A群奈瑟氏脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖-破伤风类毒素结合疫苗的制备及其免疫原性研究

采用溴化氰(CNBr)活化多糖,以无水己二酸二肼(ADH)作为连接剂,1乙基13(3二甲基氨基丙基)碳化二亚胺(EDAC)为偶联剂制备A群奈瑟氏脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖(GAMP)与破伤风类毒素(TT)的结合物,经皮下免疫NIH小鼠,用ELISA检测小鼠血清中抗GAMP及抗载体蛋白的IgG抗体水平。用补体介导的体外杀菌试验检测血清中GAMP抗体的杀菌活性。结果显示,实验中制备的多糖衍生物和多糖蛋白质结合物都具有GAMP抗原特异活性。结合物免疫小鼠后可诱生比多糖单独免疫更高水平的GAMP血清IgG抗体,并能形成免疫记忆,产生再次应答。结合物免疫小鼠所诱生的血清GAMP抗体较之多糖组具有更强的体外杀菌活性。表明此方法制备的结合物可获得优于多糖的、稳定的特异免疫原性。     

W135群脑膜炎球菌发酵工艺的研究

为研究A、C、Y、W 135群流脑多糖疫苗,针对W 135群脑膜炎球菌的生长特性,采用国产50L发酵罐,针对流脑半综合液体培养基中葡萄糖浓度;培养温度、菌种接种浓度、pH、通氧量及搅拌速度等因素对W 135群脑膜炎球菌生长的影响,选择最适的培养条件。结果表明,选择半综合培养基中补加1%的葡萄糖培养效果良好,菌种接种浓度直接影响多糖复合物产量;最适pH值6.5~7.5的范围可维持W 135群链球菌快速生长;温度控制在36.5±0.2℃可得到较高的培养产物;培养过程中加大通气量及搅拌速度对培养结果有明显改善。确立了W 135群脑膜炎球菌的最适培养条件,在确定培养条件后连续进行3批500L罐放大中试培养,达到规模化生产要求。     

脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖氧乙酰基相关特性及其作用机理

氧乙酰基(O-acetyl,OAc)存在于许多细菌多糖中,如脑膜炎球菌(meningococcus)A、C、W135、Y群荚膜多糖、大肠杆菌K1型荚膜多糖等均存在氧乙酰化修饰。由于荚膜多糖(capsular polysaccharides, CPS)中OAc的分布和占比被视为脑膜炎球菌多糖候选疫苗的关键质量控制因素,氧乙酰化修饰对多糖疫苗的免疫原性的重要作用,特别是脑膜炎球菌CPS OAc对其疫苗免疫原性的影响越来越受到关注。现就脑膜炎球菌CPS OAc的相关特性和检测方法、迁移因素、OAc修饰及其作用、OAc转移酶的作用机制、OAc对脑膜炎球菌免疫原性的影响作一概述,有助于脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖疫苗安全性和免疫原性的评价。     

一种新的CTAB加入方法对A群脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖分子大小的影响

目的探讨CTAB不同的加入方法对A群脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖分子大小的影响。方法采用分次加入手动搅拌和持续加入机械快速搅拌两种CTAB加入方法,纯化获得荚膜多糖粗糖,分别编为B组和C组。将两组荚膜多糖粗糖分别纯化获得精糖,分别编为D组和E组。以Sepharose CL-4B凝胶层析纯化获得荚膜多糖并检测其KD值。结果 B组荚膜多糖粗糖的KD值介于0.34~0.35之间,C组荚膜多糖粗糖的KD值介于0.03~0.05,进一步用苯酚纯化获得精糖后KD值D组介于0.34~0.36之间,E组介于0.22~0.28之间。两组相比KD值显著降低。结论CTAB的加入过程对A群脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖的分子大小有明显的影响,CTAB沉淀时进行快速而充分的搅拌,纯化获得的荚膜多糖相对分子质量更大。     

