一粒小麦抗白粉病和条锈病基因的分析

一粒小麦是普通小麦抗性改良的宝贵资源.本研究对24份一粒小麦分别进行了白粉病和条锈病混合菌种苗期接种鉴定,进一步分别用一套白粉病菌菌株(15个)对2份乌拉尔图小麦和条锈病菌小种(21个)对1份栽培一粒小麦进行接种鉴定,其中乌拉尔图小麦UR206能抵抗所有供试白粉菌菌株,UR204除对白粉菌菌株E11感病外,对其余菌株表现抗性;栽培一粒小麦MO205对不同条锈菌小种表现出不同的抗性反应,研究表明乌拉尔图小麦UR206、UR204和栽培一粒小麦MO205分别含有与已知抗白粉病和抗条锈病基因不同的新基因.对乌拉尔图小麦UR204、UR206和栽培一粒小麦MO205分别进行抗白粉和条锈病基因的遗传分析,结果表明乌拉尔图小麦UR204和UR206分别含有一对显性抗白粉病基因,栽培一粒小麦MO205含有两对独立遗传的显性抗条锈病基因.     

Epichloë endophyte affects the ability of powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis) to colonise drunken horse grass (Achnatherum inebrians)

The effect of the systemic seed-borne endophyte Epichloë gansuensis on the colonization by Blumeria graminis, the cause of powdery mildew disease, and the growth of the host grass Achnatherum inebrians, was studied under four soil water conditions. Infection incidence, disease lesion parameters, disease index, biomass production and growth parameters of the grass with and without the fungal endophyte were measured and counted after a period of disease. There was a significantly (P < 0.05) higher disease incidence and disease index for endophyte-free (E−) compared to endophyte-infected (E+) plants under different drought stresses. The presence of the endophyte significantly positively affected all of the host grass growth factors. The results of the present study demonstrate that the presence of the Epichloë endophyte reduced the ability of B. graminis to colonise A. inebrians and also conferred enhanced host plant growth at all soil water conditions tested.     

植物抗白粉病的分子机理

随着分子生物学与其相关技术的飞速发展 ,已克隆到了一系列的植物抗病基因和防御基因 ,加深了对植物与病原微生物相互作用分子机制的了解 ,促进了植物抗病分子机理的研究。国内外许多学者对大麦抗白粉病的分子机制进行了较系统的研究 ,在拟南芥菜中也找到了许多抗白粉病基因 ,这些结果对研究其它植物抗白粉病机制提供了线索。本文就该方面的研究进展加以阐述 ,并讨论了抗病机理在抗病育种工作中的应用前景。     

大麦DNA导入小麦产生抗白粉病变异的遗传研究

本研究将抗白粉病的大麦DNA通过花粉管途径直接导入感病的小麦品种花76中,后代出现13株抗白粉病变异株。其中5株在以后的世代中抗性稳定,另8株则继续分离。第2带分离株系的抗病株形成的第3代株系（或株行）中,抗性有分离的株行与无分离的株行比例为1.9:1,而分离株行内抗病株与不抗病株之比为3.35:1。抗性稳定株系与感病亲本杂交,F1表现高抗病,再与感病亲本回交,后代抗感病株比例为1:1,自交F2的比例为2.8:1。说明所获得的抗白粉病性受一对完全显性基因控制,抗病为显性。与已知抗白粉病基因的比较表明,这个抗病基因可能是来自大麦的一个新基因。13 Variant plants with immunity and high-resistance to powdery mildew were found in D1 generation from introducing resistant barley DNA into susceptible wheat cultivar, through pollen tube pathway after self pollination.Of the variants, 5 plants for the resistance had been stable and the other 8 plants segregated insuccessive generation.The ratio of segregating and stable plant-rows was 1.9:1 in D3 plant-rows derived from resistant plants of segregating D2-lines,and the ratio of resistant plants and susceptible plants was 3.35:1 among the segregating D3 plant-rows.The F1 -plants from crosses between stable resistant variants and susceptible parents were higgh resistant to powdery mildew.The ratio of resistant and susceptible plants was 1:1 in progenies of backcross of the F1 and susceptible parents, and this ratio was 2.8:1 in the F2 generation from the F1 selfing. Thus it can be seen that the resistance obtained is camtrolled by a pair of genes, the resistance is dominant. The results in comparison with known powdery mildew resistance genes in wheat indicated that the resistant gene obtained would be a new one from barley.     

