Embryo medley from the Woods Hole Embryology Course of 2008

Top edge: Body wall of the annelid Pristina leidya (Jesse Meik and Ian Swinburne). Right edge: Embryo of the grasshopper, Schistocerca americana (R'ada Massarwa). Bottom edge: Drosophila melanogaster embryo (Courtney Karner). Bottom left corner: Mouse embryo (Marie‐Therese Noedl). Left upper row: Adult annelid Pristina leidyi (Michelle Collins and Stephanie Lepage). Middle upper row: Embryo of the squid Loligo pealii (Andrew Chervenak). Right upper row: larva of the colonial ascidian, Botrylloides (Jessica Gray). Left lower row: Chick embryo (Benjamin Schlager). Middle lower row: Xenopus laevis (Brooke Armfield and Zacharias Kontarakis). Right lower row: Third instar CNS and disks of Drosophila melanogaster (Jenna Judge). For more information on the Woods Hole Embrylology Course, visit http://www.mbl.edu/education/courses/summer/course_embryo.html     

白毫早茶园3种害虫与其捕食性天敌的数量、时间和空间关系

为了合理利用和保护天敌进行卵形短须螨、双斑长跗萤叶甲和假眼小绿叶蝉的综合防治,用灰色系统分析方法和生态位分析法对合肥地区白毫早茶园3种主要害虫与其捕食性天敌在数量、时间、空间等方面关系进行分析,利用害虫与天敌关系密切指数之和综合评判9种天敌与3种害虫关系密切的前四位天敌。2015年卵形短须螨的前四位天敌是鳞纹肖蛸(5.3079)、三突花蟹蛛(5.1716)、锥腹肖蛸(4.8367)和草间小黑蛛(4.7869);2016年前四位天敌依次是三突花蟹蛛(5.3975)、鳞纹肖蛸(4.9414)、茶色新圆蛛(4.8757)、锥腹肖蛸(4.6815)。对两年结果综合分析,卵形短须螨的前四位天敌依次是三突花蟹蛛(10.5691)、鳞纹肖蛸(10.2493)、茶色新圆蛛(9.6353)和锥腹肖蛸(9.5182)。2015年双斑长跗萤叶甲的前四位天敌依次是锥腹肖蛸(5.6926)、异色瓢虫(5.6976)、八斑球腹蛛(5.5101)和斜纹猫蛛(5.4552);2016年依次是茶色新圆蛛(5.2909)、锥腹肖蛸(5.2710)、鳞纹肖蛸(5.1063)和斜纹猫蛛(5.0703)。对两年结果综合评判,双斑长跗萤叶甲的前四位天敌是锥腹肖蛸(10.9636)、茶色新圆蛛(10.6578)、异色瓢虫(10.7580)和鳞纹肖蛸(10.5437)。2015年假眼小绿叶蝉的前四位天敌依次是锥腹肖蛸(5.3614)、粽管巢蛛(5.2259)、斜纹猫蛛(5.1300)和茶色新圆蛛(4.7472);2016年是锥腹肖蛸(5.2666)、粽管巢蛛(5.2561)、草间小黑蛛(4.9376)和斜纹猫蛛(4.8335)。对两年结果综合评判,假眼小绿叶蝉的前四位天敌依次是锥腹肖蛸(10.6280)、粽管巢蛛(10.4820)、斜纹猫蛛(9.9635)和茶色新圆蛛(8.6137)。该研究结果为白毫早茶园3种害虫防治时合理保护和利用自然界的天敌的种类提供了科学依据。     