不同的甲醛杀菌浓度对A群、C群脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖内毒素含量的影响

目的研究不同的甲醛杀菌浓度对A群、C群脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖内毒素含量的影响。方法将A群脑膜炎球菌发酵液分成A、B两组,A组采用体积分数为2.5%甲醛杀菌,B组采用体积分数为2.0%甲醛杀菌。将C群脑膜炎球菌发酵液分成C、D两组,C组采用体积分数为2.5%甲醛杀菌,D组采用体积分数为2.0%甲醛杀菌。分别纯化获得荚膜多糖,用动态浊度法测定荚膜多糖中内毒素的含量。结果 A、C两组荚膜多糖中内毒素含量显著低于B、D两组荚膜多糖中的内毒素含量(P<0.05)。结论使用不同浓度的甲醛杀菌,对A群、C群脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖内毒素的含量有显著影响。较高浓度的甲醛利于菌体细胞的固定,从而防止细菌自溶释放内毒素,因而高浓度的甲醛能够减少其内毒素的含量,提高了产品质量。     

A+C群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗稳定性研究

为确定A C群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗有效期。对该疫苗在不同储藏温度下的稳定性进行了系统研究,将C群多糖抗原放置在37℃,A C群多糖疫苗分别放置在2-8℃,37℃和56℃,定期取样,用琼脂糖CL-4B凝胶柱层析后,测定Kd值在0.5以前的多糖回收率,结果表明,C群多糖抗原在37℃保存9周,A C群多糖疫苗于2-8℃保存4年,37℃保存88周,56℃保存10个月,多糖抗原或多糖疫苗的Kd值小于0.4,多糖回收率大于75%,符合规程要求;因而A C群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗的有效期可定为在2-8℃储藏条件下3年6个月。     

A群C群脑膜炎球菌结合疫苗稳定性

目的评价A群C群脑膜炎球菌结合疫苗原液和成品的稳定性。方法分别将A群、C群脑膜炎球菌结合疫苗原液及A群C群脑膜炎球菌结合疫苗各选取连续3批,分别放置于37℃、20~25℃和2~8℃3种温度下,在一定的时间取样进行主要项目测定,在关键时间点进行全面检测。结果 A群结合疫苗原液于2~8℃保存9个月,20~25℃保存4周,37℃保存4 d;C群结合疫苗原液于2~8℃保存9个月,20~25℃保存6个月,37℃保存4周;A群C群脑膜炎球菌结合疫苗于2~8℃保存2年3个月,20~25℃保存6个月,37℃可以保存9周;各项检测指标均符合质量标准的要求。结论在2~8℃条件下,A群、C群脑膜炎球菌结合疫苗原液存放6个月,A群C群脑膜炎球菌结合疫苗存放2年,其质量稳定。     

不同酸水解酪蛋白对W135群和Y群脑膜炎奈瑟菌荚膜多糖产量的影响

目的 探索不同酸水解酪蛋白对W135群与Y群脑膜炎奈瑟菌(脑膜炎球菌)荚膜多糖产量的影响。方法 分别以NaCl质量分数为37%和14%的酸水解酪蛋白作为有机氮源配制改良半综合高盐培养基和低盐培养基,利用全自动细菌发酵罐分别在两种培养基里培养W135群和Y群脑膜炎球菌,比较这两种菌株在两种培养基中的生长时间、收获液菌密度( A 600 nm 值)、收获液去菌体后与去复合多糖后上清中的荚膜多糖含量,以及纯化后的精糖产量;比较高盐培养基收获液及其2倍稀释液中不同终含量的十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB)溶液对多糖沉淀效果的影响。结果 W135群与Y群脑膜炎球菌在两种培养基中的培养时间差异无统计学意义( P >0.05),但高盐培养基收获液的菌密度、收获液去菌体后上清液中的多糖含量均高于低盐培养基收获液,差异有统计学意义( P < 0.05),而高盐培养基收获液纯化后的精糖产量低于低盐培养基,差异有统计学意义( P <0.05)。高盐培养液2倍稀释后,在CTAB终体积分数为0.04%时,W135群与Y群脑膜炎球菌多糖全部沉淀,而未稀释高盐培养液即使CTAB终体积分数提高到0.14%,依然也不能完全沉淀 W135群与Y群脑膜炎球菌多糖。结论 不同酸水解酪蛋白对W135群和Y群脑膜炎球菌的生长密度和荚膜多糖产量有影响,用CTAB溶液沉淀荚膜多糖时需控制收获液盐含量。     

