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1.
S. M. Moran† G. P. Jenkins‡ M. J. Keough J. S. Hindell‡ 《Journal of fish biology》2004,64(5):1226-1241
Stomach contents and stable isotope analyses were used to determine if secondary planktonic dispersal of King George whiting Sillaginodes punctata post‐larvae from shallow inshore habitats in a large embayment in south‐eastern Australia was initiated by wave disturbance. Benthic harpacticoid copepods, which live in and amongst seagrass shoots, were found in the stomachs of S. punctata caught offshore in the plankton only during rough weather. Stable isotope analyses showed that the base of nutritional support, estimated from values of δ13 C, of S. punctata collected in the plankton changed significantly during rough (waves > 0·25 m) compared to calm (waves < 0·25 m) weather conditions. Values of δ13 C collected from S. punctata in the plankton during rough weather were more consistent with S. punctata values found in the seagrass. Sillaginodes punctata collected in the plankton and seagrass during rough and calm weather failed to show differences in δ15 N values. Dietary and isotope analyses support a model whereby newly arrived S. punctata larvae can be resuspended from seagrass beds and dispersed offshore by wave action during onshore winds. Secondary planktonic dispersal in S. punctata would provide a mechanism by which seagrass beds further inside Port Phillip Bay are colonized. 相似文献
2.
Bela Hieronymus Buck 《Helgoland Marine Research》2007,61(2):87-101
This study summarizes the activities and findings during a 2 year investigation on the grow-out of blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) and the technical requirements to withstand harsh weather conditions at an offshore location. The experimental sites were
two different test areas, each 5 ha in size, 12–15 m in depth, in the vicinity of the offshore lighthouse “Roter Sand” located
15–17 nautical miles northwest of the city of Bremerhaven (Germany). Two versions of submerged longline systems were deployed:
a conventional polypropylene longline in 2002 as well as a steel hawser longline in 2003, both featuring different versions
of buoyancy modes. The spat collectors and grow-out ropes were suspended perpendicular from the horizontal longline for several
months beginning in March of each respective year. The test sites were visited and sampled on a monthly basis using research
vessels. Larval abundances in the surrounding water column reached numbers of up to 1,467 individuals m−3. Post-larval settlement success varied through the entire experimental period, ranging from 29 to 796 individuals of spat
per meter of collector. Settled mussels reached a shell length of up to 28 mm 6 months after settlement. Based on the growth
rates observed for the seed, it is projected that mussels would reach market size (50 mm) in 12–15 months post settlement,
and at the observed densities, each meter of collector rope could yield 10.9 kg of harvestable mussels. The polypropylene
line resisted storm conditions with wind waves of up to 6.4 m and current velocities of 1.52 m s−1 and was retrieved in autumn of 2002. In contrast, the steel hawser-based line did not withstand the harsh weather conditions.
The steel-based line consisted of six twisted strands that were untwisted by the strong currents and turbulences and consequently
the individual strands were torn. Additionally, the line was accidentally cut by a yacht in July 2003. The biological study
revealed that the tested location near “Roter Sand” has the potential to become an offshore seed production site as well as
being exploitable as a grow-out site for mussel production to market size. In light of the technical results, recommendations
for mussel culture strategies using a polypropylene longline system are given. 相似文献
3.
The present study involves in vitro androgenesis of Zea mays L. using anther culture. We tested combinations of single factors and their influence on microspore induction. Embryogenic induction of microspores within anthers in in vitro conditions was the best when combination of cold treatment, TIBA (0.1 mg l–1) in media and colchicine (0.02% during first 3 days of culture) was applied, but colchicine alone can be factor, which can stimulate or initiate embryogenesis in anther culture of maize. 相似文献
4.