我国巢鼠属分类和分子系统学分析

本研究对2018至2021年采集的9号巢鼠(Micromys minutus)标本、22号红耳巢鼠(M. erythrotis)标本和19号待厘定的巢鼠属标本,进行形态分类和分子系统学分析,进一步揭示我国巢鼠属的分类和系统分化问题。待厘定的巢鼠属标本形态特征为：标本体背毛黑棕,体腹毛基灰色,毛尖灰白,体侧毛色具明显区分,尾背部毛色黑棕,尾腹部毛色灰棕色;尾长长于头体长的120%;头骨背面观可见颧弓明显弯曲;颅全长[(18.59 ± 0.48)mm]和颅基长[(17.43 ± 0.48 mm)]较长,腭长[(9.35 ± 0.11)mm]较长,脑颅高[(7.43 ± 0.06)mm]较高。待厘定的巢鼠属标本形态特征与巢鼠和红耳巢鼠均存在差异。待厘定巢鼠属标本与巢鼠和红耳巢鼠之间的遗传距离分别为0.115和0.136,接近于巢鼠与红耳巢鼠之间的遗传距离(0.126)。利用Cyt b基因全序列和核基因IRBP1、RAG1和RAG2序列分别构建的巢鼠属系统发生树均以较高的置信度分化成3个进化支,即巢鼠、红耳巢鼠和待厘定的巢鼠属样本的进化支。形态学和分子系统学分析结果均支持待厘定的巢鼠属标本为独立物种分类单元,对应于文献记载的巢鼠川西亚种(M. m. pygmaeus)。根据产地、遗传距离和形态分化,建议将巢鼠川西亚种提升为种,命名为川西巢鼠(M. pygmaeus comb. nov.)。利用Cyt b基因全序列构建的巢鼠系统发生树分化成6个进化谱系：日韩谱系、欧洲谱系、俄罗斯新西伯利亚谱系、中国东北和俄罗斯远东谱系、中国安徽谱系和中国台湾谱系。     

RESPONSE OF MEMBRANE-ASSOCIATED CALCIUM SIGNALING SYSTEMS OF THE CELL TO EXTREMELY LOW-FREQUENCY EXTERNAL SIGNALS WITH DIFFERENT WAVEFORM PARAMETERS

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of microwaves (MW) emitted by cellular phones (CPs) on peripheral blood parameters and birth weights of rats. Thirty-six albino rats were divided into four groups, male (n = 6) and female sham-exposed groups (n = 12) and male (n = 6) and female experimental groups (n = 12). No blood parameters differed following exposure (p > 0.05). The birth weight of offspring in the experimental group was significantly lower than in the sham-exposed group (p < 0.001). No significant differences were observed between rectal temperatures of rats in the sham and experimental groups (p > 0.05). The specific absorption rate (SAR) was found to be 0.155 W/kg for the experimental groups. All parameters investigated were normal in the next generation of rats (p > 0.05).     

Effect of silicate on the growth and arsenate uptake by rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings in solution culture

A solution culture experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of silicate on the yield and arsenate uptake by rice. Rice seedlings (Oryza sativaL. cv. Weiyou 77) were cultured in modified Hoagland nutrient solution containing three arsenate levels (0, 0.5 and 1.0 mg L ^–1 As) and four silicate levels (0, 14, 28 and 56 mg L ^–1 Si). Addition of Si significantly increased shoot dry weight (P=0.001) but had little effect on root dry weight (P=0.43). Addition of As had no significant effect on shoot dry weight (P=0.43) but significantly increased root dry weight (P=0.01). Silicon concentrations in shoots and roots increased proportionally to increasing amounts of externally supplied Si (P < 0.001). The presence of As in the nutrient solution had little effect on shoot Si concentration (P=0.16) but significantly decreased root Si concentration (P=0.005). Increasing external Si concentration significantly decreased shoot and root As concentrations and total As uptake by rice seedlings (P <0.001). In addition, Si significantly decreased shoot P concentration and shoot P uptake (P <0.001). The data clearly demonstrate a beneficial effect of Si on the growth of rice seedlings. Addition of Si to the growth medium also inhibited the uptake of arsenate and phosphate by the rice seedlings.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">BRAF</Emphasis> V600E mutation and resistance to anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis

