the polyphyletic subfamily Pitcairnioideae (including Brocchinia, the putatively basal genus of Bromeliaceae). Bromeliaceae are probably unique in the order Poales in possessing septal nectaries and epigynous or semi-epigynous flowers. Evidence presented here from floral ontogeny, vasculature, and the relative positions of nectary and ovules indicates that there could have been one or more reversals to apparent hypogyny in Bromeliaceae, although this hypothesis requires a better-resolved phylogeny. Such evolutionary reversals probably evolved in response to specialist pollinators, and in conjunction with other aspects of floral morphology of Bromeliaceae, such as the petal appendages of some species. The ovary is initiated in an inferior position even in semi-epigynous or hypogynous species. The ovary of all so-called hypogynous Bromeliaceae is actually semi-inferior, because the septal nectary is infralocular; in these species the nectaries have a labyrinthine surface and many vascular bundles. Brocchinia differs from most other fully epigynous species in that each carpel is secretory at the apex and reproductive, rather than secretory, at the base.     

Comparative anatomy and systematics of woody Saxifragaceae. Deutzia*

A comparative account is given of the vegetative anatomy of 33 species and four hybrids of Deutzia. Anatomical evidence supports the retention of section Neodeutzia with Deutzia.     

滇鼠刺花的形态发生(鼠刺科)

在扫描电镜下,观察了滇鼠刺(Itea yunnanensis Franch.)花的形态发生.花3朵一束,排成总状花序.花器官为轮状结构,向心发生;花萼以2/5螺旋式相继发生,5个花瓣原基几乎同步地在花萼内侧与其互生的位置发生.雄蕊单轮对萼.当雄蕊发生后,花顶中心的分生组织开始凹陷,成为浅锅状;在其周围出现一个环状的分生组织,随之,2心皮原基产生,进而发育为马蹄形.初期的心皮相互分离,随着进一步发育,心皮内卷,彼此靠近、紧贴,逐渐于腹面合生,形成2室的中轴胎座;花柱的腹维管束通过薄壁组织连通;花期柱头融合,因此该种为合生心皮.对鼠刺属(Itea)及相关类群花发育性状和花结构进行了比较,支持把鼠刺属提升为鼠刺科(Iteaceae)的观点.     

滇鼠刺花的形态发生（鼠刺科）

在扫描电镜下 ,观察了滇鼠刺 (IteayunnanensisFranch .)花的形态发生。花 3朵一束 ,排成总状花序。花器官为轮状结构 ,向心发生 ;花萼以 2 /5螺旋式相继发生 ,5个花瓣原基几乎同步地在花萼内侧与其互生的位置发生。雄蕊单轮对萼。当雄蕊发生后 ,花顶中心的分生组织开始凹陷 ,成为浅锅状 ;在其周围出现一个环状的分生组织 ,随之 ,2心皮原基产生 ,进而发育为马蹄形。初期的心皮相互分离 ,随着进一步发育 ,心皮内卷 ,彼此靠近、紧贴 ,逐渐于腹面合生 ,形成 2室的中轴胎座 ;花柱的腹维管束通过薄壁组织连通 ;花期柱头融合 ,因此该种为合生心皮。对鼠刺属 (Itea)及相关类群花发育性状和花结构进行了比较 ,支持把鼠刺属提升为鼠刺科 (Iteaceae)的观点。     

Comparative anatomy and systematics of woody Saxifragaceae. Hydrangea*

A comparative account is given of the anatomy of 14 species of Hydrangea in addition to examples of morphological features drawn from herbarium specimens. On anatomical and morphological grounds there are strong reasons to support the separation of Hydrangea sensu lato into Hydrangea L. and Cornidia Ruiz & Pavón. The discussion follows the treatment in McClintock's monograph of Hydrangea.     

Comparative anatomy and systematics of woody Saxifragaceae. Aphanopetalum Endl.

The floral and vegetative anatomy of the small Australian genus Aphanopetalum were studied. Wood is described for the first time and is characterized by predominantly solitary pores, scalariform vessel element perforation plates with low bar numbers, imperforate tracheary elements with distinctly bordered pits, sparse axial parenchyma, and a combination of homocellular and heterocellular rayS. Starch occurs in both axial and ray parenchyma of the wood. Stems possess unilacunar, one-trace nodes and the uncommon feature of an endodermis with well-defined Casparian stripS. Leaves have anomocytic stomata, a bifacial mesophyll and semicraspedodromous venation or a combination of semicraspedodromous and brochidodromous venation. The tetramerous flowers are apetalous or have minute petals. The compound, half-inferior gynoecium consists of essentially totally united carpels. The pattern of floral vascularization resembles different Saxifragaceae sensu lalo in that the compound sepal-plane and petal-plane traces give rise to staman bundles as well as sepal, petal, and carpel wall venation in their respective planes. The ventral ovarian bundles are fused into a single ventral complex that subdivides at the top of the ovary to form ventral bundles and to supply the one ovule in each locule. Vegetative and floral features provide compelling evidence to suggest that Aphanopetalum has its nearest relatives among the Saxifragaceae sensu lato rather than Cunoniaceae. The genus is probably best treated as forming its own subfamily (or family) among the saxifragaean alliance.     

