黄瓜霜霉病抗病基因的RAPD及SCAR标记

以感霜霉病黄瓜L18-10-2和抗霜霉病黄瓜129为亲本构建F2代分离群体,以F3代植株霜霉病抗性鉴定表示F2代各单株抗病性并得以区分各单株杂合或纯合感病性,采用RAPD技术和转SCAR的方法筛选黄瓜抗霜霉病基因分子标记.结果显示,在318条RAPD引物中有18条引物表现出两亲本间多态性,其中引物P18的SB-SP18561扩增片段与霜霉病抗病基因之间紧密连锁,根据交换率和Kosambi函数公式计算其遗传距离为7.85 cM.回收SBSP18561片段并克隆和测序,其准确长度为561 bp.将该RAPD标记转换为SCAR标记,长度为494 bp,命名为SSBSP18494.     

利用相关性分析鉴定与水稻根部性状表达相关的分子标记

84个水稻品种在营养液中生长,10天后测定每一品种的最大根长（Maximum Root Length,MRL)和根干重（Root Dry Weight,RDW)。选取其中有代表性的27个水稻品种,用扩增片段长度多态性（Amplified Fragment Length Polymor-phism,AFLP)技术进行基因组差异分析,通过计算差异带与性状表现间的相关系数,筛选与苗期水稻最大根长和根干重显著相关的分子标记,经过15对AFLP引物的筛选,有4对引物的7个片段的基因型表现与最大根长或（和）根干重显著相关,对其中的片段之一“T3P3f”进行克隆,测序后,设计特异PCR扩增引物“Z336”,进一步对84个水稻品种进行鉴定,统计分析后发现,Z2336与最大根长的相关系数为-0.193,相关性几近显著水平;与根干重的相关系数为-0.391,相关性达极显著水平,计算对根干重的差异解释率,可达15.3%,显示该标记与控制根干重性状表达的某个数量基因紧密连锁,它的存在对性状值的降低有显著的关系,进一步利用源于ZYQ8和JX17的加倍单倍体（double haploid,DH)分离群体进行基因定位,发现Z336位于水稻第11号染色体上,距离相邻的分子标记9.4cM。     

葡萄感霜霉病基因的分子标记(英文)

 在葡萄抗病育种中 ,幼苗期排除感霜霉病的后代具有特别重要的意义 .用 BSA,RAPD和SCAR方法研究了葡萄感霜霉病基因的分子标记 .分析了两个种间杂交组合 [毛葡萄 (抗病 )×欧洲葡萄 (感病 ) ]88- 1 1 0和 88- 84与 88- 1 1 0的 F1代自交或互交所得的 3个 F2 代 ,以及欧洲葡萄品种和中国野生葡萄种 .共筛选了 2 80个随机引物 .引物 OPO1 0产生了一个 RAPD标记 OPO1 0 - 80 0与葡萄感霜霉病主效基因紧密联锁 .将该 DNA片段克隆并测序 .OPO1 0 - 80 0的实际长度为 835bp,所以 OPO1 0 - 80 0应为 OPO1 0 - 835.据其两端序列 ,设计了一对长度为 2 6bp和 2 8bp的特异引物分别扩增上述试材 ,获得了与该 RAPD标记相同大小的一条带 ,将 RAPD标记转化为 SCAR标记SCO1 0 - 835.并证实了此 SCAR标记的通用性 ,该 SCAR标记可用于葡萄抗病育种中杂种后代对霜霉病的抗病与感病性鉴定 .     

亚麻抗锈病基因M4的特异分子标记

用520个10碱基随机引物对含有亚麻抗锈病基因M4的近等基因系材料NM4及其轮回亲本Bison进行RAPD分析,其中OPA18引物在NM4材料中稳定地扩增出特异的DNA片段。用Bison与NM4杂交产生的F2分离群体进行的遗传连锁性分析表明,RAPD标记OPA18432与M4基因紧密连锁,二者之间的遗传距离为2.1cM。将OPA18432片段回收,克隆和测序,成功地将其转化为SCAR标记。对不同抗源材料的扩增分析表明,该标记是M4基因的特异标记。目前这一标记已成功地应用于亚麻抗锈病基因M4的分子标记辅助选择育种。     