Aart J. E. van Bel Ad C. Borstlap Anja van Pinxteren-Bazuine Ankie Ammerlaan 《Planta》1982,155(4):335-341
Valine uptake by isolated Commelina benghalensis L. mesophyll cells was measured over a wide concentration range (10-6–4·10-2 mol l-1). The uptake data were subjected to iterative fitting. Experiments with carbonyl cyanide mchlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP), diethylstilbestrol (DES), and p-chloromercuriphenylsulphonic acid (PCMBS) provided evidence that the biphasic uptake kinetics of valine consists of a diffusional component and a biphasic active uptake. The data from the control experiments, were also best fitted to one diffusional component and two Michaelis-Menten systems. The presence of two carrier systems in the plasmalemma, however, was considered to be virtual for the following reasons: (1) Both phases of active uptake were equally decreased by high concentrations of K+-ions. (2) Fusicoccin stimulated the active uptake in both phases to the same extent. (3) Inhibitors of the proton-driven uptake (CCCP, DES, PCMBS) similarly inhibited the active uptake at all concentrations. (4) The active uptake equally responded in both phases to changes in the pH. (5) Light also promoted the active uptake over the whole concentration range. These results strongly indicate that, despite its biphasic character, the active uptake is due to one proton-driven carrier system.Abbreviations CCCP
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone
- DES
diethylstilbestrol
- FC
fusicoccin
- MES
2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulphonic acid monohydrate
- PCMBS
p-chloromercuriphenylsulphonic acid
- v
uptake velocity
-
S
substrate concentration
-
K
m1
and K
m2
Michaelis constants of the apparent high- and low-affinity system, respectively
-
V
m1 and V
m2
maximal uptake velocities of the apparent high- and low-affinity system
-
k
linear uptake constant 相似文献
5.
Anthony B. Thompson Edward H. Allison Ben P. Ngatunga 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》1996,47(3):235-254
Synopsis Lake Malawi/Niassa is the second largest rift valley lake in Africa, with an area of 28 800 km2, and an average and maximum depth of 292 m and>700 m, respectively. The lake is well known for the great diversity of fish occurring in the inshore zone. However, the offshore fish community is poorly documented. To rectify this, regular sampling was undertaken over two years, using trawl and gillnets at six offshore locations. This paper reports on the species composition, spatial distribution and breeding biology of the dominant cichlids species from the offshore pelagic zone. Cichlids formed approximately 88% of the offshore fish biomass. Most abundant were two species of zooplanktivores in the genus Diplotaxodon that made up 71% of the offshore fish biomass. An undescribed species, given the cheironym D. bigeye, was mainly found at a depth of 220 m during the day, but moved into near surface waters at night when the moon was full. This species was absent from the shallow regions of the lake. The most abundant offshore species was D. limnothrissa, which was distributed evenly throughout the lake to depths of 220 m. A less common offshore zooplanktivore was Copadichromis quadrimaculatus that formed 5% of the biomass and was confined to the upper 100 m of the water column. The main piscivores were in the genus Rhamphochromis and formed approximately 10% of the offshore fish biomass. The two dominant taxa were R. longiceps and the large Rhamphochromis group, and both were more common in the southern half of the lake. The former occurred mainly in the upper 100 m of the water column and the latter mainly at depths of 100–150 m. The length at maturity and fecundity for the dominant offshore species were estimated and seasonal breeding cycles determined from gonad activity and gonado-somatic indices. 相似文献
6.
Continuous production of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis rotundiformis (S-type) in an intensive chemostat culture system has been investigated. The production dynamics of rotifers in relation to different flow rates and feed regimes show that the growth rate and production depends on the type of algal feed and flow rate utilized in the culture system. It was possible to achieve a mean production of up to 318.84 × 106 rotifers m–3 d–1 at a flow rate of 6 1 h–1 in 100 1 chemostats and up to 261.21 × 106 rotifers m–3 d–1 at a flow rate of 40 1 h –1 while using 1 m3 capacity rotifer chemostats as production units. The 3 fatty acid composition of rotifers while using Chlorella and Nannochloropsis in the culture system has been described. The results of this investigation show that the rotifer productivity in the continuous culture system is considerably higher than in any of the conventional culture systems described to date for aquacultural purposes.This research was financed by the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (KFAS), Kuwait, under a contract research project code 86-04-02. 相似文献
7.
