Species Specific Flavone Glucuronides in Elodea Species

The flavonoid patterns of plants of Elodea canadensis, E. ernstae and E. nuttallii apigenin were investigated. The main flavonoids of E. canadensis are apeginin, luteolin and chrysoeriol 7-O-diglucuronides, of E. nuttalli apigenin and luteolin 7-O- diglucuronides, and of E. ernstae apigenin and luteonin 7-O-monoglucoronides. The qualitative stability of these flavonoid patterns is checked by chromatographic comparison of various populations from a wide area of the three species, it is shown that the flavonoid patterns are valuable criteria for the separation of these species.     

黑腹果蝇种组五种核型的报道

通过传统的敲片、Giemsa染色的方法, 本文首次对果蝇属黑腹果蝇种组的5种果蝇 （D. constricta、D. ohnishii、D. ogumai、D. pseudobaimaii、D. tani）染色体的数目和形态进行了分析报道。分析发现：这5个种具有相同的染色体数目（2n=8）和不同的形态。D. pseudobaimaii和D. tani 为2V,1R,1D型;D. constricta染色为2V,1R,1D型且其点状染色体难以辨认;D. ohnishii和D. ogumai 具有相同形态为2V,2R。另外,还发现核型与亲缘关系之间有一定的对应性。     

山东省的长肢林蛙种组物种

前人报道天津和山东有日本林蛙的分布,但也有学者表示怀疑。本文报道采集于山东徂徕山的该类物种。从成体量度和蝌蚪唇踟式来看,与现报道的镇海林蛙和峨眉林蛙有一定差异。该物种体型大小与峨眉林蛙相近似,唇齿式为1：2-2／111     

Predicting Growth in Stands of Mixed Species from that in Individual Species

The growth of spring cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitataL.) and carrot (Daucus carota L.) in mixed species stands iscompared with growth curves predicted by two forms of a dynamiccompetition model, which uses a conductance relationship (Aikmanand Scaife, 1993) to allow for the constraints on growth froma set of environmental variables. While a plant is isolated,light interception is assumed to occur within a zone whose areais a function of plant weight. Lateral foliage expansion isconstricted when the available space is filled. One form ofthe model assumes that all plants are of similar height (Aikmanand Benjamin, 1994). The second form assumes the crown zonesare in separate vertical layers, allowing greater lateral expansionin each layer but imposing shading on the underlayer. Parameter values of the model were estimated from the growthwithin even-aged monocrops. The first form of the model gavethe best prediction of growth in the intercrops, often producinga close agreement between observed and predicted weights. Onlyat the highest density used, 0·05 m spacing, did thedifferent height form of model give a better prediction of growth. Many mixed species stands may be approximated by one or otherof the forms of the model, and the relevant form can easilybe calibrated from the growth observed in monocrops. Hence,simple models may be sufficiently accurate to predict growthin mixed species systems such as intercrops, or crops and weeds.Copyright1995, 1999 Academic Press Cabbage, carrot, competition, intercrop, light, mechanistic model, temperature, canopy architecture     

Immunoparasitology in Avian Species

There has been no work on the immunological response of birdsto helminth infections since the late 1960s, an area of investigationthat has been too long ignored. Similarly, studies of arthropod-mediatedresponses in birds are lacking except for a few scattered investigations.Recently, a serum antibody response has been seen against onearthropod, the northern fowl mite. The appearance of antibodiesrecognizing an 8–10 kilodalton mite antigen seems to correlatewith a reduction in the mite population on infested chickens.Most of the studies on parasite immunity in avian species havecentered on the economically important Eimeria species, protozoanparasites that infect the intestine of chickens and turkeys.These investigations encompass wide areas of interest includingthe effect of immunity on parasite invasion, development ofT-cell proliferation assays and T-cell clones, inhibition ofparasite penetration and development by hybridoma antibody treatment,production of genetically engineered Eimeria antigens used inbird immunization studies, and studies using inbred or congeniclines of birds to determine what effect the major histocompatibilitycomplex has on parasite immunity. From these efforts it hasbeen learned that not only is the immunity species-specific,but also depending on where in the intestine the parasite invades,penetration is either not affected or inhibited by as much as50%. The T-cell proliferation assays suggest that this specificitymay be due to a species-specific T-cell response. Immunizationstudies using a genetically engineered antigen have indicatedthat at least partial protection against one species of Eimeriais possible. Studies done with the inbred congenic lines ofbirds have shown that the genetic makeup of the bird is importantin how it responds to either a natural infection or to immunizationwith a genetically engineered antigen. Clearly, these resultsshow not only the complexity of the bird response to parasiteinfection, but also the amount of work still undone.     