水稻籼粳杂种F2群体中RFLP标记的异常分离及其染色体分布

利用水稻 Oryza sativa L.,2 n=2 4 1 2对染色体上的 5 4个 DNA限制性片段长度多态性 RFL P 标记 ,研究了它们在籼粳杂种 窄叶青 8号 / 京系 1 7 F2 群体中的分离 .结果表明 ,2 5 .9%的 RFLP标记的分离显著或极显著地偏离了预期的孟德尔比例 1∶ 2∶ 1 而表现为异常分离 .F2 群体中 3类 RFL P基因型中 窄叶青 8号 类型明显偏多 ,其基因频率为5 2 .1 % .同时还发现了 3个异常分离的染色体热点 ,即第 3染色体上的 RG2 2 7- RG369,第 7染色体上的 RG678- RG5 1 1 - RG5 2 8,以及第 1 2染色体上的 RG4 63- RG32 3,它们可能与导致异常分离的配子体基因座位有关 .     

NO和钙信使系统在草酸诱导黄瓜叶片抗霜霉病中的作用

通过草酸及其与不同抑制剂亚甲基蓝、EGTA、氯丙嗪和Li+组合处理黄瓜叶片,研究了草酸与抑制剂不同处理组合方式对黄瓜叶片POD活性和叶片病情指数的影响,探讨NO、钙信使系统在草酸诱导叶片抗霜霉病中的作用.结果显示,10～70mmol/L草酸均能不同程度诱导黄瓜叶片POD活性的升高,提高叶片对黄瓜霜霉病的抗病性,降低叶片病情指数,并以30mmol/L效果最好.4种抑制剂分别与30mmol/L草酸同时或先于草酸处理,或草酸处理后一定时间再用抑制剂处理,均明显抑制黄瓜叶片POD活性的升高及病情指数的降低.研究表明,NO、Ca2+、钙调素(CaM)和磷酸肌醇均可能参与了草酸诱导黄瓜霜霉病抗性的信号转导过程.     

黄瓜嫩果皮色基因QTL定位分析

以黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)嫩果皮绿色自交系1613(P1)和嫩果皮白色自交系JD7(P2)为试验材料构建重组自交系(RIL)群体(142个株系),对各株系嫩果皮色进行表型鉴定,利用重测序技术对各自交系进行基因分型,结合表型和基因型数据进行QTL定位研究。结果表明F1黄瓜嫩果皮颜色表现为绿色,并将控制嫩果皮颜色的基因定位到黄瓜第3号染色体上,在3号染色体35511129~39711114区段内定位到成簇分布的3个位点,它们在连锁图谱上的位置分别为1. 01 c M、3. 31 c M和6. 01 c M处,与两翼标记的连锁距离分别为1. 01 c M/0. 09 c M,0. 21 c M/0. 29 c M,0. 11 c M/0. 19 c M。通过生物信息学分析预测出16个候选基因,其中Csa3G904080、Csa3G904100、Csa3G903500和Csa3G902950极有可能是调控黄瓜果实颜色的关键基因。     

葡萄感霜霉病基因RAPD标记的序列分析

利用Ｗｉｚａｒｄ ＤＮＡ ｃｌｅａｎ－ｕｐ ｓｙｓｔｅｍ纯化葡萄感霜霉病基因ＲＡＰＤ遗传标记的ＤＮＡ片段,用细菌质粒ｐＧＥＭ Ｔ－ｅａｓｙ ｖｅｃｔｏｒ克隆该片段,采用自动荧光ＤＮＡ测序仪对片段的核苷酸组成进行双向测序。来自欧洲葡萄粉红玫瑰的葡萄感霜霉病基因ＲＡＰＤ标记由８３５对核苷酸及其特定序列组成。所获的感霜霉病基因ＲＡＰＤ标记可以作为合成探针的基础,用于葡萄抗病育种过程中的早期选择及品种对霜     