Epidemiologic studies have evaluated the association between BRAF mutations and resistance to the treatment of anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). However, the results are still inconclusive. To derive a more precise estimation of the relationship, we performed this meta-analysis. A total of 11 studies were included in the final meta-analysis. There were seven studies for unselected mCRC patients and four studies for patients with wild type KRAS mCRC. Among unselected mCRC patients, BRAF V600E mutation was detected in 48 of 546 primary tumors (8.8%). The objective response rate (ORR) of patients with mutant BRAF was 29.2% (14/48), whereas the ORR of patients with wild-type BRAF was 33.5% (158/472).The overall RR for ORR of mutant BRAF patients over wild-type BRAF patients was 0.86 (95% CI = 0.57–1.30; P = 0.48). For patients with KRAS wild-type mCRC, BRAF V600E mutation was detected in 40 of 376 primary tumors (10.6%). The ORR of patients with mutant BRAF was 0.0% (0/40), whereas the ORR of patients with wild-type BRAF was 36.3% (122/336). The pooled RR of mutant BRAF patients over wild-type BRAF patients was 0.14 (95% CI = 0.04–0.53; P = 0.004). In conclusion, this meta-analysis provides evidence that BRAF V600E mutation is associated with lack of response in wild-type KRAS mCRC treated with anti-EGFR MoAbs. BRAF mutation may be used as an additional biomarker for the selection of mCRC patients who might benefit from anti-EGFR MoAbs therapy.     

Besprechungen

Book reviewed in this article: Blackford Cook , Susan (1969): Experiments on homing in the Limpet Siphonaria normalis (Versuche zum Heimfinden der Napfschnecke S. n.). Varnall , John L. (1969): Aspects of the Behaviour of Octopus cyanea Gray (Zum Verhalten des Tintenfischs O. c.). Szebenyi , Andrew L., S. J. (1969): Cleaning behaviour in Drosophila melanogaster (Putzverhalten bei der Taufliege). Bennet-Clark , H. C., und A. W. Ewing (1969): Pulse interval as a critical parameter in the courtship song of Drosophila melanogaster (Pausenlänge als entscheidendes Merkmal des Balzgesangs der Taufliege). Goodyear , C. Phillip, und Denzel E. Ferguson (1969): Sun compass orientation in the Mosquito Fish, Gambusia affinis (Sonnenkompaßorientierung beim Moskitofisch). Littlejohn , M. J., und A. A. Martin (1969): Acoustic interaction between two species of Leptodactylid Frogs (Rufwettstreit zwischen zwei dünnfingrigen Froscharten). Alcock , John (1969): Observational learning by fork-tailed Flycatchers (Muscivora tyrannus) (Gabelschwänzige Weißbauchtyrannen lernen vom Zusehen). Thompson , William L. (1969): Song recognition by territorial male Buntings (Passerina) (Erkennen des Artgesanges bei Farbfinken im Revier). Sielmann , H. (1968): 1. Scenopoeëtes dentirostris (Ptilonorhynchidae), Verhalten am Blätterteppich (E 1075). - 2. Ptilonorhynchus violaceus (Ptilonorhynchidae); Bauen an der Laube und Anstreichen' (E 1076), Balz und Kopulation (E 1077). - 3. Prionodura newtoniana (Ptilonorhynchidae), Behängen der Reisigtürme (E 1082). - 4. Amblyornis macgregoriae (Ptilonorhynchidae), Behängen des, Mai-baumes' und Balz (E 1083). - 5. A. subalaris (Ptilonorhynchidae), Schmücken der Laube (E 1084). - 6. Chlamydera lauterbachi (Ptilonorhynchidae); Bauen an der Laube (E 1080), Balz (E 1081). - 7. C. nuchalis (Ptilonorhynchidae); Verteilen von Sammlungsstücken an der Laube (E 1078), Balz und Kopulation (E 1079). Rosengren , Anita (1969): Experiments in colour discrimination in dogs (Versuche über Farbensehen von Hunden). Pickenhain , L., und F. Klingberg (1969): Hirnmechanismen und Verhalten: Elektro-physiologische und Verhaltensuntersuchungen an der Ratte. Giersberg , H., und P. Rietschel (1968): Vergleichende Anatomie der Wirbeltiere, Band 2: Ernährungs-, Atmungs-, Kreislauforgane, Leibeshöhlen, Ausscheidungsund Fortpflanzungsorgane. Lattin , Gustaf de (1967) ?: Grundriß der Zoogeographie. McKusick , Victor A. (1968): Humangenetik. Jaynes , Julian (1969): Historical Origins of “Ethology” and “Comparative Psychology” (Zur Geschichte der Begriffe Ethologie und Vergleichende Psychologie). Kalmus , H. (1969): Animal Behaviour and Theories of Games and of Language (Tierverhalten, Spiel- und Sprachtheorien). Eibl-Eibesfeldt , I. (1970): Liebe und Hass, zur Naturgeschichte elementarer Verhaltensweisen. Wickler , Wolfgang (1970): Stammesgeschichte und Ritualisierung. Kolar , Kurt (1965): (1) Kontinent voll Kuriositäten, Tiere, Menschen und Probleme in Australien. (2) Ders. (1967): Von Hund und Äff und Kind und Katz. (3) Ders. (1970): Australien neu entdeckt, ein Verhaltensforscher im fünften Kontinent. Wylie , Philip (1968): The Magic Animal (Das magische Tier). Laver , J. (1970): Die Mode.     

