胰岛β细胞中钠通道对胰岛素分泌的作用

胰岛β细胞是典型的兴奋性内分泌细胞,能响应机体葡萄糖水平的升高而分泌胰岛素,其功能受损会导致胰岛素分泌异常,进而引发多种疾病的发生,尤其与糖尿病(diabetes mellitus,DM)的发生密切相关。近年来对胰岛素分泌及调控过程的研究受到越来越广泛的关注,尤其在胰岛素分泌相关的离子通道——钾离子、钙离子通道方面,取得了重要进展,但对钠通道研究较少。钠通道是广泛分布于细胞膜上、亚型众多的一类离子通道,它们通过参与动作电位形成、物质运输和胞间通讯等过程影响细胞的多种生理功能。在此,对胰岛β细胞上钠通道的种类、生理特性、功能等方面的研究进展进行综述,从而为后续胰岛β细胞钠通道的相关研究提供新思路。     

离子通道对胰岛β细胞中胰岛素分泌的调控作用

胰岛β细胞是胰岛细胞的一种,属于内分泌细胞,主要的生理功能是分泌胰岛素以应对葡萄糖水平的升高,其在维持葡萄糖稳态中起着重要作用。研究表明,胰岛素分泌受到多种机制的调控,其中包括多种离子通道。近年来,国内外学者越来越关注离子通道调控胰岛素分泌的过程。本文主要就钠离子通道、钾离子通道、钙离子通道以及3种离子通道之间的相互作用对胰岛素分泌的调控进行简述,同时,简单介绍了离子通道抑制剂在糖尿病临床中的应用,并展望了离子通道研究在未来糖尿病治疗方面的潜在应用价值。     

长链非编码RNA的生物学功能和研究方法

长链非编码RNA(long-noncoding RNA,lncRNA)是一类长度大于200nt的非编码RNA(noncoding RNA,ncRNA),不具有编码蛋白质的功能,直接以RNA的形式发挥作用,以诱饵分子、信号分子、引导分子和支架分子的方式在转录水平和转录后水平调节蛋白质编码基因的表达,参与细胞分化和个体发育等生命过程。lncRNA存在普遍的转录现象,但与蛋白质编码基因相比表达水平较低。基因组测序结果显示生物体内仅有少量的编码基因,绝大部分基因以非编码的形式存在于动物和植物体内起调控作用。近年来以miRNA和siRNA为代表的ncRNA的研究已经取得了丰硕的成果,而lncRNA的研究才刚刚开始,但是已经有研究表明lncRNA有广泛的生物学功能,如染色体修饰、X染色体沉默、干扰或激活转录和核内运输等。以转录组测序、微阵列和荧光原位杂交为代表的研究方法也在发展完善。     

基因工程胰岛素分泌细胞的研究

在体外构建胰岛素分泌细胞系作为糖尿病患者的胰岛细胞的代用品是国外进行糖尿病基因治疗的主要内容。１．β细胞系工程β细胞是人胰腺郎格罕氏细胞,早已被用来治疗糖尿病［１］,但是用胰腺移植治疗糖尿病有免疫排斥、供体有限以及必须纯化胰腺等困难。β细胞工程则可避...     

ATP合成下降在β细胞胰岛素分泌障碍中的作用

胰岛β细胞胰岛素分泌过程是受多种因素协调精确控制的,ATP合成酶在这一调控网络中起着重要作用.高糖、高脂及炎症细胞因子,通过不同的信号通路,引起线粒体膜电位改变及/或ATP合成酶核心亚基表达下降,导致ATP合成速率下降,是β胰岛素分泌障碍发生的共同核心环节,在2型糖尿病病理生理过程中起了关键性作用.糖尿病动物胰岛β细胞内的ATP含量较正常β细胞明显降低,而上调2型糖尿病患者胰岛细胞ATP合成酶β亚基表达能提高ATP合成速率,增加细胞ATP含量并逆转损伤的胰岛素分泌功能.目前的研究提示,亮氨酸、肠抑素(enterostatin)及过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPAR-γ)能通过调控ATP合成酶β亚基表达或活性提高细胞ATP合成速率,这为改善β细胞功能障碍提供了新的思路和信息.     

