4种蔬菜对朱砂叶螨的抗性研究

４种供试蔬菜品种以对朱砂叶螨Ｔｅｔｒａｎｙｃｈｕｓｃｉｎｎａｂａｒｉｎｕｓ（Ｂｏｉｓｄｕｖａｌ）种群生长发育,繁殖及种群密度有明显增加,品种间存在的抗螨性差异,其中苦瓜抗螨性能,丝瓜,茄子,豇豆则表现在不同程度度的感螨性,朱砂叶螨能够取食苦瓜叶片,但发育历期延长,雌成螨寿命缩短,死亡率较高,而且在高苦瓜上不产卵,朱砂叶螨在豇豆,茄子,丝瓜上,发育历期短,雌成螨寿命长,产卵量大,死亡率低,Ｒ０,γｍ     

叶刺瘿螨亚科四新种记述(蜱螨亚纲:瘿螨科)

本文记述叶刺瘿螨亚科４新种：长瘤上三脊瘿螨Ｃａｌｅｐｉｔｒｉｍｅｒｕｓ ｌｏｎｇｉｔｕｂｅｒｅｒｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,梅叶刺瘿螨Ｐｈｙｌｌｏｃｏｐｔｅｓ ｍｕｍｅ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,柿丽瘿螨Ｃａｌａｃａｒｕｓ ｄｉｏｓｐｙｒｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．和拟福刺瘿螨Ａｃｕｌｕｓ ｐａｒａｆｏｃｋｅｕｉ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,附有形态特征图。     

黄瓜钝绥螨对茶黄螨雌成螨和腐食酪卵的功能反应

研究黄瓜钝绥螨Amblyseius cucumeris 对茶黄螨Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks)雌成螨和腐食酪螨Tyrophagus putrescentiae卵的功能反应。结果表明,黄瓜钝绥螨的第1若螨,第2若螨,雌成螨捕食茶黄螨雌成螨和腐食酪螨卵的功能反应均属于Holling II型,其中,雌成螨的捕食能力最强,对腐食酪螨卵和对茶黄螨雌成螨的攻击系数a大,处理时间th短,第2若螨也具有较强的捕食能力,对静态的腐食酪螨卵比对动态的茶黄螨捕食能力强,黄瓜钝绥螨对茶黄螨雌成螨具有很强的捕食能力。     

手绥螨属3新种和洮安手绥螨补充描述（蜱螨亚纲：革螨股：裂胸螨科）

记述手绥螨属３新种：长岭手绥螨Ｃｈｅｉｒｏｓｅｉｕｓ ｃｈａｎｇｌｉｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,宽沟手绥螨Ｃｈｅｉｒｏｓｅｉｕｓ ｃａｐａｃｏｐｅｒｉｔｒｅｍａｔｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．和狭沟手绥螨Ｃｈｅｉｒｏｓｅｉｕｓ ａｎｇｕｓｔｉｐｅｒｉｔｒｅｍａｔｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,并补充洮手绥螨Ｃｈｅｉｒｏｓｅｉｕｓ ｔａｏａｎｅｎｓｉｓ Ｍａ．１９９６雌螨特征及描述后若螨。     

拟楔下盾螨后若螨和尖背广厉螨前若螨描述（蜱螨亚钢：厉螨科）

本文报道拟楔下盾螨ＨｙｐｏａｓｐｉｓｐａｒａｕｎｅｉｆｅｒＧｕｅｔＢａｉ后若螨和尖背广厉螨ＣｏｓｍｏｌａｅｌａｐｓａｃｕｔｉｓｃｕｔｕｓＴｅｎｇ前若螨,标本均采自吉林省白城的腐烂鼠巢。     

中国瘿螨科三新种记述(蜱螨亚纲:瘿螨总科)

记述瘿螨科Ｅｒｉｏｐｈｙｉｄａｅ３新种：瘿螨亚科Ｅｒｉｏｐｈｙｉｄａｅ的相瘤瘿螨Ａｃｅｒｉａ ｃｅｌｔｉｄｉｓ Ｚｈａｏ ｅｔ Ｋｕａｎｇ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．;叶刺瘿螨亚科Ｐｈｙｌｌｏｃｏｐｔｉｎａｅ的无花果中瘿螨Ｓｉｎａｃｕｓ ｃａｒｉｃａｅＺｈａｏ ｅｔ Ｋｕａｎｇ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．和柳顶冠瘿螨Ｔ ｅｇｏｌｏｐｈｕｓ ｓａｌｉｃｉｓ Ｋｕａｎｇ ｅｔ Ｚｈａｏ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。display structure     