S. Al-Moghrabi D. Allemand J. Jaubert 《Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology》1993,163(5):355-362
The characteristics of valine uptake by isolated microcolonies of Galaxea fascicularis (Linnaeus 1758) were studied under various conditions including light, dark and feeding. The results demonstrated the presence of: (1) a linear component which might represent either a diffusional transport or a low-affinity carrier-mediated transport (apparent carrier affinity >250 mol·l–1), and (2) a high-affinity active carrier-mediated transport (apparent carrier affinity about 5 mol·l-1). The latter is mediated by two different systems: (i) a Na+-dependent carrier, stimulated by light and operative in both fed and unfed polyps, and (ii) a Na+-independent carrier, light insensitive and present only in unfed polyps. Competition experiments with other amino acids show that the Na+-dependent carrier is highly specific for neutral amino acids, as indicated by the high inhibition constants of basic and acidic amino acids. Our results suggest that the energy supplied by zooxanthellae photosynthates is necessary for the process of amino acid uptake, and that the Na+-dependent carrier responsible for valine uptake by G. fascicularis is similar to the B0,+ system.Abbreviations AA
amino acid(s)
- AC/HC
ratio autotrophic/heterotrophic carbon
- ASW
artificial sea water
- DOM
dissolved organic material
- HPLC
high performance liquid chromatography
-
K
1
apparent inhibition constant
-
K
m
apparent affinity of the carrier
- SE
standard error
-
V
max
maximal rate of absorption 相似文献
8.
Anthony B. Thompson Edward H. Allison Ben P. Ngatunga 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》1996,47(1):27-42
Synopsis Lake Malawi/Niassa is a permanently stratified lake, consisting of an oxygenated layer of 230 m depth that overlies an anoxic zone that extends to the lake bottom at a maximum depth of over 700 m. Some fish are found throughout the oxygenated zone of the offshore waters, and lead a pelagic existence, although many of the species form part of the demersal community in shallower waters where the lake-bed is oxygenated. This paper reports on the distribution of cyprinids and catfish at six offshore locations, sampled with a mid-water trawl and gillnets, along the north-south axis of the lake. These two groups formed, respectively, 5% and 13% of the offshore fish biomass in the trawl catches. The offshore cyprinids comprised the small lake-spawningEngraulicypris sardella, the only species to have pelagic larvae, and the larger river-spawningOpsaridium microcephalum andO. microlepis. These cyprinids occurred mainly in the upper 100 m of the water column. The biomass of both larvae and adults ofE. sardella showed considerable fluctuations over the two years of study. The spawning site ofE. sardella remains a mystery, but is no longer believed to be in the offshore pelagic zone. The most abundant catfish was the mochokidSynodontis njassae, that exhibited diurnal movements from just above the oxic-anoxic boundary layer during the day to the surface layers at night. The clariid catfish of the genusBathyclarias were caught infrequently offshore, but owing to their large size, they could form a significant part of the biomass. Their abundance was difficult to quantify, as it was believed that the majority are active in the near-surface layers and were under-sampled by the trawl and gillnets. Information on some aspects of the breeding biology is included in the paper, although our knowledge in this area is very incomplete. 相似文献
9.
A continuous micropropagation was established from protoplasts of thegreen alga Enteromorpha intestinalis. The effects of two differentcrude enzymes and the osmolarity at different concentrations of the enzymesolution on algal protoplast yields were tested. The optimal enzymecomposition for cell wall digestion and protoplast viability was 2%cellulase R 10 Onozuka and 2% Aplysie with 0.5 m mannitol. Largenumbers of Enteromorpha protoplasts were released (10.0 × 106protoplasts from 1 g fresh thalli) and settled on a rangeof substrata. Regeneration of the protoplasts followed the normal patternfor this species. Conditions for pure cultures and efficient systems offloating supports with nets were determined to optimise the product qualityof plantlets of Enteromorpha. A promising storage process has beendeveloped which involves including protoplasts in beads of alginic acid gel.Plants regenerated from protoplasts may also be used as seedstock tofacilitate propagation for macroalgal culture. 相似文献
10.
Tissue cultures of Armoracia rusticana L., both transformed with Agrobacterium rhizogenes and nontransformed, were screened for peroxidase activity. Most of the derived and tested strains exhibited 20 times higher activity [from 99 to 723 U g−1(d.m.)] than the root of the intact plant [(30 U g−1 (d.m.)]. The highest peroxidase activity was found in tumour culture growing on the medium without growth regulators. The influence of the addition of sugars and heavy metal ions in the medium on peroxidase production was tested. Increase in peroxidase activity was observed after cultivation of horseradish culture with cadmium, cobalt, nickel or lead ions.This work is supported by Grant Agency of Czech Republic Project No. 526/04/0135. 相似文献
11.