Isolation and Evolution Mode Analysis of NBS–LRR Resistance Gene Analogs from Hexaploid Wheat

Based on conserved regions of a sequence of a previously isolated powdery mildew (Pm) resistance gene, Pm3b, from hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), a pair of primers was designed, and 11 resistance gene analogs (RGAs) were obtained using a polymerase chain reaction-based cloning approach. Three RGAs were deemed as pseudogenes, while the remaining eight corresponded to protein-encoding genes. At the nucleotide level, all these RGAs shared a sequence identity of 99% and showed 86% sequence identity with Pm3b. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the eight protein-encoding genes were paraphyletic with Pm3 alleles. Positively selected sites were identified using the Selecton 2.1 program, and these were located on secondary structures. Based on these findings, the following two inferences could be made on the mode of evolution of the nucleotide-binding site and leucine-rich repeat (LRR) class of resistance genes. First, the majority of evolution events must have occurred primarily in the LRR domain, and this might have contributed to an increase in the proportion of evolution events in other domains. Second, these evolutionary events in the LRR domain must have occurred initially in secondary structures and then in the β-sheet. The crystalline structure models of RGAs were constructed. De-Shun Feng and Yan Li contributed equally to this paper. Sequence data of 2Q2, 2Q3, 2Q4, 2Q7, 2Q9, 2Q11, 2Q12, 12Q11, 15Q1, and 15Q7 from this article have been deposited at GenBank under accession numbers EF157980, EF157981, EF157982, EF157983, EF157984, EF157985, EF157986, EF157987, EF157988, EF157989, and EF157990.     

黑麦6R抗白粉病基因向小麦的渗进与鉴定

为了将黑麦６Ｒ染色体上抗小麦白粉病的基因导入小麦,选用了一个６Ｒ／６Ｄ代换系Ｍ２４为亲本之一,分别与小麦栽培品种和第６部分同源群缺体系杂交,杂种出现６Ｒ或／或６Ａ,６Ｂ,６Ｄ单,双或三单体等各种情况,取其花药进行培养,共获得２４１个再生植株,对其中３２个抗白粉病的花粉植株经染色体计数,Ｃ－分带,基因组原位杂交,同工酶等电聚焦电泳和或／ＲＦＬＰ分子标记检测,发现有６株仍保持为６Ｒ／６Ｄ代换系,有１０     

琼脂糖和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术检测小麦基因组DNA RAPD扩增产物的方法学比较

通过20%(wv)的琼脂糖凝胶和5%(wv)的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对小麦白粉病抗、感特性品种基因组DNA的RAPD检测结果表明:5%聚丙烯酰胺凝胶对线性DNA分子(01～20kb)和长度相差100bp以下的DNA分子的分离较20%的琼脂糖凝胶电泳效果好。因此,我们研究出了一项利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测小麦白粉病抗、感特性的新技术,在工作中建立了一种适合于检测小麦基因组DNA结构差异的电泳方法。该方法主要包括:(1)丙烯酰胺和亚甲基双丙烯酰胺的新配比;(2)分离DNA片段的最佳凝胶浓度;(3)电泳条件;(4)脱色、漂洗、银染、显色过程。实验发现,该技术对于小麦白粉病抗、感特性检测中的小片段和长度相差100bp以下的线性DNAPCR扩增结果的分辨效果较好。应用该技术在抗感品种间已经发现了DNA水平上的差异。     

亚蔬中心绿豆品种(系)抗白粉病评价

采用苗期人工接种鉴定法,在大棚种植条件下对12个亚蔬中心(AVRDC)绿豆品种白粉病抗性进行了鉴定评价。结果显示,VC1560C、V4785和VC2768A三个品种高抗(HR)白粉病,VC6173-14、V1132为中抗(MR)白粉病品种。其它品种对白粉病表现高度感病。在田间种植条件下对亚蔬中心16个抗豆象回交9代品系(BC9)进行了成株期白粉病抗性鉴定。与对照感病品种 VC1973、VC1178A 相比,VC6459-3-6-37和 VC6458-6-3-16对白粉病具有一定抗性,但白粉病感染程度仍很严重,其它14个 BC9品系均对白粉病表现高度感病。     

胚芽鞘保存麦类白粉菌种的研究

在大小麦感病品种的胚芽鞘大约长1—1.5cm 时接种白粉菌的分生孢子,置17—20℃的室温下20小时左右后,放入1—4℃的冰箱中保存。整个保存期间不加光照。30—40天后,胚芽鞘上长出白粉菌丝和分生孢子。经无病小麦苗接种试验,在3—4℃下小麦白粉菌保存110天、1—3℃下保存150天以上,胚芽鞘上的白粉菌分生孢子仍具有与盆栽麦苗上保存的分生孢子相似的侵染力。用胚芽鞘保存白粉菌种不需附加光照,方法简便,易于保持菌种纯度,保存期长。     

First report of Phyllactinia (Ovulariopsis cf. insolita) in México

Powdery mildew Phyllactinia (Ovulariopsis cf. insolita) is reported on Funastrum clausum and F. cynanchoides in Sinaloa, Mexico. The fungus was reported as Oidium insolitum on Lycium chilense in Argentina, later as Phyllactinia chubutiana (anamorph Ovulariopsis insolita). This fungus was studied by light microscopy and molecular techniques. Fungal mycelium was smooth, effuse, with septate hyphae; appressoria distinct, or ramified; conidiophores pseudoidium type; mature conidium cingulum-like, subcylindric with sub-apical and sub-terminal protuberances. Two rDNA ITS nucleotide sequences were 99% homolog with P. chubutiana's sequence.     

