黄海南部和东海太平洋褶柔鱼适宜栖息地的季节变化及环境驱动因素

为了解黄海南部和东海太平洋褶柔鱼(Todarodes pacificus)的适宜栖息地和环境特征,阐明适宜栖息地的季节变化及环境驱动因素,促进太平洋褶柔鱼资源的合理利用和科学管理,根据2018—2019年连续四季开展的渔业资源和生态环境定点调查数据,利用适宜性指数模型阐述了各季节太平洋褶柔鱼在黄海南部和东海适宜栖息地的时空变化,采用提升回归树模型分析了各环境因子对适宜栖息地的贡献率,结合适宜栖息地的季节变化推断了太平洋褶柔鱼的洄游路径。结果表明：太平洋褶柔鱼的最适表温为9.8～27.5℃,最适表盐为23.2～34.3,最适底温为8.9～20.2℃,最适底盐为31.6～34.7,最适水深为56～133 m,最适环境条件呈现一定的季节差异;不同季节最适栖息地的分布重心主要集中在东海中北部和黄海南部外侧,呈现南北循环过程;温度对各季节太平洋褶柔鱼适宜栖息地的贡献率最高,盐度其次,水深最低。研究表明,黄海南部和东海太平洋褶柔鱼的适宜栖息地随着季节变化发生明显转移,太平洋褶柔鱼在一年的生命周期内做南北向的索饵和产卵洄游,温度是适宜栖息地最主要的环境驱动因素。     

日本海太平洋褶柔鱼生物学特征的年际变化

根据2010~2013年连续4个年度在日本海进行鱿钓生产采集的样本,利用SSPS软件统计拟合生长和Logistic曲线的方法,分析了太平样褶柔鱼(Todarodes pacificus)的胴长、体重、性别、性成熟度和摄食强度等生物学特征,以及日本海太平洋褶柔鱼群体结构和组成的年际变化。太平洋褶柔鱼总样本数量为388尾,其中雌、雄个体的平均胴长分别为231 mm和230 mm,优势胴长组为220~250 mm。各年度样本的雄雌性比均接近1︰1,总性比为0.89。胴长和体质量关系呈幂函数变化。Logistic曲线拟合个体初次性成熟胴长,其中雌性为216.04 mm,雄性为216.71 mm。样本以性成熟个体为主,成熟率(Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ期)高达78.35%。摄食强度主要分布在Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ等级,从胃含物组成的出现频率来看,以鱼类最高且主要是沙丁鱼类和灯笼鱼类,频率达70%以上;头足类次之,甲壳类较少。日本海太平洋褶柔鱼各年度的群落结构稍有差异,推测其生长发育与海洋环境因子有关,如温度、海流、盐度、饵料丰度等不同变化造成。     

冬季东海太平洋褶柔鱼的空间异质性特征

运用地统计学的方法,根据2002年12月东海区121个站位的资源监测调查数据,拟合变异函数最优模型,计算各向同性下的模型参数和不同方向上的分维数,分析了冬季东海北部和南部太平洋褶柔鱼的空间异质性特征,并进一步探讨了其空间格局与环境的关系。结果表明,在各向同性条件下,东海北部和南部具有相似的空间异质性特征,其变异函数均能用球状模型拟合,呈聚集空间格局,空间变程大约为440 km,随机性因素占空间异质性的30%左右,结构性因素占空间异质性的70%左右,处于主导地位。各向异性分析表明,在东海北部,135°和90°方向的分维数最高,分别为1.954和1.893,说明太平洋褶柔鱼在这两个方向上分布较均匀,空间依赖性较小,这与东南-西北方向的黄海暖流和西-东方向的长江冲淡水一致;而在东海南部,45°方向的分维数最高,为1.999,太平洋褶柔鱼在此方向分布上的同质性与西南-东北方向的黑潮主干及台湾暖流相对应。这说明,海流是影响较大尺度生态过程上太平洋褶柔鱼分布的主要环境要素。     

东海太平洋褶柔鱼生殖群体的空间分布及其与环境因子的关系

依据1997-2000年在东海(26°00′-33°00′N、120°30′-128°00′E)进行的4个季节的底拖网调查资料,分析了该海区太平洋褶柔鱼生殖群体的时空分布特征,同时结合广义相加模型(GAM),量化分析了各环境因子对于其种群成熟度指数(PMI)空间分布的影响机制。结果表明:太平洋褶柔鱼生殖群体春、夏、秋、冬4个季节在东海均有分布;秋季PMI值最高,春季最低;4个季节太平洋褶柔鱼生殖群体的分布范围均较广,主要集中在东海外海受台湾暖流和黑潮控制的水域。太平洋褶柔鱼生殖群体的环境适应性存在明显的季节差异:其分布的底温范围为:春季14.70-18.30℃、夏季13.18-20.91℃、秋季13.96-24.67℃、冬季14.33-19.75℃。底盐范围为:春季29.52-34.63、夏季31.57-34.27、秋季32.26-34.72、冬季34.25-34.70。水深范围为:春季55-179m,夏季43-176m、秋季40-184m、冬季79-152m。综上所述,东海太平洋褶柔鱼生殖群体的时空分布具有广范围、多季度的特点,这种分布特征可有效降低其幼体间的种间竞争,为确保其种群繁衍提供有利保障。     

