基因组信息的整合与植物功能基因组学研究的策略

近年来,随着许多植物基因组测序和可利用序列的增加,相继建立了一些基于靶基因诱变的“反向”遗传学研究策略,如T—DNA诱变、基因敲除、基因沉默和超表达分析等。同时,DNA微阵列和基因芯片技术的发展使得快速、定量检测植物发育不同时期和不同组织器官的基因转录时空变化成为现实。作图技术的改进和来自不同物种基因组信息的整合也正在加速图谱克隆程序的简化和发展。因此,随着生物基因组测序工作日益增多,整合不同类群植物基因组的信息和资源,在植物功能基因组学研究中的重要性日趋显著。     

DNA微阵列在结核分枝杆菌研究中的应用

高密度DNA微阵列技术可以通过一次杂交获得大量的基因组信息,广泛用于基因组结构和基因表达谱分析。本文简介DNA微阵列技术在结核分枝杆菌的功能基因组学,致病机理以及耐药机制,诊断等方面的应用。     

植物功能基因组学研究技术及其在林木中的应用

介绍了近年来植物功能基因组学研究技术包括表达序列标签、基因表达的系列分析、DNA微阵列、反向遗传学的发展及其在植物,特别是在林木中的应用进展.     

基因芯片技术及其在肿瘤基因组学中的应用

基因芯片又称DNA微阵列,分为cDNA微阵列和寡聚核苷酸微阵列。DNA微阵列技术是探索基因组功能的一种强有力工具。扼要介绍基因芯片、表达谱芯片技术和原理,以及基因芯片技术在肿瘤基因组学中的应用。     

微阵列计划(MICROARRAY PROJECT,μAP)

随着人类基因组(测序)计划(HGP)的完成,探明人类全部基因的结构功能及其表达调控已成为后基因组(功能基因组)时代的主要目标,DNA微阵列(又称基因芯片)技术的出现为此提供了光辉的前景。美国国立卫生研究院(NIH)不失时机地提出了微阵列计划(MicroarrayProject),率先运用微阵列技术进行人类功能基因组的研究。目前介绍微阵列制作原理、杂交信号检测原理及微阵列技术应用的文献已有不少,但涉及微阵列技术的实验操作、阵列机和阅读机的结构和性能、阵列图像分析及软件和数据库的设计开发的文献较少。本文分五个部分介绍了微阵列计划的最新的主要成果,分别是:微阵列计划简介、实验操作、阵列机和阅读机的结构和性能、图像分析及数据库设计和开发。     

微阵列计划(MICROARRAY PROJECT,μAP)

随着人类基因组 (测序 )计划 (HGP)的完成 ,探明人类全部基因的结构功能及其表达调控已成为后基因组 (功能基因组 )时代的主要目标 ,DNA微阵列 (又称基因芯片 )技术的出现为此提供了光辉的前景。美国国立卫生研究院 (NIH)不失时机地提出了微阵列计划 (MicroarrayProject) ,率先运用微阵列技术进行人类功能基因组的研究。目前介绍微阵列制作原理、杂交信号检测原理及微阵列技术应用的文献已有不少 ,但涉及微阵列技术的实验操作、阵列机和阅读机的结构和性能、阵列图像分析及软件和数据库的设计开发的文献较少。本文分五个部分介绍了微阵列计划的最新的主要成果 ,分别是 :微阵列计划简介、实验操作、阵列机和阅读机的结构和性能、图像分析及数据库设计和开发。     

微阵列（microarrays）技术及其应用

微阵列分为cDNA微阵列和寡聚核苷酸微阵列,微阵列上“印”有大量已知部分序列的DNA探针,微阵列技术就是利用分子杂交原理,使同时被比较的标本（用同位素或荧光素标记）与微阵列杂交,通过检测杂交信号强度及数据处理,把他们转化成不同标本中特异基因的丰度,从而全国比较不同标本的基因表达水平的差异,微阵列技术是一种探索基因组功能的有力手段。     

线粒体基因组的高通量测序策略

综述了高通量测序技术在线粒体全基因组测序中的策略,利用该技术对线粒体全基因组进行序列测定的方法可以归纳为两种,一种是先对目标mt DNA进行富集,包括mt DNA的提取纯化,目标区域PCR扩增法以及特异性探针杂交富集法(可分为基于微阵列和基于PCR探针的杂交富集法),然后对富集出的线粒体DNA进行高通量测序;另一种是先从待测样本的基因组高通量数据中挖掘出线粒体基因组序列信息,之后利用诱饵序列或者近缘物种的线粒体全基因组参考序列,使用软件MITObim对其进行组装。此外,还给出了线粒体高通量测序的优化流程图和介绍了混合样品的线粒体高通量测序策略。     

DNA微阵列技术在阿尔茨海默病及其防治药物研究中的应用

在生物技术飞速发展的今天,DNA微阵列已成为功能基因组时代大规模、高通量乃至全基因组表达和功能研究的有力工具。阿尔茨海默病,因其发病机制复杂,迄今尚无定论,因此在临床上也缺乏有效的防治药物。简要综述DNA微阵列技术应用于阿尔茨海默病发病机制、早期诊断及防治药物等方面的研究进展。     