Cytological characterization,powdery mildew resistance and storage protein composition of tetraploid and hexaploid 1BL/1RS wheat-rye translocation lines

Summary Progenies of a tetraploid 1BL/1RS wheat-rye translocation line, CV 256, selected from the cross Cando x Veery, were analyzed by means of Giemsa C-banding. CV 256 is cytologically stable for the presence of the 1BL/1RS translocation but still segregating for A- and B-genome chromosomes of Cando and Veery. In CV 256, nucleolar activity of the 1RS NOR locus is suppressed, as judged by the absence of a secondary constriction in that rye segment and the capability of organizing nucleoli. PAGE analysis of prolamins confirmed the presence of two 1RS secalins in all single seeds analyzed. SDS-PAGE analysis of reduced glutenins of single seeds indicated that some seeds contained the Cando Glu-B1 locus (subunits 6+8), some contained the Veery Glu-B1 locus (subunits 7+9) while others contained all four subunits, indicating that the material was heterozygous. Pm8 resistance is expressed in the tetraploid 1BL/1RS translocation line based on the reactions of six well-defined powdery mildew isolates. However, Pm8 resistance is not expressed in the hexaploid wheat cultivars Olymp, Heinrich and Florida, which also contain the 1BL/1RS translocation. Obviously, the existence of the 1BL/1RS translocation is not a proof for the expression of the associated genes. PAGE results did not show a clear linkage between powdery mildew resistance and the presence of 1RS secalins.     

内蒙古四个民族耳垂基因频率

本文在调查内蒙古汉族、蒙古族、回族、朝鲜族耳垂性状的基础上,计算出上述4个民族的基因频率,并进行了4个民族之间、 4个民族与赫哲族、柯尔克孜族之间耳垂显性基因频率的比较, 研究结果提示:我国北方地区民族群体的耳垂显性基因频率由西向东有逐渐降低的趋势。     

抗白粉病小麦染色体组型的分子标记与生化标记分析

应用与小麦第六同源群有关的分子和生化标记,包括ＤＮＡ探针ｐＳｃ５·３Ｈ３和ｐＳＲ１６７以及同工酶Ｅｓｔ－５和ａ－Ａｍｙ－１,对来自六倍体小黑麦Ｂｅａｇｌｅ与普通小麦科冬５８杂交后代Ｆ１花粉植株的抗白粉病株系Ｍ２４．Ｍ０９及Ｍ１７进行了分析。结果表明,Ｍ２４、Ｍ０９及Ｍ１７不同程度地含有黑麦染色体成分,而且电泳谱带差别较大,据此推断,Ｍ０９为６ＲＬ的易位系。因此,生化和分子标记不仅可以用于确定外源片段的存在,而且可以帮助确定染色体组型和外源片段的位置     

两种不同白粉病抗性野生蔷薇内生真菌群落结构

【背景】白粉病是蔷薇、月季等观赏植物的主要病害,提高其白粉病抗性是花卉产业亟待解决的难题。内生菌在增强植物抗病性能方面的益处已经得到证实。大理紫花是一种白粉病高抗野生蔷薇,而七姐妹是一种高感野生蔷薇,目前对两者在内生菌群落结构及功能方面的异同尚不清楚。【目的】对比研究白粉病高抗和高感两种野生蔷薇内生菌群落组成的异同,探索内生菌在宿主植物白粉病抗性中可能发挥的生态学功能,为蔷薇白粉病防治提供新思路。【方法】通过传统的内生真菌分离培养方法,结合形态学特征和分子生物学分析确定所获菌株的分类地位,对白粉病高抗和高感两种野生蔷薇内生真菌群落组成进行对比分析。【结果】从两种不同白粉病抗性野生蔷薇的2 880个组织块中,共分离得到2 003株内生真菌,其中从大理紫花得到1 333株,从七姐妹得到670株。它们分属于链格孢属(Alternaria)、炭角菌属(Xylaria)和拟盘多毛孢属(Pestalotiopsis)等30个分类单元。其中链格孢(A. alternata)、平头刺盘孢(C. truncatum)和拟茎点霉(Phomopsis amygdali)为两种蔷薇在白粉病暴发各时期的共有优势菌,而盘毛孢(Seimatosporium sp.)、鬼伞(Coprinellus sp.)和球毛壳菌(Chaetomium globosum)等则只存在于大理紫花或七姐妹一种植物中。【结论】在白粉病暴发进程中,白粉病高抗野生蔷薇大理紫花与高感蔷薇七姐妹的内生真菌多样性及群落结构明显不同。且随着时间的推移,七姐妹的内生真菌多样性逐渐增加,而大理紫花的却逐渐减少。但在各采样时间点,高抗蔷薇内生真菌的数量和平均定殖率均明显高于高感蔷薇(P0.05,卡方检验)。大理紫花中存在一些特有和优势内生真菌,它们在大理紫花白粉病抗性中的功能有待进一步深入研究。