长链非编码RNA调节缺血性脑卒中损伤和修复的研究进展

长链非编码RNA(long noncoding RNA,lnc RNA)是一组在转录、转录后和表观遗传水平发挥作用的调控序列,其在中枢神经系统中特异性高表达,对中枢神经系统发育和疾病发展具有重要调控作用。缺血性脑卒中诱导脑内大量lnc RNA表达改变,提示lnc RNA与缺血性脑卒中复杂的病理过程有关,这将有利于全面认识缺血性脑卒中的病理机制及脑缺血损伤后的分子调控网络,并提供新的治疗方向。尽管有少数研究报道lnc RNA在缺血性心脏病中的作用,但目前对于其在缺血性脑卒中病理发展中的作用知之甚少。综述目前已知的lnc RNA在脑缺血再灌注损伤、细胞凋亡与抗凋亡及损伤后神经再生与修复中的作用,并提出了未来可能的lnc RNA在缺血性脑卒中损伤与修复中的研究方向。     

长链非编码RNA的研究现状

长链非编码RNA（lncRNA）是一类长度大于200bp的非编码RNA,无蛋白质编码功能,物种间保守性差,具有较强的组织特异性和时空特异性。研究表明ncRNA具有广泛的生物学功能,如参与RNA的生成与加工、转录调控、染色质重塑等,且作用机制复杂,如能通过绑定特点蛋白质参与转录调节或作为ceRNA参与转录后调控。但lncRNA的结构复杂,功能研究进展缓慢,目前仍难以对其细致分类。从基本特征、分类、功能、数据库、研究工具及其与癌症之间的关系等方面对lncRNA的研究进展进行综述,以期为lncRNA后续研究提供参考。     

长链非编码RNA在哺乳动物精子发生中的功能研究进展

长链非编码RNA(lncRNA)一般是指大于200 nt的RNA,位于细胞核内或胞浆中,不参与蛋白质编码,以RNA形式在表观遗传调控、转录调控以及转录后调控等多个层面上调控基因的表达水平。哺乳动物精子发生是一个精细调控的过程,通过雄性生殖细胞分裂和分化形成成熟精子,且精子发生受到不同阶段特异性基因表达的严格调控,而特异性基因表达又受到大量lncRNAs的调控。虽然lncRNA作为一类重要的基因表达调控因子广泛参与各类生物个体发育进程和疾病的发生,但是精子发生相关lncRNAs的报道并不多,且其生物学功能的研究有待进一步深入。因此,本文对lncRNA的起源、作用机制和在精子发生过程中调控作用的研究进展进行了总结分析。     

胰岛素对βTC-3细胞胰岛素受体表达的作用

目的：观察外源性胰岛素对小鼠胰岛β细胞瘤细胞株βTC-3细胞胰岛素受体表达的影响。方法：采用免疫荧光细胞化学技术结合激光扫描共聚焦显微镜观察高浓度胰岛素（100 IU/ml）刺激不同时间（0 min、30 min、60 min、120 min、240 min）,培养的βTC-3细胞胰岛素受体的表达,用Image pro plus软件对胰岛素受体的荧光强度进行了半定量分析。结果：与0 min比较,胰岛素孵育30 min、60 min、120 min、240 min时胰岛素受体荧光强度均明显下降（P〈0.05）。结论：高浓度胰岛素孵育βTC3细胞后,可明显下调胰岛素受体的表达,这可能是高胰岛素血症导致胰岛素抵抗产生的机制之一。     

PTEN参与小檗碱保护脂毒性损伤的胰岛βTC3细胞

目的:探讨小檗碱保护棕榈酸诱导的胰岛βTC3细胞的可能机制,观察PTEN是否参与该过程,以及小檗碱对胰岛素分泌的影响。方法:用1.0 mmol/L棕榈酸制作胰岛βTC3细胞脂毒性损伤模型,给予小檗碱干预;放射免疫法检测胰岛素分泌,West-ern blot法进行PTEN、p-AKT、AKT、Bcl-2、Bax、活性Caspase3蛋白的检测。实验分3大组(对照组、棕榈酸组、棕榈酸+小檗碱治疗组),棕榈酸分别作用3个时间段(24、48、72 h)。结果:(1)放射免疫法胰岛素分泌测定结果显示:β细胞暴露于棕榈酸24 h后,5.6、16.7 mmol/L葡萄糖刺激的胰岛素分泌均较正常对照组显著减少(P0.01);添加小檗碱干预后胰岛素分泌较棕榈酸组回升,但较对照组减少(P均0.01)。(2)在棕榈酸处理的3个时间段内,与对照组相比,棕榈酸组的PTEN、Bax、Active-Caspase3蛋白表达水平显著升高,p-AKT、Bcl-2蛋白水平下降;小檗碱干预后PTEN、Bax蛋白表达水平下降,p-AKT、Bcl-2蛋白水平提高(P均0.01)。结论:小檗碱可改善棕榈酸引起的胰岛素分泌减少,抑制脂毒性诱导的PTEN表达增加,减少促凋亡基因Bax、Active-Caspase3表达,并增加抑凋亡基因Bcl-2基因表达及AKT的活化,从而拮抗棕榈酸诱导的β细胞凋亡,保护β细胞功能。     

