新书速递：《蜘蛛学》

正《蜘蛛学》一书由湖南师范大学颜亨梅、彭贤锦等撰写,是迄今国内外第一部系统描述、全方位研究蜘蛛的著作。该书汇集前人及作者数十年研究蜘蛛的资料而成,主要内容包括:蜘蛛多样性与人类关系、蜘蛛文化、简史、蜘蛛学内容与范围;蜘蛛的起源与进化;蜘蛛形态学;蜘蛛生物学;蜘蛛生态学;蜘蛛分类学;蜘蛛体表感受器官的微形态特征及功能;蜘蛛优势种成因及其对农药重金属胁迫的适应性;蜘蛛捕食及其控虫效能;蜘蛛的研究方法。     

绝不松口——蜘蛛饮食大餐

<正>生生不息的自然界,时刻演绎着生存竞技,形态各异的蜘蛛捕食让人触目惊心。蜘蛛按照捕食的方式可分为结网蜘蛛、洞穴蜘蛛和游猎蜘蛛,前两种蜘蛛以守株待兔的方式捕食,游     

中国蜘蛛生态学研究概况

简要综述我国蜘蛛生态学研究,包括生态因子的研究;蜘蛛种群研究:蜘蛛群落及其多样性研究;蜘蛛的捕食以及运用血清学方法研究以及蜘蛛的生物学特性及生活史研究。     

日本蜘蛛学家八木沼健夫访问我国

日本东亚蜘蛛学会理事长、大阪市追手门学院大学生物研究室八木沼健夫教授应武汉师范学院、中国科学院动物研究所、白求恩医科大学和湖南师范学院的联合邀请于1984年5月16日至6月5日来我国进行为期三周的访问。八木沼先生分别做了题为“日本蜘蛛学的现状和日本的蜘蛛”的报告,内容分5方面:1.日本蜘蛛学的沿革,2.日本蜘蛛学研究者实态,3.日本的蜘蛛研究团体,4.日本蜘蛛学的现状以及5.主要日本蜘蛛的生态。并与中国蜘蛛学者就共同关心的中日两国蜘蛛分类中的疑难问题进行了广泛的讨论。通过这次交流,加强了两国蜘蛛学者的协作,并推动了研究工作的进展。     

漫话蜘蛛

从蜘蛛的生物学特性、蛛网与蛛丝、蜘蛛捕食、蜘蛛的婚配与生殖和蜘蛛毒液的应用几方面概述了蜘蛛生物学的研究进展。     

蜘蛛与蜘蛛、蜘蛛与猎物之间的信息联系机制

作为农林生态系统中首要的捕食性节肢动物的蜘蛛,只有单眼和听毛,并没有复眼和听器。因而在一定的距离之外,蜘蛛要高效、成功寻觅其理想的猎物,仅仅凭视觉、触觉、听觉均无法实现和完成这一功能。因此,蜘蛛的嗅觉即化学通信于蜘蛛种间和种内的信息联系中扮演着举足轻重的角色,现已有大量的研究用行为学的方法证明蜘蛛与猎物之间,蜘蛛与蜘蛛之间能够通过信息化学物质进行信息联系,但蜘蛛的嗅觉即化学信息素的释放与接收机制以及信息素的结构成份等方面的研究甚少,有待进一步深人。对蜘蛛与猎物之间,蜘蛛与蜘蛛之间的信息化学联系机制的研究进展做一综述。     

越冬保护及多熟制早稻的合理配置对稻田蜘蛛群落重建的作用

探讨了做好稻田蜘蛛越冬保护和增加稻田斑块异质性对稻田蜘蛛群落重建的作用及稻田蜘蛛多样性的影响。结果表明,做好稻田蜘蛛的越冬保护和增加早稻田斑块异质性有利于早、晚稻田蜘蛛群落的重建,使早、晚稻田蜘蛛群落重建的速度分别加快8天和7天。同时也能维持蜘蛛群落较高的物种多样性,为防止水稻害虫的早期爆发创造了条件。     