黄瓜白色果皮基因遗传规律及定位研究

以黄瓜嫩果深绿色果皮自交系1507(P1)和白色果皮自交系1508(P2)为亲本,构建6世代遗传群体(P1、P2、F1、F2、BC1P1、BC1P2),对黄瓜嫩果白色果皮基因(w)进行遗传规律分析和基因定位研究。结果表明,黄瓜白色果皮性状由隐性单基因(w)控制,深绿色对白色为显性。利用F2群体,结合分离群体分组分析法筛选得到了14个与w基因相关的SSR标记,构建了该基因的SSR连锁群,将其定位到黄瓜3号染色体上,两侧的标记为SSR23517和SSR23141,遗传距离分别为4.9cM和1.9cM。侧翼标记之间的物理距离为1 150kb,在该区域中共预测了500个候选基因。该研究对w基因的初步定位,为该基因精细定位及分子标记辅助选择育种奠定了良好的基础。     

一个约30kD膜蛋白作为汉坦病毒候选受体的筛选

目的:筛选汉坦病毒包膜糖蛋白G2可能的候选受体或受体辅助分子,方法:根据汉坦病毒76～118株M基因序列设计引物,PCR扩增和基因重组获得G2全长及各功能片段的GST融合表达质粒,SDS-PAGE检测它们在BL21菌中诱导表达及纯化的效果.生物素标记汉坦病毒易感细胞Vero E6和非允许细胞CHO的细胞膜蛋白.将在BL21裂解上清中有表达的G2蛋白N端81～140位氨基酸片段(G2N81-140)纯化后与含有生物素标记的Vero E6细胞膜裂解液进行孵育,同时以非允许细胞CHO和无关蛋白GST-TLM做为阴性对照.通过GST Pull-down分离与G2蛋白特异性结合的细胞膜蛋白.结果:一个约30kD的Vero E6细胞膜蛋白与G2N81-140片段之间存在着特异性的相互作用.结论:该30kD蛋白可能是汉坦病毒细胞膜候选受体或受体辅助分子之一,是病毒入侵细胞的一个相关分子.     

黄瓜霜霉病及寄主抗性机制研究进展

在黄瓜生产中,由古巴假霜霉菌(Pseudoperonospora cubensis)引起的霜霉病危害严重,影响叶、茎和花序生长发育,导致黄瓜产量及品质降低。通过对黄瓜霜霉病的病原菌检测和防御途径、影响及调控因素、抗病原菌候选基因发掘、蛋白质组和基因组分析、黄瓜霜霉病QTL连锁标记开发及其抗病育种等多方面的最新进展进行综述,以期为今后进一步揭示黄瓜乃至农作物对霜霉病的抗性机制研究提供借鉴和参考。     

寡雄腐霉施用时期对设施黄瓜霜霉病的防治试验

寡雄腐霉是一种对多种植物病害有很好防治效果的新型生物农药。本文通过田间试验明确了寡雄腐霉在黄瓜霜霉病不同发病时期使用时的防治效果。结果表明,寡雄腐霉对黄瓜霜霉病预防效果达到68.9%,发病初期防治效果达到61.9%,发病后期防治效果只有23.5%。因此,在使用寡雄腐霉防治黄瓜霜霉病时一定要在未发病或发病早期使用才能达到理想的防病效果。     

Effects of Heat Shock on Photosynthetic Properties,Antioxidant Enzyme Activity,and Downy Mildew of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)

Heat shock is considered an abiotic stress for plant growth, but the effects of heat shock on physiological responses of cucumber plant leaves with and without downy mildew disease are still not clear. In this study, cucumber seedlings were exposed to heat shock in greenhouses, and the responses of photosynthetic properties, carbohydrate metabolism, antioxidant enzyme activity, osmolytes, and disease severity index of leaves with or without the downy mildew disease were measured. Results showed that heat shock significantly decreased the net photosynthetic rate, actual photochemical efficiency, photochemical quenching coefficient, and starch content. Heat shock caused an increase in the stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, antioxidant enzyme activities, total soluble sugar content, sucrose content, soluble protein content and proline content for both healthy leaves and downy mildew infected leaves. These results demonstrate that heat shock activated the transpiration pathway to protect the photosystem from damage due to excess energy in cucumber leaves. Potential resistance mechanisms of plants exposed to heat stress may involve higher osmotic regulation capacity related to an increase of total accumulations of soluble sugar, proline and soluble protein, as well as higher antioxidant enzymes activity in stressed leaves. Heat shock reduced downy mildew disease severity index by more than 50%, and clearly alleviated downy mildew development in the greenhouses. These findings indicate that cucumber may have a complex physiological change to resist short-term heat shock, and suppress the development of the downy mildew disease.     

