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1.
为了解黄海南部和东海太平洋褶柔鱼(Todarodes pacificus)的适宜栖息地和环境特征,阐明适宜栖息地的季节变化及环境驱动因素,促进太平洋褶柔鱼资源的合理利用和科学管理,根据2018—2019年连续四季开展的渔业资源和生态环境定点调查数据,利用适宜性指数模型阐述了各季节太平洋褶柔鱼在黄海南部和东海适宜栖息地的时空变化,采用提升回归树模型分析了各环境因子对适宜栖息地的贡献率,结合适宜栖息地的季节变化推断了太平洋褶柔鱼的洄游路径。结果表明:太平洋褶柔鱼的最适表温为9.8~27.5℃,最适表盐为23.2~34.3,最适底温为8.9~20.2℃,最适底盐为31.6~34.7,最适水深为56~133 m,最适环境条件呈现一定的季节差异;不同季节最适栖息地的分布重心主要集中在东海中北部和黄海南部外侧,呈现南北循环过程;温度对各季节太平洋褶柔鱼适宜栖息地的贡献率最高,盐度其次,水深最低。研究表明,黄海南部和东海太平洋褶柔鱼的适宜栖息地随着季节变化发生明显转移,太平洋褶柔鱼在一年的生命周期内做南北向的索饵和产卵洄游,温度是适宜栖息地最主要的环境驱动因素。  相似文献   

2.
日本海太平洋褶柔鱼生物学特征的年际变化   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
根据2010~2013年连续4个年度在日本海进行鱿钓生产采集的样本,利用SSPS软件统计拟合生长和Logistic曲线的方法,分析了太平样褶柔鱼(Todarodes pacificus)的胴长、体重、性别、性成熟度和摄食强度等生物学特征,以及日本海太平洋褶柔鱼群体结构和组成的年际变化。太平洋褶柔鱼总样本数量为388尾,其中雌、雄个体的平均胴长分别为231 mm和230 mm,优势胴长组为220~250 mm。各年度样本的雄雌性比均接近1︰1,总性比为0.89。胴长和体质量关系呈幂函数变化。Logistic曲线拟合个体初次性成熟胴长,其中雌性为216.04 mm,雄性为216.71 mm。样本以性成熟个体为主,成熟率(Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ期)高达78.35%。摄食强度主要分布在Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ等级,从胃含物组成的出现频率来看,以鱼类最高且主要是沙丁鱼类和灯笼鱼类,频率达70%以上;头足类次之,甲壳类较少。日本海太平洋褶柔鱼各年度的群落结构稍有差异,推测其生长发育与海洋环境因子有关,如温度、海流、盐度、饵料丰度等不同变化造成。  相似文献   

3.
冬季东海太平洋褶柔鱼的空间异质性特征   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
张寒野  胡芬 《生态学杂志》2005,24(11):1299-1302
运用地统计学的方法,根据2002年12月东海区121个站位的资源监测调查数据,拟合变异函数最优模型,计算各向同性下的模型参数和不同方向上的分维数,分析了冬季东海北部和南部太平洋褶柔鱼的空间异质性特征,并进一步探讨了其空间格局与环境的关系。结果表明,在各向同性条件下,东海北部和南部具有相似的空间异质性特征,其变异函数均能用球状模型拟合,呈聚集空间格局,空间变程大约为440 km,随机性因素占空间异质性的30%左右,结构性因素占空间异质性的70%左右,处于主导地位。各向异性分析表明,在东海北部,135°和90°方向的分维数最高,分别为1.954和1.893,说明太平洋褶柔鱼在这两个方向上分布较均匀,空间依赖性较小,这与东南-西北方向的黄海暖流和西-东方向的长江冲淡水一致;而在东海南部,45°方向的分维数最高,为1.999,太平洋褶柔鱼在此方向分布上的同质性与西南-东北方向的黑潮主干及台湾暖流相对应。这说明,海流是影响较大尺度生态过程上太平洋褶柔鱼分布的主要环境要素。  相似文献   

4.
为研究拉尼娜与正常年东海太平洋褶柔鱼的耳石外形生长特征差异,对2020年间(正常年)和2021年间(拉尼娜年)2—4月我国灯光围网船在东海海域生产调查期间采集的太平洋褶柔鱼样本进行了分析。结果表明:耳石总长(TSL)、侧区长(LDL)、翼区长(WL)和最大宽度(MW)可作为描述东海太平洋褶柔鱼耳石外形生长特征的表征参数。不同气候年间、不同性别耳石的形态表征参数均具有显著性差异:正常年样本的耳石表征参数值均大于拉尼娜年;除拉尼娜年的TSL,其余表征参数均表现为雌性大于雄性。生长方程表明,不同气候年间雄性均较雌性耳石增长更快,正常年TSL、LDL和WL增长更快,拉尼娜年MW增长更快。太平洋褶柔鱼耳石的相对尺寸随个体生长均呈现逐渐减缓的趋势。  相似文献   

