声带,声门与发声

声音产生于物体的振动。人体之所以能产生各种音调变化的语言,是喉头、声带、声门、呼吸及共鸣器官协调作用的结果。本文重点叙述的是声带、声门与发声的关系以及青春期的变声与发声卫生。声带、声门在喉腔的位置喉腔上通咽腔喉部,下通气管。喉腔粘膜与咽的粘膜相延续。在喉腔侧壁的粘膜有上下两对矢状位(从前向后,左右对称)的粘膜皱襞,上方一对称室襞,两侧室襞间的裂隙称前庭裂。下方一对称声襞(也就是声带),两片声带间呈三角形的空隙称声门(又叫声门     

假声带间距对喉腔内压力分布的作用及其对发声的影响

人类的发声不仅仅依赖于声带的振动．目前,越来越多的来自临床和仿真计算的结果都表明：作为喉部一个重要的狭窄通道,假声带（false vocal fold,FVF）在语音的产生过程中发挥着重要作用．本研究利用三维喉物理模型实验系统和仿真计算方法,在3个声门角（均匀声门和收敛／发散40°）、两个最小声门直径（0．04和0．06cm）及8cm水柱跨声门压条件下,对12个假声带间距（从0．02cm变化到2．06cm）在发声过程中的作用分别进行了研究．结果表明：（i）喉腔内压力在假声带间距处于1．5～2倍声门宽度时达到最小,此时气流量达到最大（对应最小的气流阻抗）;（ii）与在没有假声带条件下一样,发散声门能够比收敛和均匀声门给出更低的压力和更大的气流;（iii）假声带的出现会在某种程度上降低声门角的作用．更重要的是,（iv）假声带的出现会使得气流分离点向更下游移动,使声门气流喷射得更远,降低整个喉腔阻抗,同时减小气流能量的分散程度,说明假声带对发声效率具有重要影响．结果表明,这些结论应该与现有的发声模型（物理的或仿真计算的）相结合,从而能够更好地理解人类发声的机制．这些结果同时也对与发声问题相关的外科和康复科学研究具有促进作用．     

基于声门下嗓音源的肺胸系统声传递特征研究

本文根据嗓音－－呼吸系统生理及生物物理原理,提出了传导语音产生及在下声道和肺胸系统传播的物理模型,在胸前颈下V型槽处记录传导语音并利用复倒谱技术提取声门下噪音源,可以看出它非常有效地提取了声门下嗓音源,根据所提出的模型、提取的声门下噪声源和胸壁记录的传导语音,研究肺胸系统的声传递特征,从结果可以看出该方法是研究肺胸系统声传递特征函数的一种有效方法。     

水下噪音对杂交鲟行为及肠道微生物的影响

为探究水下噪音对杂交鲟行为变化(游泳速率、摄食速率、空间分布)及其肠道微生物的影响,在(145±5) dB, 400 Hz的噪音条件下对杂交鲟进行了0、24h、48h、7d和14d的噪音刺激,随后置于无胁迫噪音的自然环境中恢复48h。结果显示,噪音刺激后杂交鲟游泳速度和摄食速度显著减慢,空间分布发生改变,噪音刺激开始时杂交鲟聚集于远离噪音源的一侧, 3min后却逐渐接近噪音源。噪音对杂交鲟的肠道微生物的丰富度无显著性影响;不同时间段的各组肠道微生物的优势种群存在差异,且随时间变化优势种群反复改变;以上微生物分析结果通过COG预测显示,噪音胁迫48h和7d时“细胞信号传递过程”,“碳水化合物的转运”及“氨基酸的运输和代谢功能”显著低于其他组。结果表明,噪音对杂交鲟摄食速率、游泳速率及空间分布影响显著,改变了其肠道微生物组成和占比,影响了其氨基酸代谢等多条生命活动相关通路。实验模拟了水下各类噪音源的混合噪音对杂交鲟行为和肠道微生物的影响,为探讨杂交鲟的健康生态养殖和逆境生理响应机制提供基础资料。     