Relationships between Thyroid Hormones, Blood Rheology, and Lipid Profile in Athletes

The interrelation of thyroid hormones with blood rheology and lipid profile was studied in athletes (N = 12). A decrease in blood viscosity in the athletes was caused by a lower erythrocyte rigidity index, which correlated with an increased reticulocyte count (P = 0.022), a decreased mean concentration of hemoglobin per cell (MCHC) (P = 0.006), and an increased level of thyrotropin (TTH) (P = 0.040). By multiple regression analysis, MCHC was found to be the primary correlate of the erythrocyte rigidity index (P = 0.044). The interrelation of TTH with the rigidity index was explained by a positive correlation of TTH with the reticulocyte count (P = 0.022). The level of triiodothyronine (T₃) was similar in the athletes and the control subjects and negatively correlated with total cholesterol (Ch) (P = 0.033) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL Ch) (P = 0.048), which both correlated positively with blood and plasma viscosity and erythrocyte aggregation (P < 0.05 or 0.01). Thus, the decrease in LDL Ch in the athletes, which was closely related with the higher blood and plasma fluidities and with erythrocyte aggregation, was at least partly due to the effect of T₃.     

Three New Phenolic Amides from the Roots of Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)

The isolation of four phenolic amides, four phenolic compounds and an aromatic amine from the roots of eggplant is described. The phenolic amides were identified as N-trans-feruloyl tyramine (V), N-trans-p-coumaroyl tyramine (VII), N-trans-feruloyl octopamine (VIII) and N-trans-p-coymaroyl octopamine (IX). The three amides V, VIII and IX are new compounds. Furthermore, four phenolic compounds were identified as vanillin (I), isoscopoletin (II), ethyl caffeate (IV) and ferulic acid (VI). The aromatic amine was identified as p-aminobenzal-dehyde (III).     

Leaf Alcohol

The diethylamine-catalyzed aldol condensation of E-2-hexenal yielded a mixture of 2-E,4-E,6-E- (IV-a) and 2-E,4-Z,6-E-4-ethyldeca-2,4,6-triene-1-al (IV-b). Structual and geometrical elucidation of both alcohols were made by means of spectral evidence as well as by the catalytic hydrogenation leading to the same 4-ethyldecanol (VI). The “b-peak substance” detected in the leaf alcohol reaction products was proved to be identical with 4-ethyldecanol (VI). The treatment of the trienal containing the central Z-double bond with sodium under the leaf alcohol reaction condition failed to afford ethyl-propyl-benzyl alcohol, but gave 4-ethyldecanol (VI). This result safely excludes the operation of the previously suspected valence tautomerism (Cope rearrangement) in the leaf alcohol reaction, and accounts for the pathway of the formation of (VI).     