Identification and characterization of potential NBS-encoding resistance genes and induction kinetics of a putative candidate gene associated with downy mildew resistance in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cucumis</Emphasis>

Background  

Due to the variation and mutation of the races of Pseudoperonospora cubensis, downy mildew has in recent years become the most devastating leaf disease of cucumber worldwide. Novel resistance to downy mildew has been identified in the wild Cucumis species, C. hystrix Chakr. After the successful hybridization between C. hystrix and cultivated cucumber (C. sativus L.), an introgression line (IL5211S) was identified as highly resistant to downy mildew. Nucleotide-binding site and leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) genes are the largest class of disease resistance genes cloned from plant with highly conserved domains, which can be used to facilitate the isolation of candidate genes associated with downy mildew resistance in IL5211S.     

A Heat Shock Protein Gene, CsHsp45.9, Involved in the Response to Diverse Stresses in Cucumber

Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are a family of highly conserved proteins present in all organisms. They mediate a range of cytoprotective functions as molecular chaperones and are recently reported to regulate the immune response. Using suppression subtractive hybridization, we isolated and characterized a cucumber cDNA, designated CsHsp45.9, which encodes a putative heat shock protein of 45.9 kDa protein, containing three conserved DnaJ domains belonging to the Type I Hsp40 family. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that CsHsp45.9 was significantly induced in cucumber leaves inoculated with downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis) in this incompatible interaction. Gene expression was also strongly up-regulated by various abiotic stresses. CsHsp45.9 was mainly expressed in flowers with a flower-specific, stamen- and pistil-predominant expression pattern. This suggests that CsHsp45.9 harbors broad-spectrum responses to both biotic and abiotic stresses and may play a role in downy mildew resistance in cucumber.     

The cucurbit downy mildew pathogen Pseudoperonospora cubensis

Pseudoperonospora cubensis[(Berkeley & M. A. Curtis) Rostovzev], the causal agent of cucurbit downy mildew, is responsible for devastating losses worldwide of cucumber, cantaloupe, pumpkin, watermelon and squash. Although downy mildew has been a major issue in Europe since the mid-1980s, in the USA, downy mildew on cucumber has been successfully controlled for many years through host resistance. However, since the 2004 growing season, host resistance has been effective no longer and, as a result, the control of downy mildew on cucurbits now requires an intensive fungicide programme. Chemical control is not always feasible because of the high costs associated with fungicides and their application. Moreover, the presence of pathogen populations resistant to commonly used fungicides limits the long-term viability of chemical control. This review summarizes the current knowledge of taxonomy, disease development, virulence, pathogenicity and control of Ps. cubensis. In addition, topics for future research that aim to develop both short- and long-term control measures of cucurbit downy mildew are discussed. TAXONOMY: Kingdom Straminipila; Phylum Oomycota; Class Oomycetes; Order Peronosporales; Family Peronosporaceae; Genus Pseudoperonospora; Species Pseudoperonospora cubensis. DISEASE SYMPTOMS: Angular chlorotic lesions bound by leaf veins on the foliage of cucumber. Symptoms vary on different cucurbit species and varieties, specifically in terms of lesion development, shape and size. Infection of cucurbits by Ps. cubensis impacts fruit yield and overall plant health. INFECTION PROCESS: Sporulation on the underside of leaves results in the production of sporangia that are dispersed by wind. On arrival on a susceptible host, sporangia germinate in free water on the leaf surface, producing biflagellate zoospores that swim to and encyst on stomata, where they form germ tubes. An appressorium is produced and forms a penetration hypha, which enters the leaf tissue through the stomata. Hyphae grow through the mesophyll and establish haustoria, specialized structures for the transfer of nutrients and signals between host and pathogen. CONTROL: Management of downy mildew in Europe requires the use of tolerant cucurbit cultivars in conjunction with fungicide applications. In the USA, an aggressive fungicide programme, with sprays every 5-7 days for cucumber and every 7-10 days for other cucurbits, has been necessary to control outbreaks and to prevent crop loss. USEFUL WEBSITES: http://www.daylab.plp.msu.edu/pseudoperonospora-cubensis/ (Day Laboratory website with research advances in downy mildew); http://veggies.msu.edu/ (Hausbeck Laboratory website with downy mildew news for growers); http://cdm.ipmpipe.org/ (Cucurbit downy mildew forecasting homepage); http://ipm.msu.edu/downymildew.htm (Downy mildew information for Michigan's vegetable growers).     