声带及其保护

声带是人类发声的主要结构,从极轻微的声嘶到完全失声,多为声带病变或其他病因使声带的正常运动发生障碍所致。从某种程度上讲,了解声带及发音的有关知识,对提高我们预防声嘶,保护声带有一定的帮助。１　声带的结构及位置声带位于喉腔假声带（室带）下方,左右各一,由声韧带、肌肉和粘膜组成,前起甲状软骨板交角内面。间接喉镜下观察,声带呈白色带状,边缘整齐,由于其后端附着于杓状软骨的声带突,故可随声带突的运动而张开或闭合。声带张开时,出现一个等腰三角形的裂隙,称为声门裂,简称声门,空气由此进出,亦为喉部最窄处。声…     

三维声门几何对声门腔内准稳态流场分布的作用及其对发声的影响

声带几何形状对人类的发声起着重要作用. 声门腔内准稳态流场的分布取决于声门的形状、尺寸和直径. 使用具有九对对称声门(矩形及5°, 10°, 20°和40°收敛角与发散角)的喉部树脂玻璃模型来研究不同声门形状下声门腔内压力、速度场和声门阻抗的变化以及它们对发声的影响, 同时利用补偿有限元算法对实验数据进行了验证. 结果指出, 较大的声门收敛角会降低最小声门直径上游处的压力, 同时使速度升高. 但这种压力速度变化情况在最小声门直径处则相反. 发散角的压力和气流阻抗分布曲线说明最“有效率”的声门发散角在10°左右. 结果同时指出, 声门几何不仅与发声参量(尤其是发声效率)有密切关系, 同时还对发声基础研究、语言声学、艺术嗓音和喉病检测等领域有重要意义.     

全喉与半喉模型声门区内准稳态流场分布研究

对于非对称声带发声过程的研究,有助于将正常语音的研究拓展到病理状态,从而为嗓音康复工程打下基础。采用具有嵌入式可活动声门结构的喉部物理模型,研究了声门最小直径为0．0402cm．跨声门压分别为100、500、1000和1500Pa时,全喉及半喉内的准稳态流场分布及其与发声参量的关系。同时．运用三维有限元方法预测了上述边界条件对应的流场分布,计算结果有效地支持了实验数据。结果表明,对称结构下存在着非对称压力和速度成分,但是由于它所占的比率有限(不超过10％),对正常发声的影响不大。非对称结构下,由声门入口处极高的上下表面压力差(通常为跨声门压的1-3倍)导致的倾斜流和涡流的出现、气流分离点位置后移、分离区域增大、声门出入口间压差占跨声门压的比率降低(平均30％)、压力速度场的变化程度减弱等因素以及由此带来的能量损耗,是非对称结构下发声效率降低、发音失真的主要原因。研究提示：声门重建方案的设计应尽量满足对称结构原则。     

一种喉部疾病口语声诊断新方法

本文提出了声带的三质量块模型,并应用这模型模拟病噪产生的嘶哑语声,这些嘶声包括有声带闭合不全,声带小结,声带麻痹,喉炎,声带淀粉样变和声门癌等十六种典型情况。采用快速傅里叶变换,线性预测,倒谱技术和离荼余弦变换等分析各类喉病引起的嘶哑语声,实验结果表明声带模型分析法是喉病诊断的一种有效方法。     

遗传性声带肥大2例报告

本文调查了2个声带肥大的家系,在86人中查有患者16人,拟诊断为遗传性声带肥大。该病的主 要临床特点为：(1)终生声音沙哑;i(2)局部粘膜、声带肥厚、声门闭合不良,但声带活动尚可;(3)其中, 例血常规、免疫功能检查正常,2例染色体核型检查正常。     

喉神经纤维瘤一例

喉神经纤维瘤一例陈陵广西医科大学第一附属医院耳鼻咽喉科南宁５３００２１患者男,５９岁。声嘶３个月于１９８９年９月入院。全身检查未见异常。间接喉镜检查：左声带前端及前联合有类圆形肿物,双侧环杓关节运动良好,声门下未见新生物。处理：表麻下行直接喉镜检查术...     