Two new and three redescribed species of Viscosia (Nematoda,Oncholaimidae)

Viscosia coomansi sp. nov. and Viscosia heterolaina sp. nov. are described from Lake Grevelingen and Eastern Scheldt (The Netherlands). Viscosia glabra (Bastian, 1865) de Man 1890, Viscosia franzii Boucher 1977, and Viscosia viscosa (Bastian 1865) de Man 1890 are redescribed, taking into account new important characters. Juvenile specimens are depicted for V. viscosa. Viscosia carnleyensis Ditlevsen, 1921 is synonymized with Viscosia glabra (Bastian, 1865). Mononcholaimus viscosus Allgén, 1930 and Mononcholaimus elegans sensu Schuurmans-Stekhoven, 1942, 1950 (nec. Kreis, 1924) are synonymized with Viscosia viscosa (Bastian, 1865).     

Association of CAT polymorphisms with catalase activity and exposure to environmental oxidative stimuli

We tested the hypotheses that catalase activity is modified by CAT single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (-262;-844), and by their interactions with oxidant exposures (coal dusts, smoking), lymphotoxin alpha (LTA, NcoI) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF, -308) in 196 miners. Erythrocyte catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase activities were measured. The CAT -262 SNP was related to lower catalase activity (104, 87 and 72 k/g hemoglobin for CC, CT and TT, respectively, p < 0.0001). Regardless of CAT SNPs, the LTA NcoI but not the TNF-308 SNP was associated with catalase activity (p = 0.04 and p = 0.8). CAT -262 T carriers were less frequent in highly exposed miners (OR = 0.39 [0.20–0.78], p = 0.007). In CAT -262 T carriers only, catalase activity decreased with high dust exposure (p = 0.01). Haplotype analyses (combined CAT SNPs) confirm these results. Results show that CAT -262 and LTA NcoI SNPs, and interaction with coal dust exposure, influenced catalase activity.     

Selected zinc metabolism parameters in premenopausal and postmenopausal women with moderate and severe primary arterial hypertension

The aim of this study was to compare zinc (Zn) metabolism parameters in groups of premenopausal and postmenopausal women with moderate and severe primary arterial hypertension. The study included 38 women, of which 15 were premenopausal and 23 were postmenopausal. Postmenopausal women had a positive correlation between total (ERCt-Zn) and oubain-dependent (ERCos-Zn) rate constants of Zn efflux from lymphocyte (k = 0.52). In premenopausal women’s ERCos-Zn was negatively but weakly correlated with serum Zn (Zn-s) (k = 0.35). The Zn ERCt-Zn and ERCos-Zn did not show any correlation with age, as did Zn-s. Lymphocyte Zn correlated negatively with age only in premenopausal women (k = -0.62). The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system correlated with Zn metabolism parameters. In premenopausal women, plasma renin activity and serum aldosterone showed positive correlations with lymphocyte Zn (Zn-l) (k = 0.63 andk = 0.41, respectively), and in postmenopausal women, it correlated negatively with Zn-s (k = -0.38) and whole aldosterone correlated negatively with ERCos-Zn (k = -0.41). Positive correlations between Zn metabolism parameters and arterial blood pressure in premenopausal women were as follows: ERCt-Zn with diastolic blood pressure (dRR) (k = 0.40) and ERCos-Zn with dRR (k = 0.47). In postmenopausal women, the correlations between ERC-t-Zn and dRR and systolic blood pressure (sRR) were negative (k = -0.53 andk = -0.63, respectively). A similar situation was observed between dRR and sRR and Zn-s (k = -0.40 andk = -0.38, respectively). The body mass index (BMI) was positively correlated with ERCt-Zn in premenopausal women (k = 0.36), whereas in postmenopausal, it was negatively correlated with ERCos-Zn (k = -0.42). For the whole group, negative correlations were seen between ZnS and dRR and sRR (k = -0.36 andk = -0.39, respectively) and between ERCos-Zn and BMI (k = -0.39). The results presented show differences in Zn metabolism in arterial hypertension between premenopausal and post-menopausal women. The role of estrogens in these differences is disscused.     