Expression Profile and Function Analysis of Long Non-coding RNAs in the Infection of Coxsackievirus B3

The roles of lnc RNAs in the infection of enteroviruses have been barely demonstrated. In this study, we used coxsackievirus B3(CVB3), a typical enterovirus, as a model to investigate the expression profiles and functional roles of lnc RNAs in enterovirus infection. We profiled lnc RNAs and m RNA expression in CVB3-infected He La cells by lnc RNA-m RNA integrated microarrays. As a result, 700 differentially expressed lnc RNAs(431 up-regulated and 269 down-regulated) and665 differentially expressed m RNAs(299 up-regulated and 366 down-regulated) were identified in CVB3 infection. Then we performed lnc RNA-m RNA integrated pathway analysis to identify potential functional impacts of the differentially expressed m RNAs, in which lnc RNA-m RNA correlation network was built. According to lnc RNA-m RNA correlation, we found that XLOC-001188, an lnc RNA down-regulated in CVB3 infection, was negatively correlated with NFAT5 m RNA,an anti-CVB3 gene reported previously. This interaction was supported by q PCR detection following si RNA-mediated knockdown of XLOC-001188, which showed an increase of NFAT5 m RNA and a reduction of CVB3 genomic RNA. In addition, we observed that four most significantly altered lnc RNAs, SNHG11, RP11-145 F16.2, RP11-1023 L17.1 and RP11-1021 N1.2 share several common correlated genes critical for CVB3 infection, such as BRE and IRF2 BP1. In all, our studies reveal the alteration of lnc RNA expression in CVB3 infection and its potential influence on CVB3 replication,providing useful information for future studies of enterovirus infection.     

Time-Related Behaviour of Endocrine Secretion: Circannual Variations of FT3, Cortisol,Hgh and Serum Basal Insulin in Healthy Subjects

Four healthy young male volunteers were submitted to the study of circadian and circannual bioperiodicities of several hormones: FT3, FT4, Cortisol, HGH, prolactin, PTh and plasma insulin levels. They were observed for a whole year and their blood samples were collected six times a day, every other month. The results were analyzed by two-way ANOVA macroscopic analysis and Student r-test. Our data registered a circannual variation in the mean circadian plasma levels of the following hormones: Cortisol (peak in December), HGH (peak in April), FT3 (peak in April), insulin (peak in February). FT4, prolactin and PTH showed no cyclic variation during the period of observation.     

Time-Related Behaviour of Endocrine Secretion: Circannual Variations of FT3, Cortisol, Hgh and Serum Basal Insulin in Healthy Subjects

Four healthy young male volunteers were submitted to the study of circadian and circannual bioperiodicities of several hormones: FT3, FT4, Cortisol, HGH, prolactin, PTh and plasma insulin levels. They were observed for a whole year and their blood samples were collected six times a day, every other month. The results were analyzed by two-way ANOVA macroscopic analysis and Student r-test. Our data registered a circannual variation in the mean circadian plasma levels of the following hormones: Cortisol (peak in December), HGH (peak in April), FT3 (peak in April), insulin (peak in February). FT4, prolactin and PTH showed no cyclic variation during the period of observation.     

沉默Gpr3基因表达对猪卵泡颗粒细胞凋亡的影响

G蛋白偶联受体3（G protein-coupled receptor 3,Gpr3）属于G蛋白偶联受体超家族成员,能够维持卵泡卵母细胞减数分裂的前期阻滞,但在卵泡颗粒细胞中的作用不清。该研究利用RNAi技术,以化学合成的siRNA转染体外培养的猪卵泡颗粒细胞,并利用Real-time PCR和Western blot技术检验Gpr3基因的沉默效果;利用MTT（四甲基偶氮唑盐）、流式细胞术和Real-time PCR技术检测沉默Gpr3基因表达对猪卵泡颗粒细胞凋亡以及凋亡相关基因表达的影响。结果显示,Gpr3-siRNA能够有效地抑制猪卵泡颗粒细胞中Gpr3基因mRNA和蛋白的表达（P〈0.01）;在沉默Gpr3基因表达后,猪卵泡颗粒细胞的细胞活性由0.419升高至0.586,同时细胞凋亡率由2.67%下降至0.42%,并在显著上调Bcl-2表达的同时,下调了Bax的表达（P〈0.05）。结果表明,沉默Gpr3基因的表达抑制了猪卵泡颗粒细胞的凋亡,其机制可能与调控Bcl-2和Bax表达有关。     

Long non-coding RNA Linc00152 is involved in cell cycle arrest,apoptosis, epithelial to mesenchymal transition,cell migration and invasion in gastric cancer