中国广叶螨属二新种：蜱螨亚纲：叶螨科

本文记述广叶螨属２新种,武夷广叶螨Ｅｕｒｙｔｅｔｒａｎｙｃｈｕｓ ｗｕｙｉｓｈａｎｅｎｉｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．和青刚广叶满Ｅ．ｃｙｃｌｂａｌａｎｏｐｓｉｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。     

云南土壤甲螨二新种（蜱螨亚纲：甲螨亚目：小隅甲螨科,步甲螨科）

本文记述土壤甲螨二新种：弯毛小隅甲螨Ｍｉｃｒｏｔｅｇｅｕｓ ｃｕｒｖｉｓｅｔｏｓｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,大叶原步甲螨Ａｒｃｈｅｇｏｃｅｐｈｅｕｓ ｍａｃｒｏｆｏｌｉａｔｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。模式标本存于白求恩医科大学生物教研室。     

加州新小绥螨和巴氏新小绥螨对二斑叶螨的捕食能力比较

【目的】比较加州新小绥螨Neoseiulus californicus和巴氏新小绥螨Neoseiulus barkeri对二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae的捕食能力,为果园二斑叶螨生物防治剂的选择提供依据。【方法】采用捕食功能反应的方法研究加州新小绥螨和巴氏新小绥螨雌成螨对二斑叶螨各螨态的捕食作用。【结果】加州新小绥螨和巴氏新小绥螨雌成螨对二斑叶螨各螨态的捕食功能反应均属于HollingⅡ型,对二斑叶螨各螨态的捕食能力均随着螨态的增大而降低,对卵的捕食能力最强,其次是幼螨、第一若螨、第二若螨、成螨。巴氏新小绥螨对二斑叶螨卵、幼螨的捕食能力强于加州新小绥螨,功能反应参数a/Th值分别高出55.2%和30.1%,而加州新小绥螨对二斑叶螨第一若螨、第二若螨的捕食能力强于巴氏新小绥螨,a/Th值分别高出67.5%和114.5%,两种捕食螨对二斑叶螨雌成螨的捕食能力相当,a/Th值均为4.5。加州新小绥螨和巴氏新小绥螨均对二斑叶螨的卵和幼螨表现出嗜食性,而对若螨和成螨没有嗜食性。两种捕食螨对二斑叶螨的捕食存在种内干扰,加州新小绥螨的干扰系数(0.328)大于巴氏新小绥螨(0.324)。【结论】在室内环境稳定的条件下,加州新小绥螨对二斑叶螨的捕食能力强于巴氏新小绥螨。     

胸前下盾螨和茅舍血厉螨若螨描述(蜱螨亚纲:革螨股:厉螨科)

在所查到的文献中,胸前下盾螨 Ｈｙｐｏａｓｐｉｓ ｐｒａｅｓｔｅｒｎａｌｉｓ Ｗｉｌｌｍａｎｎ,１９４９和茅舍血厉螨Ｈａｅｍｏｌａｅｌａｐｓ ｃａｓａｌｉｓ（Ｂｅｒｌｅｓｅ,１８８７）已描述了雌螨和雄螨［１－６］,本文描述这二种螨的后若螨及前若螨。１ 胸前下盾螨 Ｈｙｐｏａｓｐｉｓ ｐｒａｅｓｔｅｒｎａｌｔｓＷｉｌｌｍａｎｎ,１９４９ 后若螨（图１-３）体黄色,卵圆形,长宽 ３７９-４３７ Ｘ ２１８-２６４（４１４ Ｘ ２３９）μｍ。背板覆盖背面大部,有狭而深的侧切口,前区有刚毛２２对,后区有刚毛１７对,均光…     

拟长毛钝绥螨与硃砂叶螨相互作用的实验研究——干扰作用和搜寻效率

在猎物卵不同密度下,拟长毛钝绥螨(Amblyseius pseudolongispinosus)随其种群密度的增加(不超过10头/叶片),个体之间不存在干扰作用;捕食螨的搜寻活动和产卵分布对猎物分布的变动有一定的时滞性;聚集行为往往是由于某些生境中猎物被消耗殆尽后引起的,这与捕食螨在猎物卵不同密度下的扩散作用和干扰作用较弱有关。     