Notes on Empididae (4), New replacement names in Empididae

Wiedemamia (s. str.) brevilamellata Wagner is proposed as replacement name for W. alpina Vaillant, 1953 not W. (Chamaedipsia) alpina Engel, 1918). W. beckeri glacicola Wagner replaces W. (Chamaedipsia) beckeri alpina Vaillant, 1967 (not Engel, 1981, not Vaillant, 1953).     

Besprechungen

Book reviewed in this article: Potash , Lawrence M. (1970): Vocalizations elicited by electrical brain stimulation in Coturnix coturnix japonica (Durch Hirnreizung bei Japanischen Wachteln ausgelöste Laute). Michael , Richard P., und D. Zumpe (1970): Sexual initiating behaviour by female Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) under laboratory conditions (Paarungsaufforderung von Rhesusäffinnen im Laboratorium). Davies , S. J. J. F. (1970): Patterns of inheritance in the bowing display and associated behaviour of some hybrid Streptopelia doves (Erbgänge des Dienerns und verwandter Verhaltensweisen bei Taubenbastarden). Dunford , Cristopher (1970): Behavioral aspects of spatial organization in the Chipmunk, Tamias striatus (Verhalten und Siedlungsweise beim Backenhörnchen, T.s.). Peeke , Harman V. S. und Shirley C. (1970): Habituation of conspecific aggressive responses in the Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) (Spezifisches Ermüden artgemäßer Angriffsweisen beim Kampffisch). Burghardt , Gordon M. (1970): Intraspecific geographical variation in chemical food cue preferences of newborn Garter Snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) (Unterartspezifisch angeborene Nahrungsbevorzugungen bei Strumpfbandnattern). Klingel , H. und U. (1968): Equus quagga (Equidae); Hautpflegeverhalten (E 1043), Paarungsverhalten (E 1044), Kampfverhalten (E 1045), Begrüßung (E 1390). Altevogt , R. (1968): Uca tangeri (Ocypodidae); Nahrungsaufnahme (E 691), Drohen und Kampf (E 692), Klopfen und Winken (E 693). Haefelfinger , H. R., und A. Kress (1967): Gasteropterum rubrum (Opisthobranchia), Kriechen und Schwimmen (E 945). Richter , I.-E. (1968): Limulus polyphemus (Xiphosura); Schwimmen (E 1031), Laufen (E 1032), Umdrehen und Eingraben (E 1033). Hinde , Robert A. (1966): Animal behaviour, a synthesis of ethology and comparative psychology (Tierverhalten, Zusammenschau von Ethologie und Vergleichender Psychologie). Tembrock , Günter (1968): Grundriß der Verhaltenswissenschaften. Kühnelt , W. (1965): Grundriß der Ökologie mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Tierwelt.     