5型肺炎球菌荚膜多糖无乙醇无苯酚纯化工艺的建立

目的建立一种无乙醇无苯酚的5型肺炎球菌荚膜多糖纯化工艺,并进行工艺验证。方法 5型肺炎球菌发酵培养液采用脱氧胆酸钠法去除蛋白质,再利用层析法去除核酸等杂质,并对去除蛋白质工艺、层析工艺分别进行优化。采用优化后的方法纯化3批5型肺炎球菌发酵培养液,并对新工艺进行验证。结果去除蛋白质工艺的最适参数为:脱氧胆酸钠体积分数为0.5%,pH 4.3;层析工艺的最佳条件为:氯化钠浓度200 mmol/L,pH 8.0,上样流速150 cm/h,多糖质量浓度0.50 mg/mL。在上述工艺条件下,纯化的荚膜多糖各项指标均符合《欧洲药典》9.0版标准。结论该工艺稳定、可靠,可用于大规模生产,相比于传统的乙醇苯酚纯化工艺具有先进性。     

乙醇、丙酮和氯化钙对W135群脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖唾液酸含量检测的影响

目的研究乙醇、丙酮和氯化钙是否影响间苯二酚法测定W135群脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖(group W135 meningococcal capsular polysaccharide)唾液酸(sialic acid)含量。方法用苯酚法制备W135群脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖;分别定量检测唾液酸和W135群脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖添加不同质量浓度乙醇、丙酮和氯化钙,用间苯二酚法测定其唾液酸含量,检测乙醇、丙酮和氯化钙对间苯二酚测定唾液酸含量的影响。结果添加质量浓度≥39.5μg/mL的乙醇和≥9.9μg/mL的丙酮对唾液酸含量测定均有影响,其中乙醇影响不明显,丙酮的影响极为明显,而不同加入量的氯化钙均对唾液酸含量的测定无影响。结论乙醇和丙酮对间苯二酚法测定唾液酸含量有影响,二者可能会对W135群脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖质量控制产生影响。     

细菌荚膜多糖的分离纯化研究进展

荚膜多糖是细菌的保护性抗原和毒力因子,也是细菌疫苗最重要的靶抗原之一,其分离纯化是制作疫苗的首要步骤。本文从去除菌体、收集总糖、去除菌体核酸和蛋白质、去除内毒素等基本工艺步骤,对现有的工艺和目前的工艺进展进行了综述,重点阐述了中空纤维、深层过滤、超滤、酶水解、柱层析等方法在荚膜多糖分离纯化中的应用进展。     

冻干伤寒Vi＋A群流脑二联多糖疫苗的研究

将现行伤寒多糖疫苗和A群脑多糖疫苗各1人份,联合后以乳糖为保护剂冻干,制备成1人份二联冻干疫苗。并对该疫苗进行鉴别试验、伤寒Vi多糖含量测定、A群流脑多糖磷含量测定、安全试验、冻干二联苗与单价苗Sepharose CL-4B柱层析图比较以及免疫保护效果、动物血清抗体滴度和稳定性试验。试验初步表明,该二联多糖疫苗是安全的,混合后不会引起各自的主要成份、免疫保护效果和抗体应答水平发生变化。即相互没有干扰。一年后各项指标检测表明稳定性良好。可以作为二联苗接种同时预防伤寒和A群汉脑所引起的传染。     

A novel capsular polysaccharide from Rhizobium rubi strain DSM 30149

Rhizobium rubi, strain DSM 30149, is a Gram negative phytopathogenic bacterium which produces a linear polysaccharide with the following repeating unit: This new structure was determined by spectroscopical and chemical methods. It presents similar lipophilic features reported for another strain of R. rubi. These contrast with features already known for capsular polysaccharide species from symbiontic members of the Rhizobiaceae family, namely highly anionic polymers.     