中国蜘蛛物种多样性分析

基于2011年1月更新的世界蜘蛛名录第11．5版,本文对中国蜘蛛的物种多样性进行了统计和分析：（1）目前中国共记述蜘蛛67科670属3667种,种数占世界蜘蛛的8．72％,仍有许多物种尚待发现;（2）目前中国特有蜘蛛物种共计2376种,占中国蜘蛛种数的64．79％、世界蜘蛛种数（42055种）的5．65％,表明中国蜘蛛特有物种极为丰富,为中国生物多样性的保护、环境及气候的历史演变和蜘蛛的系统演化研究起到重要作用;（3）已知蜘蛛物种数最多的省份为云南（728种,占19．85％）、湖南（612种,占16．69％）、四川（454种,占12．38％）等,一定程度上表明上述各省生物多样性丰富,但这一结果也与各地蜘蛛多样性研究不均衡有关。蜘蛛各科名录及统计数据可参见“中国蜘蛛特有物种网”。     

蟋蟀的有趣音符

蜘蛛是典型的陆栖动物,但水蜘蛛(又叫银蜘蛛)却是其同类中惟一的叛逆者。水蜘蛛主要生活在水的世界里,然而,它并不具备在水中生存所特有的"鳃"。那么,水蜘蛛靠什么在水中呼吸呢?     

我国关于蜘蛛的研究和利用进展

较详细地介绍我国研究蜘蛛的历史、我国在蜘蛛分类学、蜘蛛生物学和生态学、蜘蛛的人工饲养及农田蜘蛛的利用和保护等方面的研究进展。     

广西金钟山鸟类保护区鸟类多样性初步研究

本文共记录到金钟山鸟类274种,分别隶属于18目57科,其中陆生鸟类251种,水鸟23种;以留鸟为主,共157种;候鸟、旅鸟分别为104种、13种;东洋种为优势类群,共有171种,古北种和广布种分别为4种、27种。这些鸟类中有国家重点保护鸟类39种,中国特有种鸟类3种,列入世界自然保护联盟红皮书名录中的鸟类5种,列入中国濒危动物红皮书名录中的鸟类20种,列入CITES附录中的鸟类34种。本文还对金钟山鸟类保护区的5种不同生境类型的鸟类种类组成作了比较,结果表明灌丛＋农田的鸟种多样性指数最高,为3．04;水域的鸟种多样性指数最低,为2．14。     

ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDIES OF MITOSIS IN AMEBAE : II. The Giant Ameba Pelomyxa carolinensis

Dividing nuclei from the giant ameba Pelomyxa carolinensis were fixed in osmium tetroxide solutions buffered with veronal acetate to pH 8.0. If divalent cations (0.002 M calcium, magnesium, or strontium as chlorides) were added to the fixation solution, fibrils that are 14 mµ in diameter and have a dense cortex are observed in the spindle. If the divalent ions were omitted, oriented particles of smaller size are present and fibrils are not obvious. The stages of mitosis were observed and spindle components compared. Fibrils fixed in the presence of calcium ions are not so well defined in early metaphase as later, but otherwise have the same diameter in the late metaphase, anaphase, and early telophase. Fibrils are surrounded by clouds of fine material except in early telophase, when they are formed into tight bundles lying in the cytoplasm unattached to nuclei. Metaphase and anaphase fibrils fixed without calcium ions are less well defined and are not observably different from each other. The observations are consistent with the concept that spindle fibrils are composed of polymerized, oriented protein molecules that are in equilibrium with and bathed in non-oriented molecules of the same protein. Partially formed spindle fibrils and ribosome-like particles were observed in the mixoplasm when the nuclear envelope had only small discontinuities. Remnants of the envelope are visible throughout division and are probably incorporated into the new envelope in the telophase. Ribosome-like particles are numerous in the metaphase and anaphase spindle but are not seen in the telophase nucleus, once the envelope is reestablished, or in the interphase nucleus.     