Species crosses in Rats

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Species integrity in trees

From California sequoia, to Australian eucalyptus, to the outstanding diversity of Amazonian forests, trees are fundamental to many processes in ecology and evolution. Trees define the communities that they inhabit, are host to a multiplicity of other organisms and can determine the ecological dynamics of other plants and animals. Trees are also at the heart of major patterns of biodiversity such as the latitudinal gradient of species diversity and thus are important systems for studying the origin of new plant species. Although the role of trees in community assembly and ecological succession is partially understood, the origin of tree diversity remains largely opaque. For instance, the relative importance of differing habitats and phenologies as barriers to hybridization between closely related species is still largely uncharacterized in trees. Consequently, we know very little about the origin of trees species and their integrity. Similarly, studies on the interplay between speciation and tree community assembly are in their infancy and so are studies on how processes like forest maturation modifies the context in which reproductive isolation evolves. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Lindtke et al. (2014) and Lagache et al. (2014) overcome some traditional difficulties in studying mating systems and sexual isolation in the iconic oaks and poplars, providing novel insights about the integrity of tree species and on how ecology leads to variation in selection on reproductive isolation over time and space.     

Species Concept in Primates

The way we view the Species category in Primates, as in other animals, especially other vertebrates, has been going through a revolution over the past 20 years or so. Much is wrong with the idea that we can define species according to whether or not they are “reproductively isolated”: this concept, the so‐called Biological Species Concept, has never offered any guidelines in the case of allopatric populations; this has now been shown to be simply wrong. Although other ways of looking at species – the Evolutionary, Recognition, Cohesion and Genetic Species Concepts – have all provided particular insights, the only proposal to offer a repeatable, falsifiable definition of species is the Phylogenetic Species Concept. This has been criticised for increasing the number of species to be recognised, although it is not clear why this should be a problem: indeed, it tells us that the world is far richer in biodiversity than we had conceived. Am. J. Primatol. 74:687‐691, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Comparing Species Assemblages Via Species Accumulation Curves

Summary Comparing species assemblages given incidence‐based data is of importance in ecological studies, often done by a visual inspection of estimated species accumulation curves or by an ad hoc use of 95% pointwise confidence bands of these curves. It is shown that comparing species assemblages is a challenging problem. A χ² test is proposed. An adjustment using an eigenvalue decomposition is proposed to overcome computational difficulties. The bootstrap method is also suggested to approximate the distribution of the proposed test statistic. The eigenvalue adjusted (Eva) χ² test and the Eva‐bootstrap test are assessed by a simulation study. Both the Eva‐χ² and the Eva‐bootstrap tests are applied to a study that involves two woody seedling species assemblages.     

Studies on Karyotypes of Two Species in Kengyilia and Three Species in Roegneria

The karyotypes of 3 species of Roegneria and 2 species of Kengyilia were analysed in this paper. They are all reported for the first time, and the karyotype formulae are as follows: R. nutans, 2n = 4X= 28 = 26m+ 2sm; R. abolinii, 2n = 4X =28 = 24m + 4sm; R. aristiglumis, 2n = 6X = 42 = 32m + 10sm (2sat); K. tahelacana 2n = 6X = 42 = 36m (2sat)+6sm (2sat); K. zhoasuensis, 2n = 6X= 42 = 34m(4sat)+ 8sm. According to the characters of karyotypes, K. tahelacana and K. zhoasuensis havethe S, Y, P genomes of genus Kengyilia.     

Species Delimitation and Analysis of Cryptic Species Diversity in the XXI Century

The potentials and limitations of different approaches to revealing species boundaries and describing cryptic species are discussed. Both the traditional methods of species delimitation, mostly based on morphological analysis, and the approaches using molecular markers are considered. Besides, the prospects of species identification using digital image recognition and machine learning are briefly considered. It is concluded that molecular markers provide very important material for species delimitation; the value of these data increases manifold if they can be compared with information on morphology, geographic distribution, and ecological preferences of the studied taxa. In many cases, only a practicing taxonomist who knows his or her group thoroughly can correctly interpret the molecular data and incorporate them into the existing knowledge system in order to make a taxonomic decision.

     

Species specificity in mouse glycophorin

89, 65, 46 and 29 Kd mouse glycophorin proteins identified during polyacrylamide electrophoresis of mouse erythrocytes have been further characterized. These proteins (1) stain positive with Periodic Acid Schiff reagent after sodium hydroxide treatment; (2) labeled using [125I] in intact cells; (3) co-isolated along with integral membrane proteins in the pellet fraction of sodium hydroxide treated ghosts; and (4) demonstrated a molecular weight downshift after neuraminidase treatment during electrophoresis. We have called them mouse Sialoglycoproteins 1, 2, 3 and 4. Immuno-blot analysis revealed distinct species specificity between human and mouse erythrocyte ghosts, and some cross-reactivity between rat and mouse erythrocyte ghosts.     

Antifungal Activity in Passiflora Species

A substance toxic to a considerable number of fungi has beenfound in 27 species and four hybrids of Passiflora and in somegenera of the related families, Turneraceae and Flacourtiaceae.It is found in living tissues particularly after wounding. Theactive principle moves from living tissues into agar and intowater. It can be extracted from water diffusates by organicsolvents.