水稻挥发性信息化合物对昆虫的作用

植物挥发性化合物是联系植物、害虫和天敌间3层营养关系的关键信息因子。是害虫防治理论与实践的基础．首先,介绍了水稻挥发性信息化合物的基本化学特征及其在植食性昆虫和天敌昆虫寄主选择中的作用;其次,分析了水稻挥发性信息化合物的产生与作用机制及其生态学功能和水稻挥发性信息化合物研究中存在的问题;最后,展望了水稻挥发性信息化合物的研究前景．对水稻挥发性化合物的更进一步研究有两个方向,一是对存在于水稻体内,启动相关代谢途径的小分子信号物质的生理生化和分子生物学特性进行研究;二是研究捕食性节肢动物对信息化合物的接收、识别和学习等行为及与这些行为相关的生理生化和分子基础．     

Population structure, reproductive biology and maintenance of Euphausia lucens in the southern Benguela Current

This study investigates the population structure and reproductivebiology of the euphausiid Euphausia lucens in relation to temporaland spatial variations in the abiotic and biotic environmentin the St Helena Bay region off the west coast of South Afnca.This is an area of high biological productivity and is importantfor recruitment to the pelagic fishery. Gravid females (stageIV) and young larvae were collected throughout the year, suggestingcontinuous breeding. Spawning was most intense from August toOctober (late winter to early spring) just prior to the onsetof upwelling and an associated increase in phytoplankton. Recruitmentwas high until early summer (August-January) and decreased toa low level throughout autumn and early winter (February-June).The proportion of gravid females increased with distance offshoredespite relatively low chlorophyll a concentrations offshore.Multiple spawning is inferred from the high frequency of gravidfemales in the population. The reproductive strategy and verticaldistribution of all developmental stages of E.lucens is relatedto the current regime of the study site in order to formulatemechanisms most likely to play an important role in maintainingcoastal populations of E.lucens in the southern Benguela Current.     

黄渤海海域口虾蛄野生资源的种群遗传学研究

本研究通过扩增测序共获得了148条口虾蛄线粒体COⅠ基因序列,定义了52个单元型,其中存在63个变异位点。在黄渤海海域中,盐城口虾蛄种群的遗传多样性最高;渤海与黄海海域口虾蛄群体间遗传分化指数(Fst)为0.006 12。经MEGA 4.0软件计算得知11个种群间的遗传距离为0.0009~0.0057,而渤海与黄海两大海域间的遗传距离为0.0043。系统发生关系显示,渤海与黄海海域的单倍型呈交错聚集状态,说明两大海域间不存在显著的遗传分化。本次研究初步评估了两个海域的口虾蛄种群的遗传多样性水平,为渤海海域与黄海海域口虾蛄种质资源保护提供了基础资料。     

南黄海冬季小型底栖生物丰度和生物量

分别于2003年1月和2004年1月在南黄海广大陆架浅海水域进行小型底栖生物调查.结果表明,两个航次的小型底栖生物平均丰度分别为 (954.20±269.47) ind·10 cm^-2和(1 186.12±486.07) ind·10 cm^-2;平均生物量分别为(954.38±403.93)μg·10 cm^-2和(1 120.72±487.21) μg·10 cm^-2.两个航次小型底栖生物丰度值、生物量和生产力均无显著变化(P>0.05).共鉴定出20个小型底栖生物类群,按丰度,自由生活海洋线虫为最优势类群,两个航次的优势度分别为87%和90%,其他优势类群依次为桡足类、多毛类和动吻类;按生物量依次为线虫34%～38%,多毛类25%～33%,介形类9%～22%,桡足类8%.96.64%的小型生物分布在0～5 cm的表层沉积物内,线虫和桡足类分布在0～2 cm的比例分别为72.48%和89.46%.小型底栖生物的生物量与沉积物砂含量(%)、粉砂含量(%)和叶绿素a含量呈显著相关.代表性站位的种类组成和多样性分析显示了沿岸、黄海冷水团和东、黄海交汇区3个不同的底栖生物群落.     