新疆蝗总科区系研究

新疆现有蝗虫１５７种,它们分别隶属于８科６２属。在１５７种蝗虫中,古北种占绝对优势,有１２０种,其次为特有种,有３５种,广布种甚少,仅２种。在古北种中,中亚种最多,其次为泛古北种,而欧洲西伯利亚种、地中海种和东北种均很少。在８个科中,泛古北种在网翅蝗科中占优势,中亚种在班翅蝗科中占优势,斑腿蝗科在蝗总科中是相当大的一个科,在我国也占有很大优势,但在新疆其属种数量却很少。     

深圳塘朗山郊野公园的植物资源

广东深圳塘朗山郊野公园共有野生维管植物144科423属611种,分别占广东省维管植物280科1589属5737种的51.4%、26.7%和10.65%;其中蕨类省植物21科29属33种,裸子植物3科3属4种,被子植物120科391属574种,被子植物占绝对优势。国家重点保护野生植物共计7科7属7种,占广东省国家重点保护野生植物的10.9%;珍稀濒危植物有4科5属5种,占广东省珍稀濒危植物67种的7%。公园中经济植物可分为12类,分别是药用植物321种,用材树种65种,观赏植物60种,纤维植物41种,野生水果33种,油脂植物38种,饲料植物42种,鞣料植物42种,野菜植物25种,农药植物27种,芳香植物26种,淀粉植物23种,保健植物19种,染料植物13种,有毒植物10种,蜜源植物5种。     

沙冬青冬季叶绿体的超微结构特征

沙冬青在冬季的叶肉细胞中有丰富的叶绿体,经常聚集在一起,相互重叠,相互嵌合,有的还相互融合。大部分叶绿体为凸透镜形,多余叶绿体主要为V形、蝶形、连婴形和哑铃形。它们的被膜不光滑,常凹凸不平,甚至出现突起和内陷。类囊体十分发达,质体小球很多,但淀粉粒缺乏。大部分叶绿体形态结构正常,有的还在出芽和分裂。少数叶绿体与此不同,它们已经衰老,其中一些正在解体或已经解体。     

浙江磐安种子植物区系的特征分析

磐安约有野生种子植物 1 44科 ,62 7属 ,1 2 98种 (包括种以下分类单位 )。其中世界成分的属 67个 ,占总属数的 1 0 .69% ,热带属 2 2 7个 ,占 36.2 0 % ,温带属 32 1个 ,占 5 1 .2 0 % ,中国特有属 1 2个 ,占 1 .91 %。磐安气候温暖湿润 ,植物种类丰富 ,古老、孑遗、珍稀植物多 ,单种属和少种属占有较大比重 ;优势科、优势属明显 ,优势科 34个 ,共含有 393属 ,776种 ,分别占总属数总种属的 62 .7% ,70 .3% ,优势属 1 0个 ,共含有 1 44种 ,分别占总属数总种数的 1 .6% ,1 1 .1 % ,其中樟科、壳斗科等是该区系的表征科 ;植物分布类型多样 ,地理成分复杂 ,温带成分和热带成分占优势 ,是亚热带分布的北缘 ,与世界各地有广泛的联系     

桂西北典型喀斯特区生态服务价值的环境响应及其空间尺度特征

Study on ecosystem service values (ESVs) is the bridge of understanding ecosystem and economic decision-making. To investigate the response of ESVs to ambient environment and their spatial scales is an urgent work in the process of ecological restoration and sustainable development in southwest China. Based on the previous research results, the remote images, and weather data of 31 years (1975-2005), the response of ESVs to ambient environment and their spatial scales in a typical karst area of northwest Guangxi, China were evaluated with the method of empirical mode decomposition (EMD) in this paper. The results showed that ESVs had obvious variations with changes in elevation, rocky types and soil types, and had corresponding characteristics of spatial scales. The ESVs in middle and low elevation areas were higher, but they decreased due to human activities such as deforestation. The ESVs in peak-cluster depression areas were lower, and they would increase as influenced by policies such as returning farmland to forestland. The ESVs were influenced by rocky types, showing lower values but an increasing trend in the typical karst regions while higher values but a decreasing trend in non-karst regions. The average ESVs in the west part of the study region, which is not only the main nature reserve for rare wildlife species in Guangxi, but also one of the best preserved natural vegetation regions in China, were more than 15,000 RMB Yuan ha-1,. Comparatively, the ESVs were less than 10,000 Yuan ha-1 in the middle part of the region attributed to low vegetation coverage, serious peak-cluster depression and karst rocky desertification. After about 20 years, that is from 1985 to 2005, the ecosystem conditions had been improved and the ESVs had increased in the middle and eastern part of this study region. On the contrary, in most western part, which was dominated by subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest, they had been worsened, and the balance values of ESVs were negative. As for the relationships of ESVs with rocky types and soil types, lime soil and red soil were the two main soil types that contributed to ESVs (The total contribution was above 60%, and it is 63.77%,64.37%,64.56%,64.91% respectively in the four years of 1985, 1990, 2000 and 2005.). The variance contribution of intrinsic mode function (IMF) and trend (R) showed that there were obvious special sales for ESVs in this study area, and the main spatial scales were about 2.7 km, 5.5 km, and 11.6 km. The variance contribution ratio was 12.29%, 11.26%, 11.49% respectively, and the trend (R) was high (17.74%). In conclusion, this study indicated that ecosystem conditions in the typical karst area were improved owing to the application of rocky desertification control policies, such as ecological migration and returning farmland to forestland. Besides, the main spatial scales of ESVs in the study area were the interactions of terrain, physiognomy, land use / land cover and human activities.     