Prey Capture and Feeding in the Social Spider Anelosimus eximius

Wild colonies of the social spider Anelosimus eximius (Araneae, Theridiidae) appear often to be food-limited and not all females come to reproduction. Using a limited number of marked females in an artificial colony, set up in the laboratory, this study attempts a first analysis of the participation in prey capture and ingestion. Marked females of the same age and experience were observed during the attack of prey insects, the ensuing transportation of the prey to the retreat, and the feeding session. No correlation was found between the time females spent hunting and the time they spent feeding. Females that laid eggs had fed longer and imbibed more nutrients, but had not hunted more than those females that did not reproduce. These, it is speculated, were denied access to the prey by the reproducing females.     

Macronutrient intake affects reproduction of a predatory insect

Prey quality has previously been shown to affect the growth and reproduction of predatory arthropods, however relatively little is known about the specific nutrients responsible for these effects. We tested if the macronutrient content (i.e. lipid and protein) of live prey affected mate attraction, reproductive behavior, egg production and nutrient reserves of adult female praying mantids, Pseudomantis albofimbriata. Females on a high‐protein diet produced more than twice as many eggs as females on a high‐lipid diet despite being fed the same overall biomass of prey. Furthermore, the lipid and protein composition of eggs and the female body was directly related to the diet that females were fed (i.e. high lipid content on the high‐lipid diet). Even more striking was the effect of diet treatment on the number of males attracted to females – only one male was attracted to females on the high‐lipid treatment and 56 males were attracted to females on the high‐protein treatment. Although it is not unexpected that females with more eggs would attract more males, the extreme nature of this difference is certainly surprising because previous studies have shown that females with only a couple of eggs can attract multiple males. Hence, our results suggest that female pheromone production may be affected by the quality/nutritional composition of eggs rather than simply the number of eggs. We found no significant difference in any of the other behaviours measured during mating trials, including the frequency of sexual cannibalism. The positive effects of prey protein content on mate attraction and egg production suggest that praying mantids might be expected to choose more protein‐biased prey in nature or, if prey choice is limited, to have higher reproductive output or population growth in communities dominated by protein‐rich prey.     

Detection of Prey by a Spider that Aggressively Mimics Pheromone Blends

Adult female bolas spiders have a unique hunting tactic that combines aggressive chemical mimicry of the sex pheromone blends of their prey moths with a specialized weapon (the bolas) and behaviors to capture attracted male moths. This report shows that female bolas spiders can release the attractive allomone before they make the bolas and that females detect moth wing vibrations from attracted prey. In response to this detection, females initiate the construction of a bolas. This ability to sample for prey presence may allow this predator to adapt its hunting activity to the temporal and spatial availability of its prey and, thereby, may reduce the constraints associated with extreme prey specialization.     

Variation in trophic resources in female South American sea lions at a small geographic scale

Difference among colonies in the population structure of otariids can be driven by philopatry and/or by specializations in the foraging ecology of females. In northern Patagonia, the South American sea lion (SASL) shows some degree of spatial genetic structure among colonies from north and south zones. This study aims to explore the isotopic niche of SASL females in the last period of the pregnancy from different colonies of northern Patagonia and to consider whether the fine scale genetic spatial structuring is potentially related to variation in trophic resources. Stable isotope analysis was performed on 101 skin samples of newborn pups in 10 colonies, as a proxy for the feeding ecology of their mothers. Differences among colonies in the metrics studied revealed the plasticity of the species and support individual trophic specialization of SASL females at a small geographic scale. Also, significant differences were found in all isotopic metrics between the north and south zones. Several hypotheses were proposed to explain the differences in SASL females' isotope values (e.g., use of different foraging areas or prey, isotopic baseline variation). Nonetheless, further research is needed to better understand the relation between fine scale genetic structuring and the foraging ecology of SASL females.     