Plerocercoids of Nybelinia surmenicola (Cestoda: Tentacularidae) in Squids,Todarodes pacificus,from East Sea,the Republic of Korea

A visceral helminth of the squid, Todarodes pacificus, is reported from the East Sea, the Republic of Korea. Total 39 squid samples were purchased from a fish market in Jumunjin-eup, Gangneung-si (City) from August 2014 to July 2015 and were examined for helminth parasites with naked eyes and under a stereomicroscope after opening the abdominal cavity with a pair of scissors. Whitish larval worms were mainly found in the stomach and abdominal cavity of the squid. They were detected in 25 (64.1%) out of 39 squids examined, and the infection density was 7 larvae per infected squid. Spatula-shaped larvae were 8.2×2.0 mm in average size, round to slightly flattened anteriorly, with round hatching posteriorly, and had characteristic 4 tentacles with numerous hooklets in the scolex. The larvae were identified as the plerocercoid stage of Nybelinia surmenicola by their morphological features. This finding represents a new host record and the first report of N. surmenicola infection in T. pacificus squids from the east coast of Korea.     

Population structure and reproductive biology of Schilbe intermedius (Teleostei: Schilbeidae) in the Pendjari River,Benin

This study, the first on fish reproduction in the Pendjari River, investigated aspects of the reproductive biology of Schilbe intermedius. A total of 429 females and 239 males were collected from March 2007 to February 2008. Females were larger than males and the sex ratio was 1:1.8 in favour of females. Size at first maturity was estimated to be 14.9 cm and 16.1 cm for males and females, respectively. Absolute fecundity ranged from 1 006 to 83 980 (22 421 ± 16 083) oocytes, and mean relative fecundity was 201 ± 162 oocytes g^?1 of total body mass. Frequency distributions of oocyte diameter suggested synchronous development, with total spawning. Spawning lasted from June to November, coinciding with peaks in rainfall and flooding. Larger females began spawning about two months before smaller ones.     

Population parameters and reproductive biology of the Iberian hareLepus granatensis in southern Iberia

To analyse the population structure and reproductive biology of the Iberian hareLepus granatensis Rosenhauer, 1856, 498 hares (264 males and 234 females) were collected in monthly samples from October 1998 to September 1999. Females reached larger sizes than males, with approximately 400 g difference in body mass on reaching sexual maturity. The total sex ratio was 1∶1, with a bias in favour of males in winter. Sexually active males and females appeared in every month but August, when no sexually active female was found. Births occurred in every month and were more frequent between March and July. Seasonal variation in kidney fat index (KFI) followed a similar pattern in males and females, with an increase in mid-autumn and a decline at the end of winter. Reproductive activity appeared in every month, with a maximum from February to June. Reproductively hyperactive females (simultaneously pregnant and nursing) appeared in every month except in January, with a first peak in March and a second lower peak in May–June. Litter size fluctuated between 1 and 7 leverets. The most frequent gestations involved 1 or 2 foetuses. The mean annual litter size was 2.08 and the average number of litters per productive female per year was estimated to be 3.48. The maximum productivity was recorded between March and May. The total annual production of young per adult female was estimated to be 7.21. The minimum annual survival rate of young was 27.91%. On the basis of these results we propose to maintain the limit of the hunting period between October and December. We discuss the relationship between the low young/adult ratio obtained and the hunting method used.     

黄海中部近岸春夏季鱼卵、仔稚鱼群落结构特征

2013年4月下旬至7月上旬,采用浅水I型网垂直拖网的调查方式对黄海中部20m以浅海域(34°30'—35°30'N,119°20'—120°20'E)的鱼卵、仔稚鱼种类组成与数量分布进行了6个航次的综合调查。春夏季共采集鱼卵21种(未定种3种),共计2247粒,隶属于9科15属。仔稚鱼22种(未定种1种),共计286尾,隶属于13科17属。鱼卵优势种为日本鳀Engraulis japonicus、赤鼻棱鳀Thryssa kammalensis、江口小公鱼Stolephorus commersonnii、皮氏叫姑鱼Johnius belengerii和属Callionymus spp.。仔稚鱼优势种为大银鱼Protosalanx chinensis、白姑鱼Argyrosomus argentatus、日本鳀、赤鼻棱鳀和皮氏叫姑鱼。鱼卵丰度和分布与经度呈负相关、与SST呈正相关,但与其他环境因子如纬度、表层盐度(SSS)和水深等无显著相关性。仔稚鱼丰度和分布与上述环境因子均未表现出显著相关性。基于Bray-Curtis指数的聚类分析表明,鱼卵优势种包括集中分布于研究水域34°48'N以南海域(江口小公鱼、皮氏叫姑鱼和青鳞小沙丁Sardinella zunasi)、10m等深线以内(赤鼻棱鳀),以及北部水域(日本鳀和属)3种主要聚集类型;仔稚鱼优势种包括集中分布于34°48'N—35°12'N海域(赤鼻棱鳀和日本鳀)、连云港外海浅水区(白姑鱼、皮氏叫姑鱼和梭鱼Liza haematocheilus,以及南部水域(褐菖鲉Sebastiscus marmoratus和鲬Platycephalus indicus)3种主要聚集类型。研究结果揭示了黄海中部近岸海域鱼卵、仔稚鱼群落的时空分布格局动态,为科学认识环境变动下该海区渔业种群数量动态和资源变化提供了科学依据。