5.
杨林林  姜亚洲  程家骅 《生态学报》2010,30(7):1825-1833
依据1997-2000年在东海(26°00′-33°00′N、120°30′-128°00′E)进行的4个季节的底拖网调查资料,分析了该海区太平洋褶柔鱼生殖群体的时空分布特征,同时结合广义相加模型(GAM),量化分析了各环境因子对于其种群成熟度指数(PMI)空间分布的影响机制。结果表明:太平洋褶柔鱼生殖群体春、夏、秋、冬4个季节在东海均有分布;秋季PMI值最高,春季最低;4个季节太平洋褶柔鱼生殖群体的分布范围均较广,主要集中在东海外海受台湾暖流和黑潮控制的水域。太平洋褶柔鱼生殖群体的环境适应性存在明显的季节差异:其分布的底温范围为:春季14.70-18.30℃、夏季13.18-20.91℃、秋季13.96-24.67℃、冬季14.33-19.75℃。底盐范围为:春季29.52-34.63、夏季31.57-34.27、秋季32.26-34.72、冬季34.25-34.70。水深范围为:春季55-179m,夏季43-176m、秋季40-184m、冬季79-152m。综上所述,东海太平洋褶柔鱼生殖群体的时空分布具有广范围、多季度的特点,这种分布特征可有效降低其幼体间的种间竞争,为确保其种群繁衍提供有利保障。  相似文献   

6.
水稻挥发性信息化合物对昆虫的作用   总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0  
植物挥发性化合物是联系植物、害虫和天敌间3层营养关系的关键信息因子。是害虫防治理论与实践的基础.首先,介绍了水稻挥发性信息化合物的基本化学特征及其在植食性昆虫和天敌昆虫寄主选择中的作用;其次,分析了水稻挥发性信息化合物的产生与作用机制及其生态学功能和水稻挥发性信息化合物研究中存在的问题;最后,展望了水稻挥发性信息化合物的研究前景.对水稻挥发性化合物的更进一步研究有两个方向,一是对存在于水稻体内,启动相关代谢途径的小分子信号物质的生理生化和分子生物学特性进行研究;二是研究捕食性节肢动物对信息化合物的接收、识别和学习等行为及与这些行为相关的生理生化和分子基础.  相似文献   

7.
    
Selected commercial and technical grade pesticides were tested against the egg, preparasite and adult stages of Agamermis unka , a nematode parasite of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens . The commercial insecticide, diazinon (LC = 0.37 ppm), was most toxic to the 50 preparasites, followed by phenthoate (LC = 0.43 ppm), BPMC (LC = 0.44 ppm), IBP 50 50 (LC = 0.46 ppm), cartap hydrochloride (LC = 0.82 ppm) and buprofezin + isoprocarb 50 50 (LC = 1.11 ppm). The least toxic commercial pesticide tested was the fungicide, pencycuron 50 (LC = 2.19 ppm). Out of 12 technical grade insecticides tested, phenthoate, monocrotophos, 50 diazinon and carbofuran (LC = 0.37-0.46 ppm) were highly toxic to the preparasites, followed by 50 buprofezin, BPMC and fenitrothion (LC = 0.74-0.86 ppm). Fenthion, etofenprox, chlorpyrifos, 50 imidacloprid and MIPC (LC = 1.11-2.19 ppm) were the technical grade insecticides least toxic 50 to the preparasites. Most preparasites survived for up to 24 h at the low insecticide concentrations (0.63 and 0.31 ppm). Preparasites that were exposed to BPMC for 24 h at concentrations as high as 5.0 ppm and survived the treatments infected brown planthopper nymphs. Four selected insecticides-chlorpyrifos, BPMC, imidacloprid and carbofuran-had significant adverse effects on A. unka egg hatching. Eggs that were in the insecticide solution for 168 h fared poorly with imidacloprid having the best survival ( > 2% of the eggs hatching at 0.04 ppm). No eggs hatched from the other insecticide treatments. Three selected insecticides, BPMC, imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos, tested against adult A. unka showed that most adults survived the exposure to the insecticides between 0.31 and 2.5 ppm. At 5.0 ppm of BPMC or chlorpyrifos none of the adults survived, whereas with imidacloprid 70% of the adults survived. Egg deposition by the surviving adults was greatly reduced in those treated with the insecticides compared with those in the controls. Imidacloprid had some negative impact on the preparasites' ability to infect BPH nymphs, but it had the least detrimental effect of the insecticides tested on preparasite survival and on the eggs and adults of A. unka .  相似文献   

8.
9.
    