Julia Scerbo M Bibolini MJ Barra JL Roth GA Monferran CG 《Protein expression and purification》2008,59(2):320-326
The B subunit of Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin (LTB) may function as an efficient carrier molecule for the delivery of genetically coupled antigens across the mucosal barrier. We constructed vectors for the expression of LTB and LTBSC proteins. LTBSC is a fusion protein that comprises the amino acid sequence from the C-domain of rat synapsin fused to the C-terminal end of LTB. Both constructions have a coding sequence for a 6His-tag fused in-frame. LTBSC was expressed in E. coli as inclusion bodies. The inclusion bodies were isolated and purified by Ni2+-chelating affinity chromatography under denaturing condition. Purified LTBSC was diluted in several refolding buffers to gain a soluble and biologically active protein. Refolded LTBSC assembled as an active oligomer which binds to the GM1 receptor in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Soluble LTB in the E. coli lysate was also purified by Ni2+-chelating affinity chromatography and the assembled pentamer was able to bind with high affinity to GM1 in vitro. LTBSC and LTB were fed to rats and the ability to induce antigen-specific tolerance was tested. LTBSC inhibited the specific delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response and induced decreased antigen-specific in vivo and in vitro cell proliferation more efficiently than LTB. Thus, the novel hybrid molecule LTBSC when orally delivered was able to elicit a systemic immune response. These results suggest that LTBSC could be suitable for exploring further therapeutic treatment of autoimmune inflammatory diseases involving antigens from central nervous system. 相似文献
12.
Summary Forty-three strains of feeder root colonizing fluorescent pseudomonads from rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush.) roots were examined for effects on rough lemon and sweet orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) seedlings. Plants inoculated with a single bacterial soil-drench had, after 10 months, a range of stimulatory (to 116%) and inhibitory effects (to 52%). Stimulatory bacteria particularly increased growth of root systems. Cultivar-specific inhibition and stimulation was evident in inoculations of rough lemon and sweet orange seedlings. Populations of fluorescent rhizobacteria on inoculated and noninoculated, as well as on stimulated and nonstimulated seedlings, did not differ significantly (10.8×106 to 30.3×106 CFU/g root). Population of fluorescent rhizobacteria on seedlings were higher than populations on feeder roots from grove trees (2.8 to 5.7×106 CFU/g). Ninety-four and 81% of 251 fluorescent strains produced antibiotics against the fungusGeotrichum candidum and the bacteriumErwinia stewartii, respectively. Antibiotic activities of 90% of the antibiotic producing strains were repressed by Fe3+, indicating siderophore production. In comparison, only 9.6 and 15% of 94 randomly selected nonfluorescentPseudomonas strains were antibiotic producers. Differences between stimulatory and inhibitory or neutral bacteria were not apparent from antibiosis tests. On the basis of physiological tests,Pseudomonas putida was the most abundant (>62%) pseudomonad species on rough lemon roots. Growth stimulating strains appeared to be in bothP. putida andP. fluorescens groups. FewP. aeruginosa strains were identified on citrus roots.Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations Journal Series No. 相似文献
13.
Karsten Pedersen Carola Holmström Anna-Kerstin Olsson Amelie Pedersen 《Archives of microbiology》1986,145(1):1-8
A budding coccoid bacterium, (CH1), a Vibrio sp. and a Pseudomonas sp. were investigated for factors governing their attachment to glass surfaces in static batch culture and laminar flow continuous culture systems. An analysis of variance showed that the three species exhibited very different responses. For CH1 attachment was dependent on cell density, incubation time and nutrient concentration. The Vibrio sp. was affected by nutrient concentration while the attachment of the Pseudomonas sp. was independent of cell density, incubation time and nutrient concentration. A comparison of attachment to hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces showed that attachment of the Vibrio sp. and CH1 to hydrophilic surfaces was 3 and 10 times greater respectively than to hydrophobic surfaces while Pseudomonas attached in equal numbers to both surfaces. The continuous culture system with defined flow hydrodynamics and growth conditions at steady state revealed a random sampling effect 3 times smaller than the batch culture system did. When the biofilm development of Pseudomonas sp. was followed during 46 h at different fluid shear under laminar and turbulent flow conditions, the former biofilm reached 3.3·108 cells·cm-2 and the latter 8.2·107 cells·cm-2.Non-common abbreviation NSS
Nine salt solution 相似文献
14.