阔叶杨桐的花器官发生(山茶科)

利用扫描电镜首次观察了山茶科厚皮香亚科植物阔叶杨桐的花器官发生过程。阔叶杨桐的花被片和五束雄蕊都是2/5螺旋向心发生,且有逆时针和顺时针两种螺旋方式;五束雄蕊在环形雄蕊原基上产生,且每一束都是由中间向两端发生;由五心皮形成的中轴胎座内出现一衍生的可育胎座。阔叶杨桐的花器官发生过程与本亚科的猪血木明显不同,该研究为厚皮香亚科乃至山茶科的系统发育与演化提供花器官方面的依据。     

小花糖芥花蜜腺的解剖学研究

小花糖芥（Erysimum cheiranthoides L.)花蜜腺位于雄蕊部花托上,仅有2枚侧蜜腺,属十字花科侧蜜腺类型中的侧半环亚型,其2枚密腺均由分泌表皮,产蜜组织和维管束组成。分泌表皮上有变态气孔器,产蜜组织中有维管束分布,属较进化的十字花科花蜜腺亚型类型。蜜腺原基是在花的各部分原基基本分化完成后,由花托表面及雄蕊基部区域的1－2层细胞,经反分化形成,在蜜腺发育过程中,蜜腺组织中的液泡和多糖物质都发生了有规律的变化,其原蜜汁在产蜜组织中加工合成,最后由表皮细胞和变态气孔泌出。     

数珠珊瑚(商陆科)的花器官发生

对数珠珊瑚的花器官发生和子房的发育过程进行了观察。结果表明：(1)数珠珊瑚花被呈2／5螺旋状发生,远轴侧的1枚先发生,其次为近轴侧的1枚发生,最后侧方的2枚花被几乎同时发生,第3枚花被在靠近第1枚的位置发生,第2枚和第3枚之间有1个空隙;(2)4枚雄蕊是同时发生的;(3)心皮发生于分生组织的远轴侧,心皮原基形成后,向上向轴生长,在子房成熟前在近轴侧非正中位形成1个孔,该孔为心皮最终愈合前的残迹,到子房成熟时．因子房的生长孔被挤压缩小,在进一步的生长过程中愈合。子房由1枚心皮构成;(4)从子房发育过程的切片看,该植物的胚珠是在子房发生后不久发生的,子房上的圆孔形成时,从近轴侧的分生组织发生胚珠原基,由胚珠原基分化出珠被与珠心。     

马先蒿属植物花冠分化与繁殖适应的研究进展

结合已有的研究报道和作者近年来的工作,对马先蒿属（Pedicularis）植物的花冠多样化成因与繁殖适应特性进行了总结和探讨。通过对该属4种进化花冠型的花器官发生和分化的研究发现,花部各器官在发生和发育初期基本一致,后期上唇形态的分化是导致成熟花形态结构产生较大差异的重要阶段。孢粉学研究认为,花冠类型与花粉萌发孔类型之间具有显著相关性;萌发沟的演化可能与繁殖适应有一定的关系。分子系统学研究表明,多样化的花冠类型在不同的谱系内经过若干次的独立进化而表现出了高度的平行演化（parallelism）。传粉生物学研究证实,该属植物花冠多样化与其主要传粉者熊蜂属（Bombus）昆虫的传粉行为存在较为密切的关系。具有相同（似）花冠类型的马先蒿可能被同种或不同种的熊蜂以相同的方式访问,但在花粉落置位置上存在显著差异,这可能有助于同域分布重叠的物种间在生殖上的机械隔离,而花冠的分化在一定程度上促进了新的物种形成。     

鹅掌柴花蜜腺的发育解剖学研究

对鹅掌柴(Scheffler octophylla Harms．)花蜜腺的发育进行解剖结构观察。鹅掌柴花盘蜜腺位于下位子房上方环绕花柱基部。蜜腺由分泌表皮、产蜜组织组成,心皮维管束与其相邻并发出一些伸入蜜腺基部的短分枝。蜜腺起源于心皮原基基部外侧的几层细胞。鹅掌柴花蜜腺为淀粉型蜜腺,淀粉粒为许多微小颗粒聚集成的复粒。原蜜汁由蜜腺基部维管束的筛管提供,达产蜜组织细胞和表皮细胞后以淀粉粒的形式贮藏。泌出的蜜汁一部分来自淀粉粒的降解,一部分来自泌蜜期输入的原蜜汁。表皮和产蜜组织细胞均具泌蜜功能。泌出的蜜汁大部分通过气孔排出,还有部分由角质层渗出。