Besprechungen

Book reviewed in this article: Davis, H., und J. Hubbard (1972): An analysis of superstitious behavior in the rat (Eine Untersuchung “abergläubischen” Verhaltens bei Ratten). Millikan, George G. (1972): The development of filial behavior in ducklings (Entwicklung des Kindverhaltens bei Entchen). Kleiman, Devra G. (1972): Maternal behaviour of the Green acouchi (Myoprocta pratti Pocock), a South American caviomorph rodent (Mutterverhalten des Agutis, eines südamerikanischen meerschweinchenartigen Nagers). Schmidt, Robert S. (1972): Mechanisms of clasping and releasing (unclasping) in Bufo americanus (Klammer- und Entklammermechanismen bei B. a.) Mykytowycz, R., und M. L. Dudzinski (1972): Aggressive and protective behaviour of adult rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.) towards juveniles (Angriffs- und Verteidigungsverhalten alter Kaninchen gegen junge). Le Boeuf, Burney J., Ronald J. Whiting und Richard F. Gantt (1972): Perinatal behavior of northern elefant seal females and their young (Weibchen und Junge des nördlichen See-Elefanten Mirounga angustirostris zur Fortpflanzungszeit). Fady, J. C. (1972): Absence de Cooperation de type instrumental en milieu naturel chez Papio papio (Fehlen handwerklicher Zusammenarbeit bei freilebenden Pavianen). Anderson, C. O., Victor H. Denenberg und M. X. Zarrow (1972): Effects of handling and social isolation upon the rabbit's behaviour (Wirkungen des in die Hand Nehmens und der Einzelaufzucht auf das Verhalten von Kaninchen). Jouventin, P. (1972): Un nouveau système de reconnaissance acoustique chez les oiseaux (Eine neue Form persönlichen Erkennens an der Stimme bei Vögeln). Feekes, Francisca (1972): “Irrelevant” ground pecking in agonistic situations in Burmese Red Junglefowl (Gallus gallus spadiceus) (“Irrelevantes” Bodenpicken bei kämpfenden Bankivahähnen). Wallraff, Hans G., und Louis G. Graue (1973): Orientation of Pigeons after transatlantic displacement (Orientierung von über den atlantischen Ozean verfrachteten Brieftauben). McLannahan, Heather M. C. (1973): Some aspects of the ontogeny of cliff nesting behaviour in the Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) and the Herring Gull (Larus argentatus) (Besonderheiten des Verhaltens im Fels nistender Dreizehen- und Silbermöwen). Golani, Ilan (1973): Non-metric analysis of behavioral interaction sequences in captive Jackals (Canis aureus L.) (Nicht metrische Sequenzanalysen des Verhaltens gefangen gehaltener Schakale). Smith, Susan M. (1973): A study of prey-attack behaviour in young Loggerhead Shrikes, Lantus ludovicianus L. (Untersuchung des Beuteverhaltens junger Schafskopfwürger [L. l.]). Connolly, Kevin, und Robert Cook (1973): Rejection responses by female Drosophila melanogaster: their ontogeny, causality and effects upon the behaviour of the courting male (Ontogenie, Motivation und Wirkungen des Abwehrverhaltens von Taufliegen-♀♀ gegenüber werbenden ♂ ♂). Franck, Dierk, und Rolf Hendricks (1973): Zur Frage der biologischen Bedeutung des Schwertfortsatzes von Xiphophorus helleri. Behaviour 44, 167 bis 185. Dewsbury, Donald A. (1973): Copulatory behavior of montane Voles (Microtus montanus) (Paarungsverhalten von Bergwühlmäusen). Kovach, Joseph K. (1973): Soviet Ethology: The first all-union conference on ecological and evolutionary aspects of animal behavior (Die erste UdSSR-Konferenz über Ökologie und Stammesgeschichte tierischen Verhaltens). Saayman, G. S., C. K. Tayler und D. Bower (1973): Diurnal activity cycles in captive and free-ranging Indian ocean Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops aduncus Ehrenburg) (Aktivitätszyklen indoozeanischer Tümmler in Gefangenschaft und im Freien. Colvin, Margaret Ann (1973): Analysis on acoustic structure and function in ultra sounds of neonatal Microtus (Strukturelle und funktionelle Analyse der Ultraschallaute neugeborener Wühlmäuse [Microtus]). Michal, E. Keith (1973): Effects of limbic lesions on behavior sequences and courtship behavior of male rats (Rattus norvegicus) (Änderungen des Werbe- und Paarungsverhaltens männlicher Wanderratten nach Verletzungen im limbischen System). Tayler, C. K., und G. S. Saayman (1973) Imitative behaviour by Indian Ocean Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) in captivity (Die Fähigkeit gefangen gehaltener indoozeanischer Tümmler, Gehörtes und Gesehenes nachzuahmen). de Boer, J. N., und B. A. Heuts (1973): Prior exposure to visual cues affecting dominance in the Juwel Fish (Hemichromis bimaculatus Gill 1862) (Pisces, Cichlidae) (Der Einfluß früherer Sehreize auf das Dominanzverhalten von H. b.) Michel, Raoul (1973): Influence de la lumière et de l'obscurité sur l'induction au vol et sa cessation chez le Criquet Pèlerin, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal) élevé en isolement ou en groupes denses (Über den Einfluß von Licht und Dunkelheit auf Beginn und Ende des Fluges von einzeln oder in Gruppen gehaltenen Wanderheuschrecken). Martinez-Vargas, Marie Christine, und Carl J. Erickson (1973): Some social and hormonal determinants of nest-building behaviour in the ringdove (Streptopelia risoria) (Soziale und hormonale Faktoren im Nistverhalten der Lachtaube). Colgan, Patrick (1973): Motivational analysis of fish feeding (Motivationsanalyse der Nahrungsaufnahme bei Fischen). Behaviour 45, 38–66. Heuts, B. A., und J. N. de Boer (1973): Territory choice guided by familiar object cues from earlier territories In the Juwel Fish, Hemichromis bimaculatus Gill 1862 (Pisces, Cichlidae) (Wahl des Revieres nach von früheren Revieren her bekannten Marken bei H. b.). Dawkins, Richard und Marian (1973): Decisions and the uncertainty of behaviour (Entscheidung und Ungewißheit im Verhalten). Pflumm, Walter (1973): Zur Steuerung der Putz bewegungen der Honigbiene. Bryan, J. E. (1973): Feeding history, parental stock, and food selection in rainbow trout (Andressierte Futtergewohnheiten der Jungen, ihrer Eltern und Futterwahl bei der Regenbogenforelle). Ingold, P. (1973): Zur lautlichen Beziehung des Elters zu seinem Küken bei Tordalken (Alca torda).     

衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地植被恢复对土壤活性有机碳库的影响

为了解植被恢复对土壤活性有机碳库的影响,采用空间代替时间序列方法,对衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地植被恢复对土壤活性有机碳含量和分布进行研究。结果表明,土壤有机碳(SOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)、水溶性有机碳(DOC)、轻组有机碳(LFOC)和易氧化碳(ROC)含量均以乔灌阶段最高(P0.05),随土层加深显著减小(P0.05)。随恢复进程,MBC/SOC、DOC/SOC和ROC/SOC显著增加(P0.05);0~20 cm土层,LFOC/SOC随恢复显著增加(P0.05),而20~40 cm土层,LFOC/SOC的差异不明显(P0.05)。随土层加深,LFOC/SOC显著减小(P0.05),DOC/SOC、MBC/SOC和ROC/SOC逐渐增加(P0.05)。SOC、MBC、DOC、LFOC和ROC间存在极显著正相关关系(P0.01)。各类活性有机碳库与土壤含水量(SWC)、全氮(TN)、碱解氮(AN)和速效磷(AP)呈显著或极显著正相关关系(P0.05或P0.01),与土壤容重(BD)呈极显著负相关关系。因此,植被恢复在一定程度上可提高衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地土壤活性有机碳的形成和积累,增加土壤碳储量。     

On the intestinal yeast flora of free living hippopotami(Hippopotamus amphibius), wart hogs(Phacochoerus aethiopicus) and bush pigs(Potamochoerus choeropotamus)

Summary From the faeces of 35 free-living hippopotami (Hippopotamus amphibius), sampled in south Mozambique, 13 yeast isolates were obtained, distributed as shown (in brackets) among the following species:Candida guilliermondii (3),C. tropicalis (2),C. krusei (2),C. brumptii (1),Debaryomyces globosus (2),Trichosporon cutaneum (1), not identified (2). From the caecal contents of 9 free-living wart hogs (Phacochoerus aethiopicus), shot in north Mozambique 5 isolates were obtained:C. albicans (2),C. lusitaniae (2),C. parapsilosis (1). From the caecal contents of 9 free-living bush pigs (Potamochoerus choeropotamus), shot in north Mozambique, 18 isolates were obtained:C. krusei (6),C. tropicalis (5),Pichia fermentans (2),C. slooffii (2),C. albicans (1),Torulopsis glabrata (1),Trichosporon cutaneum (1). The low total yeast indices of the hippopotami (0.37) and the wart hogs (0.56) are believed to be correlated with the type of diet of these animals (rich in cellulose, poor in starch and simple carbohydrates). The bush pigs, which like the domestic pig, use a diet rich in starch and simple carbohydrates, had a very high total yeast index (2.00).Candida slooffii an obligate saprophyte of the digestive tract of domestic swine was found in two of the bush pig samples.