Culturing kelps for commercial, conservation, and scientific purposes is becoming increasingly widespread. However, kelp aquaculture methods are typically designed for ocean-based farms, and these methods may not be applicable for smaller scale cultivation efforts common in research and restoration. Growing kelps in closed, recirculating culture systems may address many of these constraints, yet closed system approaches have remained largely undescribed. Extensive declines of the bull kelp (Nereocystis luetkeana), an ecologically important canopy species in the Northeast Pacific, have received widespread attention and prompted numerous research and conservation initiatives. Here, we detail two approaches for cultivating N. luetkeana sporophytes in closed recirculating systems. Nereocystis luetkeana were reared as attached thalli in custom seaweed growth flumes and also free-floating in tumble culture tanks. Careful control of stocking density, water motion, aeration, and nutrient levels allowed for rapid growth and normal morphogenesis of laboratory-grown kelp. Culture systems reached up to 3 kg · m−3, and individual thalli attained lengths of up to 6 m before the trials were terminated. Our results demonstrate the potential of recirculating, closed culture systems to overcome limitations associated with traditional culture methods. Recirculating systems enable the precise control of culture conditions, improving biosecurity and facilitating cultivar development and other research. Kelps can be grown away from the ocean or outside their native ranges, and seasonal or annual species can be produced year-round without seasonal constraints. 相似文献
15.
Micropropagation of the endangered <Emphasis Type="Italic">Kniphofia leucocephala</Emphasis> Baijnath 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Summary The species, Kniphofia leucocephala is extant at only one location, Langepan, KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa, where the population is threatened by afforestation
and possibly grazing. Consequently, a continuous culture system was established as part of a program for the propagation and
re-introduction of plants into the wild. The efficiency of the system in terms of shoot multiplication and, particularly,
the frequency and rate of root initiation was strongly influenced by the concentration of benzyladenine in the shoot multiplication
medium. The optimum shoot multiplication medium for subsequent root initiation contained 2 mgl−1 (8.9 μM) benzyladenine alone. The shoots were successfully rooted and acclimatized. Approximately 200 shoots can be produced from
one shoot after five 4-wk cycles. Thus, large numbers of plantlets can be propagated in this continuous culture system, serving
conservation interests. 相似文献
16.
Georg Jentschke Bettina Brandes Arnd J. Kuhn Walter H. Schr?der J. Sabine Becker Douglas L. Godbold 《Plant and Soil》2000,220(1-2):243-246
Although it is well established that ectomycorrhizas improve the mineral nutrition of forest trees, there has been little
evidence that they mediate uptake of divalent cations such as Mg. We grew nonmycorrhizal seedlings and seedlings mycorrhizal
with Paxillus involutus Batsch in a sand culture system with two compartments separated by a 45-μm Nylon mesh. Hyphae, but not roots, can penetrate
this net. Labeling the compartment only accessible to hyphae with 25Mg showed that hyphae of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus transported Mg to their host plant. No label was found in nonmycorrhizal control plants. Our data support the idea that ectomycorrhizas
are important for the Mg nutrition of forest trees.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
17.
An enzyme-linked immunoassay coupled with a tyrosinase modified enzyme electrode was used for rapid detection of Campylobacter jejuni. The immunomagnetic separation (IMS) method was investigated to achieve optimal isolation of C. jejuni cells. Eight types of beads with three different sizes and function groups were coated with anti-C. jejuni to isolate C. jejuni from the sample solution. Bead size and coating methods were found to be major factors that influenced the capture efficacy. Streptavidin-labeled beads (2.8 μm) provided the greatest capture ability. Three blocking reagents were tested to minimize non-specific binding. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) showed the best blocking capability. Two IMS formats were tested. Competitive immunoassay cut the detection time to 1.5 h, but the detection limit was relatively high (106 CFU/ml). This system was evaluated using C. jejuni pure culture and poultry samples inoculated with C. jejuni. This detection method for C. jejuni could be completed within 2.5 h and had a detection limit of 2.1×104 CFU/ml. No significant difference was found between pure culture samples and poultry samples (P>0.01). A linear relationship was found between C. jejuni cell numbers and the peak current ratio in a range of 102–107 CFU/ml (R2=0.94). 相似文献
18.