Thermal imaging of cucumber leaves affected by downy mildew and environmental conditions

Pathogenesis of Pseudoperonospora cubensis causing downy mildew of cucumber resulted in changes in the metabolic processes within cucumber leaves including the transpiration rate. Due to the negative correlation between transpiration rate and leaf temperature, digital infrared thermography permitted a non-invasive monitoring and an indirect visualization of downy mildew development. Depending on the stage of pathogenesis and the topology of chloroses and necroses, infection resulted in a typical temperature pattern. Spatial heterogeneity of the leaf temperature could be quantified by the maximum temperature difference (MTD) within a leaf. The MTD increased during pathogenesis with the formation of necrotic tissue and was related to disease severity as described by linear and quadratic regression curves. Under controlled conditions, changes in temperature of infected leaves allowed the discrimination between healthy and infected areas in thermograms, even before visible symptoms of downy mildew appeared. Environmental conditions during thermographic measurement, in particular air temperature and humidity, as well as water content and age of the leaf influenced the temperature of its surface. Conditions enhancing the transpiration rate facilitated the detection of changes in leaf temperature of infected leaves at early stages of infection. As modified by environmental conditions, MTD alone is not suitable for the quantification of downy mildew severity in the field.     

Bioassay‐Guided Isolation of Antifungal Compounds from Disporopsis aspersa (Hua) Engl. ex Diels against Pseudoperonospora cubensis and Phytophthora infestans

Oomycetes are one type of the most highly destructive of the diseases that cause damage to some important crop plants, such as potato late blight, cucumber downy mildew, and grape downy mildew. As main approach of the ongoing search for new botanical fungicide from plant, the secondary metabolites of D. aspersa were investigated. Through efficient bioassay‐guided isolation, two new ( 1 and 2 ) and 12 known compounds ( 3  –  14 ) were isolated, and their structures were determined via extensive NMR, HR‐ESI‐MS, and IR. They were isolated from this genus for the first time except for compounds 11 and 12 . The biological properties of 1  –  14 were evaluated against Pseudoperonospora cubensis and Phytophthora infestans. Compounds 1  –  8 showed potent antifungal activity in vitro. Additionally, compound 3 has preferable control effect on cucumber downy mildew, showing dual effect of protection and treatment in vivo.     

Identification of the BrRHP1 locus that confers resistance to downy mildew in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) and development of linked molecular markers

Inheritance of resistance to downy mildew (Hyaloperonospora parasitica) in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) was studied using inbred parental lines RS1 and SS1 that display strong resistance and severe susceptibility, respectively. F(1), F(2), and BC(1)F(1) populations were evaluated for their responses to downy mildew infection. Resistance to downy mildew was conditioned by a single dominant locus designated BrRHP1. A random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker linked to BrRHP1 was identified using bulked segregant analysis and two molecular markers designated BrPERK15A and BrPERK15B were developed. BrPERK15B was polymorphic between the parental lines used to construct the reference linkage map of B. rapa, allowing the mapping of the BrRHP1 locus to the A1 linkage group. Using bacterial artificial chromosome clone sequences anchored to the A1 linkage group, six simple polymerase chain reaction (PCR) markers were developed for use in marker-assisted breeding of downy mildew resistance in Chinese cabbage. Four simple PCR markers flanking the BrRHP1 locus were shown to be collinear with the long-arm region of Arabidopsis chromosome 3. The two closely linked flanking markers delimit the BrRHP1 locus within a 2.2-Mb interval of this Arabidopsis syntenic region.