粤东地区的国家保护植物

经调查粤东地区有中国珍稀濒危保护植物 2 7种 (含栽培种 ) ,分属于 2 4科 2 6属 ,占广东境内分布的中国珍稀濒危保护植物的 4 5 .8% ,占全国分布的 6 .9%。其中蕨类植物 1种 ,裸子植物 6种 ,被子植物 2 0种 ;确定为濒危植物的有 5种 ,稀有的 4种 ,渐危的 18种 ;被列为一级重点保护的 1种 ,二级重点保护的 7种 ,三级重点保护的 19种。有国家重点保护野生植物2 2种 (含栽培种 ) ,分属于 2 0科 2 0属 ,占全国重点保护野生植物的 8.3%。其中蕨类植物 5种 ,裸子植物 6种 ,被子植物 11种 ;被列为一级重点保护的 6种 ,二级重点保护的 16种。其国家保护植物资源具有种类丰富、古老性强、中国特有现象突出等特点。对其名录特点和利用价值也进行了分析     

Endemism in the Flora of China—Studies on the Endemic Genera

China, under highly varied ecological conditions resulted from wide latitudinal and altitudinal ranges and from the adequate precipitation, has developed a very rich flora of great diversity. As far as flowering plants are concerned, there are 2980 genera, 214 of which, belonging to 64 families, are endemic. Among these endemic genera, there are 9 genera of taxads and conifers, 19 genera of monocots and others of dicots. Of the approximately 129 herbaceous endemic genera in the Chinese flora as a whole, about 22 (17%) are annual and 107 (83%) are biennial or perennial. In the present paper the ecological distribution, the nature of endemic genera and the centers of endemism are discussed. 1. Three types of endemic genera are distinguished, neoendemics, palaeoendemics and active epibiotics, The endemic genera in the flora of China are, for the most part, considered to be very old ones, and most of them are of temperate nature. 2. the degree of endemism in our 22 floristic regions is shown in Figure 1. The areas richest in endemic genera in the Chinese flora as a whole are the 13, 16 and 17 regions. The poorest are the 2, 4, 9 and 10 regions, and no one in the 1 and 3 regions These results on floristic richness are of general applicability. As shown in table 1, the difference in the degree of endemism among the seven Chinese floristic subkingdoms are most pronounced. 101 endemic genera are known to occur in one subkingdom, 72 to occur in two subkingdoms, and 3 to occur in four subkingdoms, only one genus widely distributed in five subkingdoms. However, there is no genus occurring in seven subkingdoms. The difference in the degree of endemism in each subkingdom reveals that the distribution of endemic genera is not well-distributed in the Chinese flora as a whole. Analysis of the vertical distribution of the 200 endemic genera of the Chinese flora bears out that there is no evident increase in endemism as a whole with altitude. 3. Three centers of endemism are found (Fig. 2). These are as follows: a). Eastern Sichuan-western Hubei center. b). Southeastern Yunnan-western Guangxi center. c). Western Sichuan-northwestern Yunnan center. The degree of endemism andcharacters of endemic genera in each center are discussed.