The trihydroxamate siderophore, hydroxamate K, has been purified from culture filtrates of iron-deficient Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae MNF710. The iron complex has a molecular weight of 828 and an absorption maximum at 443 nm (M=1510). 55Fe complexed to purified hydroxamate K was taken up by MNF710, its hydroxamate-negative mutant MNF7102 and Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii WU95 via an iron-regulated transport system, but Rhizobium meliloti U45 failed to take up the iron-siderophore complex under any conditions. A similar pattern of iron uptake was observed with ferrioxamine B. MNF710, MNF7102, U45 and WU95 all transported 55Fe-ferrichrome but only the first three strains took up 55Fe-ferrichrome A. All these 55Fe-trihydroxamate uptake systems were ironregulated in MNF710, MNF7102 and WU95. In contrast, uptake of 55Fe-rhodotorulate, a dihydroxamate, was essentially constitutive in all four organisms. Similarly, uptake of 55Fe-citrate and 55Fe-nitrilotriacetic acid was constitutive. None of the strains took up 55Fe complexed with enterobactin or with pyoverdins from Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC15692 (PAO1) and Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC17400. 相似文献
19.
Scale-up of tubular photobioreactors 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
E. Molina F.G. Acién Fernández F. García Camacho F. Camacho Rubio Y. Chisti 《Journal of applied phycology》2000,12(3-5):355-368
The effect of the light/dark cycle frequency on theproductivity of algal culture at differentday-averaged irradiance conditions was evaluated forPhaeodactylum tricornutum grown in outdoortubular photobioreactors. The photobioreactor scale-upproblem was analyzed by establishing the frequency oflight–dark cycling of cells and ensuring that thecycle frequency remained unchanged on scale-up. Thehydrodynamics and geometry related factors wereidentified for assuring an unchanged light/dark cycle.The light/dark cycle time in two different tubularphotobioreactors was shown to be identical when thelinear culture velocity in the large scale device(U
LL) and that in the small scale unit (>U
LS)were related as follows:ULL = \frac f 9/7 \alpha8/7 ULS.Here f is the scale factor (i.e., the ratio oflarge-to-small tube diameters), is afunction of the illuminated volumes in the tworeactors, and `dark' refers to any zone of the reactorwhere the light intensity is less than the saturationvalue. The above equation was tested in continuouscultures of P. tricornutum in reactors with 0.03 mand 0.06 m diameter tubes, and over the workableculture velocity range of 0.23 to 0.50 m s-1. Thepredicted maximum realistic photobioreactor tubediameter was about 0.10 m for assuring a cultureperformance identical to that in reactors with smaller tubes. 相似文献
20.
A. Q. Hurtado-Ponce 《Journal of applied phycology》1992,4(4):311-313
Kappaphycus alvarezii var.tambalang was cultured in a 3 × 3 m bamboo raft installed inside a 4 × 4 m floating net cage ofLates calcarifer (sea bass) broodstock at SEAFDEC Sub-station Igang, Guimaras, Philippines, from December 1989 to May 1990. Growth and production ofK. alvarezii var.tambalang was influenced by the culture months. The highest growth rate and production were recorded in January and May, respectively, while the lowest growth rate and production were observed in March. Average growth rate (wet weight) ranged from 3.72 to 7.17% day-1, while production ranged from 575.5 to 2377 g m-1 line-1. A total production of approximately 123 t (fresh) or 37 t (dried) ha-1 in the 5-month harvest season was produced from this culture system. Cultivation ofK. alvarezii var.tambalang in cages is possible, which indicates that seaweeds can be grown with carnivorous finfish, a practice which is still untapped. 相似文献