Well-informed foraging: damage-released chemical cues of injured prey signal quality and size to predators

Predators use a variety of information sources to locate potential prey, and likewise prey animals use numerous sources of information to detect and avoid becoming the meal of a potential predator. In freshwater environments, chemosensory cues often play a crucial role in such predator/prey interactions. The importance of chemosensory information to teleost fish in marine environments is not well understood. Here, we tested whether coral reef fish predators are attracted to damage-released chemical cues from already wounded prey in order to find patches of prey and minimize their own costs of obtaining food. Furthermore, we tested if these chemical cues would convey information about status of the prey. Using y-maze experiments, we found that predatory dottybacks, Pseudochromis fuscus, were more attracted to skin extracts of damselfish, Pomacentrus amboinensis, prey that were in good condition compared to prey in poor body condition. Moreover, in both the laboratory and field, we found that predators could differentiate between skin extracts from prey based on prey size, showing a greater attraction to extracts made from prey that were the appropriate size to consume. This suggests that predators are not attracted to any general substance released from an injured prey fish instead being capable of detecting and distinguishing relatively small differences in the chemical composition of the skin of their prey. These results have implications for understanding predator foraging strategies and highlights that chemical cues play a complex role in predator–prey interactions in marine fish.     

Relationship between prey consumption and colony size in an orb spider

Summary I studied the relationship between prey consumption and colony size in the orb spiderPhiloponella semiplumosa. Observations of unmanipulated colonies showed that prey biomass per juvenile spider was positively correlated with colony size, indicating that prey consumption was highest in the largest colonies observed. In contrast, the relationship between prey biomass per adult female and colony size was curvilinear; prey consumption tended to be highest in intermediatesized colonies. Adult female cephalothorax width was positively correlated with colony size. Number of egg sacs per adult female tended to be highest in intermediate-sized colonies. Prey biomass per juvenile was lower in experimentally reduced colonies than in large control colonies. Aerial-arthropod abundance was not correlated with colony size, and experimental prey supplementation did not affect colony size. Thus, the relationship between prey consumption and colony size was influenced by coloniality directly, rather than by a correlation between prey abundance at a site and colony size.     

Essential and alternative prey in a ponerine ant: variations according to the colony life cycle

We studied the prey specialization of Plectroctena minor, a ponerine ant known to capture mostly millipedes. We compared the prey spectrum of the hunting workers from large colonies with that of the founding queens. The hunting workers captured all kinds of tested prey, but hunted mostly millipedes. Founding queens, which avoided relatively large prey, including the millipedes tested, captured mostly isopods under experimental conditions. We also verified that the presence of millipedes in the diet of the larvae of large colonies was necessary for the production of winged females and strongly enhanced the production of workers, permitting us to assert that P. minor is a predatory species specialized in the capture of millipedes. In contrast, the presence of millipedes had no impact on the production of males. We thus assert that millipedes constitute the 'essential prey' of P. minor, while other arthropod taxa are therefore 'alternative prey'.     

Physiological performance of juvenile Haliotis rufescens and Haliotis discus hannai abalone exposed to the withering syndrome agent

The presence of Wolbachia and Cardinium bacteria has been documented in many arthropod species, including the predatory mite Metaseiulus (=Typhlodromus or Galendomus) occidentalis (Nesbitt) (Acari: Phytoseiidae). We show that Tetranychus urticae, the prey of Metaseiulus occidentalis, contains Wolbachia and no detectable Cardinium using quantitative PCR (qPCR). Starvation for 72 h at 22°C eliminated most, if not all, Wolbachia in M. occidentalis adult females from 7 laboratory colonies. Refeeding of M. occidentalis with T. urticae after starvation for 72 h restored the amounts of Wolbachia in M. occidentalis to those of prestarvation levels, suggesting that Wolbachia detected in M. occidentalis starved for shorter periods of time in current, and some previous, studies likely came from T. urticae. Furthermore, eggs from all M. occidentalis colonies examined were free of Wolbachia if they were surface-decontaminated with 0.3% sodium hypochlorite before DNA extraction. Cardinium was present in 6 of 14 laboratory colonies of M. occidentalis. Starvation for 3, 24, 48, and 72 h had no effect on the amounts of Cardinium in adult females from the Cardinium-positive colonies. Eggs from these colonies were positive for Cardinium but contained less than 1% of the titers found in adult females. The data suggest that Cardinium, but not Wolbachia, is an endosymbiont in certain populations of M. occidentalis. In light of our current findings, we recommend specific practices for the identification of potential symbionts in predatory arthropod species using the PCR.