Oebalus poecilus is the most serious insect pest of rice in many South American countries. Presently, control of O. poecilus is wholly by the application of monocrotophos and most farmers use insecticides. Tachinid parasitoids are possible components in an IPM programme and their spatio-temporal dynamics were investigated for the first time over four crop seasons.  相似文献   

10.
  总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
  相似文献   

11.
本文综述了近年来有关地上部植物信息化合物在植物一害虫一天敌三营养级关系中的信息联系,分析地上部植物信息化合物在植物一害虫、植物一天敌、植物个体内和个体间信号传递的生态学功能,阐明地上部植物信息化合物在害虫治理中的应用潜力,包括害虫诱捕和诱杀、昆虫种群监测、植物拒避剂、干扰害虫对寄主搜索、“推一拉”策略和植物内源激发子的应用等,讨论了地上部植物信息化合物与其他控害手段的协同作用,以及在生产实践中可能存在的相关问题,旨在为地上部植物信息化合物在害虫持续治理中的应用提供科学指导。  相似文献   

12.
植物标本馆防虫方法   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6       下载免费PDF全文
虫害是植物标本保藏的最大威胁。防虫一直是植物标本馆管理工作的重点。在中国科学院华南植物研究所标本馆70多年管理经验的基础上,近年来在标本保藏技术上不断改进,探索出一些实用的防虫措施和方法,如:驱虫剂、低温冷冻净化法、熏蒸法等。  相似文献   

13.
Adult females of the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot are strongly attracted to infochemicals released by plants infested with their prey, the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch), thereby effectively locating their prey. However, we found a consistently lower degree of attraction to these infochemicals for a population of P. persimilis, which is called non-responding population. Here we demonstrate that this low degree of attraction is a contagious phenomenon and that it cannot be explained by differences in abiotic conditions, physiological state and experience of predators or by genetic differences between predator populations. Female predators exposed to dead conspecifics of the non-responding population and their products showed a lower degree of attraction to plant odours and a higher mortality than predators exposed to products of a living conspecific of the non-responding population. This was true 6–7 days after contact with dead conspecifics and their products whereas 2 days after contact no effects were detected. The present results are discussed in view of our hypothesis that the change in foraging behaviour as well as the high mortality rate are symptoms of a contagious disease affecting the non-responding population.  相似文献   

14.
无公害水稻生产的病虫草调控技术及其效应的研究   总被引:6,自引:6,他引:6  
利用无公害农药和农业措施防治水稻主要病虫草试验结果表明,井·腊芽、井冈霉素和多抗霉素在水稻分蘖末期和孕穗末期各喷施1次,对纹枯病防效达75.16%~94.27%,优于化学杀菌剂三唑酮;春雷霉素和灭瘟素在叶瘟病发生初期及破肚期、齐穗期各喷施1次,对叶瘟防效为50.54%~72.67%,穗瘟为76.66%~8742%,与化学杀菌剂三环唑相当3种无公害农药在二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟1~2龄幼虫期使用,苏云金杆菌防效优于化学杀虫剂杀虫双,皂素·烟碱和苦参碱与杀虫双相当;皂素·烟碱和苦参碱在稻飞虱1~2龄若虫期使用,药后3~30d防效均在70%以上,低于化学杀虫剂吡虫啉,在水稻移栽前耕地2次,再配合施用适量的未腐熟有机质或人工除草,能控制杂草发生和提高产量,采用无公害农药和农业措施防治水稻病虫草,产量较常规化防区略有增加,稻谷中农药残留量较化防区低,符合绿色食品卫生指标要求。  相似文献   

15.
    
Urban agroecosystems can provide habitat for biodiversity and can benefit human communities through urban food provisioning. Moreover, urban agroecosystems could be managed so as to optimize ecosystem services like natural pest control provided by trophic interactions between natural enemies and herbivores. As in other ecosystems, predation and parasitism regulate herbivores in urban settings, but less is known about the relative importance of direct and indirect effects at local and landscape scales in highly managed urban agroecosystems. We collected data on herbivore (cabbage aphid) density and parasitism ratios (proportion of parasitized aphid “mummies”) in 25 community gardens in three counties in the California central coast, USA. We used structural equation modeling to examine the effects of direct factors (host plant characteristics and parasitism) and indirect factors (soil, garden, and landscape characteristics) on herbivore density changes at two time points in the growing season (June and August). Aphid density, but not parasitism, varied across counties over the season, and there was a strong negative relationship between aphid density and parasitism. Direct effects were strong drivers of aphid density but not parasitism. In June, aphid density increased with host plant volume but decreased with greater floral density, while parasitism was only influenced by aphid density. In August, host plant volume similarly positively affected aphid density, and soil water holding capacity increased host plant volume. In addition, host plant density had a strong negative effect on parasitism. Urban gardeners may be able to reduce aphid pest densities by increasing floral resource density and strategically spatially distributing host plants throughout garden beds, though these processes depend on the season. The indirect effects of soil water holding capacity on aphid densities further suggest a critical role of human management on pest populations and pest control services through soil amendments and irrigation.  相似文献   

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