基因组差异甲基化片段筛选技术

分离和鉴定细胞之间的差异甲基化片段,不仅有助于了解基因的功能、分离疾病相关基因,而且可以发现与细胞分化或病变相关的甲基化标记。目前筛选差异甲基化DNA片段的方法主要有：甲基化敏感的限制性界标基因组扫描、甲基化敏感的代表性差异分析、甲基化敏感的限制性指纹技术、甲基化CpG岛扩增．代表性差异分析、微阵列技术等。其中微阵列法又先后建立有CpG岛微阵列、寡核苷酸微阵列和表达CpG岛序列标签微阵列。这些方法各有特点和适用范围,应根据具体研究目的和工作条件进行恰当的选择。     

Chasing the dream: plant EST microarrays

DNA microarray technology is poised to make an important contribution to the field of plant biology. Stimulated by recent funding programs, expressed sequence tag sequencing and microarray production either has begun or is being contemplated for most economically important plant species. Although the DNA microarray technology is still being refined, the basic methods are well established. The real challenges lie in data analysis and data management. To fully realize the value of this technology, centralized databases that are capable of storing microarray expression data and managing information from a variety of sources will be needed. These information resources are under development and will help usher in a new era in plant functional genomics.     

乳酸菌基因芯片应用研究进展

基因芯片技术是上世纪90年代兴起的一种对成百上千甚至上万个基因同时进行检测的新技术,具有高通量、并行化的特点,广泛应用于基因表达谱测定、基因功能预测、基因突变检测和多态性分析等方面。多种乳酸菌基因组全序列以及其大量EST、16S rDNA、16S-23S基因间区和功能基因序列测定的完成,有力地推动了基因芯片技术在乳酸菌研究中的应用。介绍了基因芯片的基本原理及乳酸菌基因芯片在基因表达、种属鉴定等研究中的应用进展,以期更好地利用和开发乳酸菌基因芯片。     

Chloroplast genome sequences from total DNA for plant identification

Chloroplast DNA sequence data are a versatile tool for plant identification or barcoding and establishing genetic relationships among plant species. Different chloroplast loci have been utilized for use at close and distant evolutionary distances in plants, and no single locus has been identified that can distinguish between all plant species. Advances in DNA sequencing technology are providing new cost‐effective options for genome comparisons on a much larger scale. Universal PCR amplification of chloroplast sequences or isolation of pure chloroplast fractions, however, are non‐trivial. We now propose the analysis of chloroplast genome sequences from massively parallel sequencing (MPS) of total DNA as a simple and cost‐effective option for plant barcoding, and analysis of plant relationships to guide gene discovery for biotechnology. We present chloroplast genome sequences of five grass species derived from MPS of total DNA. These data accurately established the phylogenetic relationships between the species, correcting an apparent error in the published rice sequence. The chloroplast genome may be the elusive single‐locus DNA barcode for plants.     

Perspectives of DNA microarray and next-generation DNA sequencing technologies

DNA microarray and next-generation DNA sequencing technologies are important tools for high-throughput genome research, in revealing both the structural and functional characteristics of genomes. In the past decade the DNA microarray technologies have been widely applied in the studies of functional genomics, systems biology and pharmacogenomics. The next-generation DNA sequencing method was first introduced by the 454 Company in 2003, immediately followed by the establishment of the Solexa and Solid techniques by other biotech companies. Though it has not been long since the first emergence of this technology, with the fast and impressive improvement, the application of this technology has extended to almost all fields of genomics research, as a rival challenging the existing DNA microarray technology. This paper briefly reviews the working principles of these two technologies as well as their application and perspectives in genome research. Supported by the National High-Tech Research Program of China (Grant No.2006AA020704) and Shanghai Science and Technology Commission (Grant No. 05DZ22201)     

Relationship between genome similarity and DNA-DNA hybridization among closely related bacteria

DNA-DNA hybridization has been established as an important technology in bacterial species taxonomy and phylogenetic analysis. In this study, we analyzed how the efficiency with which the genomic DNA from one species hybridizes to the genomic DNA of another species (DNA-DNA hybridization) in microarray analysis relates to the similarity between two genomes. We found that the predicted DNA-DNA hybridization based on genome sequence similarity correlated well with the experimentally determined microarray hybridization. Between closely related strains, significant numbers of highly divergent genes (<55% identity) and/or the accumulation of mismatches between conserved genes lowered the DNA-DNA hybridization signal, and this reduced the hybridization signals to below 70% for even bacterial strains with over 97% 16S rRNA gene identity. In addition, our results also suggest that a DNA-DNA hybridization signal intensity of over 40% indicates that two genomes at least shared 30% conserved genes (>60% gene identity). This study may expand our knowledge of DNA-DNA hybridization based on genomic sequence similarity comparison and further provide insights for bacterial phylogeny analyses.