ABCLOVE嗓音训练法改善早期喉癌等离子消融术后患者嗓音功能的效果观察

摘要 目的：观察ABCLOVE嗓音训练法改善早期喉癌等离子消融术后患者嗓音功能的效果。方法：选取2022年1月～2022年12月本院收治的126例早期喉癌等离子消融术后患者为研究对象,利用随机数字表法将其分为对照组和观察组,各63例。对照组采用常规嗓音训练,观察组在对照组的基础上行ABCLOVE嗓音训练法,共6周。比较两组干预前后电子喉镜检查情况、嗓音障碍评估（VHI）、空气动力学分析及动态喉镜检查等指标。结果：电子喉镜检查显示观察组治疗有效率优于对照组（P＜0.05）;干预后观察组VHI评分显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）;干预后最长发音时间（MPT）、最大发音时间（MLPT）、嗓音障碍指数（DSI）均显著高于对照组,基频微扰（Jitter）、振幅微扰（Shimmer）、平均气流率（MFR）均显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）;干预后声带闭合、声带黏膜波、声带运动对称性、声带振动规律性评分均显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论：ABCLOVE嗓音训练法可有效改善早期喉癌等离子消融术后患者发音障碍情况,提升其发音能力,有利于进一步提升其临床疗效。     

Physiological evidence for central modulation of voice tremor

The present report presents an attempt to define the physiological parameter used to describe “voice tremor” in psychological stress evaluating machines, and to find its sources. This parameter was found to be a low frequency (5–20 Hz) random process which frequency modulates the vocal cord waveform and (independently) affects the frequency range of the third speech formant. The frequency variations in unstressed speakers were found to be the result of forced muscular undulations driven by central nervous signals and not of a passive resonant phenomenon. In this paper various physiological and clinical experiments which lead to the above conclusions are discussed. a) It is shown that induced muscular activity in the vocal tract and vocal cord regions can generate tremor in the voice. b) It is shown that relaxed subjects exhibit significant tremor correlation between spontaneously generated speech and EMG, with the EMG leading the speech tremor. c) Tremor in the electrical activity recorded from muscles overlapping vocal tract area was correlated with third formant demodulated signal and vocal cord demodulated pitch tremor was correlated with first formant demodulated tremor. d) Enhanced tremor was found in Parkinson patients and diminished tremor in patients with some traumatic brain injuries.     

Physiological model analysis of involuntary human-voice tremor

Frequency variations in the human voice result from voluntary and involuntary changes in the parameters of the vocal system. The present work deals with involuntary frequency perturbations from two theoretical aspects: 1) the influence of pitch period variations on frequency changes in the band-limited signal which results from the resonant characteristics of the vocal tract; 2) the physiological parameters of the vocal system which are potentially able to govern involuntary frequency changes. It is shown that the modulation function of the vocal-cord wave can theoretically be derived from its harmonics using FM demodulation techniques, and that higher distortion may appear at higher harmonics. It is also shown that involuntary geometrical changes of the vocal tract and its terminal impedance as well as tension and initialarea changes of the vocal cord—changes well within the physiological range—can influence frequency changes in the human voice. The present results are correlated with our reported experimental findings on involuntary voice tremor, used in psychological stress evaluation. The role of the central nervous system, and possible mechanisms for these phenomena, are discussed.     

Vocal-tract filtering by lingual articulation in a parrot

Human speech and bird vocalization are complex communicative behaviors with notable similarities in development and underlying mechanisms. However, there is an important difference between humans and birds in the way vocal complexity is generally produced. Human speech originates from independent modulatory actions of a sound source, e.g., the vibrating vocal folds, and an acoustic filter, formed by the resonances of the vocal tract (formants). Modulation in bird vocalization, in contrast, is thought to originate predominantly from the sound source, whereas the role of the resonance filter is only subsidiary in emphasizing the complex time-frequency patterns of the source (e.g., but see ). However, it has been suggested that, analogous to human speech production, tongue movements observed in parrot vocalizations modulate formant characteristics independently from the vocal source. As yet, direct evidence of such a causal relationship is lacking. In five Monk parakeets, Myiopsitta monachus, we replaced the vocal source, the syrinx, with a small speaker that generated a broad-band sound, and we measured the effects of tongue placement on the sound emitted from the beak. The results show that tongue movements cause significant frequency changes in two formants and cause amplitude changes in all four formants present between 0.5 and 10 kHz. We suggest that lingual articulation may thus in part explain the well-known ability of parrots to mimic human speech, and, even more intriguingly, may also underlie a speech-like formant system in natural parrot vocalizations.     