Turnover of cell surface-bound capsular polysaccharide in Staphylococcus aureus

The capsular polysaccharide (CPS) of Staphylococcus aureus strain Smith was labelled by growth of bacteria in the presence of radioactive N-acetylglucosamine and was separated from labelled cell wall components by affinity chromatography on wheat germ agglutinin following dissolution of the cells by lysostaphin. The products were partially characterised chemically and immunochemically. Similar labelled components were found in the culture fluid during growth. In a pulse-chase experiment, cell-bound CPS was released continuously into the culture fluid at the same rate as cell wall turnover and there was no evidence of direct excretion of CPS.     

Structural elucidation of the capsular polysaccharide isolated from Kaistella flava

The Gram-negative bacterium under study belongs to the genus Kaistella. It was isolated from a soil sample of the Haian Island in China, and it produces a lipophilic polysaccharide characterised by a branched hexasaccharide repeating unit, counting four 6-deoxy-alpha-l-mannose (Rha) residues, one 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-d-glucose (GlcNAc) and a 2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-beta-d-galactose (FucNAc) unit. The structure of the repeating unit, assigned through 2D-NMR spectroscopy, is herein reported for the first time: [carbohydrate structure: see text]     

Conformational studies of the capsular polysaccharide produced by Neisseria meningitidis group A

The effect of different cations on the conformational and morphological properties of the capsular polysaccharide produced by Neisseria meningitidis group A was investigated. Circular dichroism studies showed that the presence of Na⁺, or Ca²⁺ ions induced different local conformations of the polysaccharide chain through interactions with the phosphodiester group bridging the saccharide residues in the polymer chain. Atomic force microscopy experiments confirmed that the morphology of the polysaccharide chains was different depending on the nature of the counterion. Ammonium ions were associated with the presence of single polymer chains in an elongated conformation, whereas sodium ions favored the folding of the chains into a globular conformation. The addition of calcium ions produced the aggregation of a limited number of globular polysaccharide chains to form a ‘toroidal-like’ structure.     

Identification of a capsular polysaccharide from Moraxella bovis

The bacterium Moraxella bovis is the causative agent of an economically important disease of cattle: Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK), otherwise known as pinkeye. Little is known regarding the structure of the carbohydrates produced by M. bovis. The structure of a capsular polysaccharide from M. bovis (strain Mb25) has been determined using NMR and MS analysis. From these data it is concluded that the polysaccharide is composed of the unmodified chondroitin disaccharide repeat unit.     

Structure of the Escherichia coli 0104 polysaccharide and its identity with the capsular K9 polysaccharide

Spontaneous mutants of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae strain C1204b were selected for their ability to tolerate 0.2 M NaCl, a growth-inhibiting level of salt for the parental strain. Transposon-mediated salt-sensitive mutants of strain C1204b were screened for their inability to grow in 0.08 M NaCl. Quantitation of the free-amino acid pools in the mutants grown in NaCl revealed a dramatic increase in glutamine, serine, glutamate and proline, and to a lesser extent alanine and glycine in the salt-tolerant mutants in comparison with the parental strain exposed to NaCl; but only glutamate and proline increased in the salt-sensitive mutants under NaCl stress. Extracellular polysaccharide levels were quantitated for the salt-tolerant mutants and determined to be approximately two-fold higher than for the parental strain. Although the mutations that occurred in the NaCl-tolerant and NaCl-sensitive strains did not interfere with nodule formation, no nitrogenase activity could be observed in the NaCl tolerant mutants as evaluated by acetylene reduction.