Spectrographic analysis points to source–filter coupling in rutting roars of Iberian red deer

Source–filter coupling is the rarest acoustic phenomenon not only in Iberian red deer, but in any mammal. In most mammals, sound production can be well described in the framework of source–filter theory. The vocal output is the result of combined work of the larynx (the source) and of the supralaryngeal vocal tract (the filter). The source–filter theory suggests the independence of source and filter. Thus, vocal tract filtering should not affect the fundamental frequency (f0) of the sound created in the larynx. Spectrographically, the source is mostly characterized by the f0 and its harmonics, while the filter by the vocal tract resonances, i.e., formant frequencies. Nevertheless, a non-independent (coupled) source and filter can be proposed when the vocal folds start oscillating at one of the formant frequencies. Coupling between source and filter has been found in human singers and predicted for red deer Cervus elaphus by a computer modeling approach. This study describes different modes of phonation in a natural bout of rutting calls of Iberian red deer Cervus elaphus hispanicus and the transition from a chaotic mode to a probable source–filter coupling mode. This phenomenon might be involved in the production of extremely high-frequency bugles of North American and Asian subspecies of C. elaphus.     

The acoustic behaviour of the bushcricket Tettigonia cantans: III. Coprocessing of auditory and vibratory information in the central nervous system

All the acoustic units in the ventral-nerve cord respond to both sound and vibration. Most of them show improved coding abilities when stimulated simultaneously with conspecific songs and vibration signals. This is also true for habituating neurons. Stridulating tettigoniids produce both airborne sound and substrate borne vibration and their simultaneous processing in the central nervous system may therefore lead to a better localization of a nearly sound source in the biotope.     

Sexual dimorphism and bilateral asymmetry of syrinx and vocal tract in the European starling (Sturnus vulgaris)

Sexually dimorphic vocal behavior in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) is associated with a 100% larger syrinx in males and other morphological adaptations of the sound source. The songbird syrinx consists of two independent sound sources, whose specialization for different spectral ranges may be reflected in morphological properties, but the morphology of labia and syringeal skeleton have not been investigated for lateralized specializations. Similarly, little is known whether the morphology of the songbird vocal tract reflects differences in vocal behavior. Here, we tested the hypothesis that different vocal behavior and specialization is reflected in the morphology. We investigated syringeal and upper vocal tract morphology of male and female European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). Female starlings exhibit smaller vocal repertoires and sing at lower rates than males. In males, the left syrinx produces mostly low frequencies, while the right one is used for higher notes. Macroscopic and histological techniques were used to record nineteen measurements from the syrinx and the vocal tract which were tested for sexual differences in syrinx and vocal tract and for lateral asymmetry within the syrinx. Sexually dimorphic vocal behavior is reflected in the morphology of the starling syrinx. Males have a larger syrinx with the size difference attributable to increased muscle mass and three enlarged elements of the syringeal skeleton. The upper vocal tract, however, does not differ between males and females. Distinct lateralization was found in two elements of the syringeal skeleton of females, and the labia in the left syrinx are larger than those on the right in both sexes. The sexual dimorphism of the syringeal size is smaller in starlings (35%) than in zebra finches (100%), which is consistent with the different vocal behavior of females in both species. The morphological differences between the two sound sources are discussed in relation to their vocal performance. J. Morphol., 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Songbirds use pulse tone register in two voices to generate low-frequency sound

The principal physical mechanism of sound generation is similar in songbirds and humans, despite large differences in their vocal organs. Whereas vocal fold dynamics in the human larynx are well characterized, the vibratory behaviour of the sound-generating labia in the songbird vocal organ, the syrinx, is unknown. We present the first high-speed video records of the intact syrinx during induced phonation. The syrinx of anaesthetized crows shows a vibration pattern of the labia similar to that of the human vocal fry register. Acoustic pulses result from short opening of the labia, and pulse generation alternates between the left and right sound sources. Spontaneously calling crows can also generate similar pulse characteristics with only one sound generator. Airflow recordings in zebra finches and starlings show that pulse tone sounds can be generated unilaterally, synchronously or by alternating between the two sides. Vocal fry-like dynamics therefore represent a common production mechanism for low-frequency sounds in songbirds. These results also illustrate that complex vibration patterns can emerge from the mechanical properties of the coupled sound generators in the syrinx. The use of vocal fry-like dynamics in the songbird syrinx extends the similarity to this unusual vocal register with mammalian sound production mechanisms.