Gastric cancer remains a serious threat to public health with high incidence and mortality worldwide. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in regulating gene expression and are involved in various pathological processes, including gastric cancer. To investigate the possible role of dysregulated lncRNAs in gastric cancer development, we performed lncRNA microarray and identified 3141 significantly differentially expressed lncRNAs in gastric cancer tissues. Next, some of deregulated lncRNAs were validated among about 60 paired gastric cancer specimens such as Linc00261, DKFZP434K028, RPL34-AS1, H19, HOTAIR and Linc00152. Our results found that the decline of DKFZP434K028 and RPL34-AS1, and the increased expression of Linc00152 positively correlated with larger tumor size. The high expression levels of HOTAIR were associated with lymphatic metastasis and poor differentiation. Since the biological roles of Linc00152 are largely unknown in gastric cancer pathogenesis, we assessed its functions by silencing its up-regulation in gastric cancer cells. We found that Linc00152 knockdown could inhibit cell proliferation and colony formation, promote cell cycle arrest at G1 phase, trigger late apoptosis, reduce the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) program, and suppress cell migration and invasion. Taken together, we delineate the gastric cancer lncRNA signature and demonstrate the oncogenic functions of Linc00152. These findings may have implications for developing lncRNA-based biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutics for gastric cancer.     

Insulin Secretion, DNA Damage, and Apoptosis in Human and Rat Islets of Langerhans Following Exposure to Nitric Oxide, Peroxynitrite, and Cytokines

Cytokine-induced damage may contribute to destruction of insulin-secreting beta-cells in islets of Langerhans during autoimmune diabetes. There is considerable controversy (i) whether human and rat islets respond differently to cytokines, (ii) the extent to which cytokine damage is mediated by induction of nitric oxide formation, and (iii) whether the effects of nitric oxide on islets can be distinguished from those of reactive oxygen species or peroxynitrite. We have analyzed rat and human islet responses in parallel, 48 h after exposure to the nitric oxide donor S-nitrosoglutathione, the mixed donor 3-morpholinosydnonimine, hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase, peroxynitrite, and combined cytokines (interleukin-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma). Insulin secretory response to glucose, insulin content, DNA strand breakage, and early-to-late stage apoptosis were recorded in each experiment. Rat islet insulin secretion was reduced by S-nitrosoglutathione or combined cytokines, but unexpectedly increased by peroxynitrite or hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase. Effects on human islet insulin secretion were small; cytokines and S-nitrosoglutathione decreased insulin content. Both rat and human islets showed significant and similar levels of DNA damage following all treatments. Apoptosis in neonatal rat islets was increased by every treatment, but was at a low rate in adult rat or human islets and only achieved significance with cytokine treatment of human islets. All cytokine responses were blocked by an arginine analogue. We conclude: (i) Reactive oxygen species increased and nitric oxide decreased insulin secretory responsiveness in rat islets. (ii) Species differences lie mainly in responses to cytokines, applied at a lower dose and shorter time than in most studies of human islets. (iii) Cytokine effects were nitric oxide driven; neither reactive oxygen species nor peroxynitrite reproduced cytokine effects. (iv) Rat and human islets showed equal susceptibility to DNA damage. (v) Apoptosis was not the preferred death pathway in adult islets. (vi) We have found no evidence of human donor variation in the pattern of response to these treatments.     

胰岛素对β细胞胰岛素分泌的反馈影响

目的：探讨不同浓度外源性胰岛素在不同浓度葡萄糖情况下对β TC-3细胞胰岛素分泌的影响。方法：取对数生长期的13TC3细胞分三组,即低糖组、中糖组、高糖组（葡萄糖浓度分别取1．0mmol／L、3．Ommoi／L、20．Ommol／L）。每组分0、5、10、15、100、500、5000和50000μU／ml胰岛素八个亚组（其中0μU／ml作为对照组）。刺激10分钟后取上清液测C肽。结果：在高糖组中,C肽分泌量无明显差异;在中糖组中,10μU／ml和15μU／ml两组相对对照组C肽分泌量显著增加,50000μU／ml组C肽分泌量则相对对照组出现减少,其余3个亚组无明显改变;在低糖组中,c肽分泌量除5000μU／ml组减少外。其它亚组C肽分泌量无明显差畀。结论：胞外胰岛素在适宜葡萄糖浓度时,对BTC3细胞胰岛素分泌的反馈影响呈剂量依赖关系。     

L-亮氨酸对克隆的胰岛β细胞株INS-1E细胞分泌胰岛素的葡萄糖依赖性研究

目的:探讨L-亮氨酸对克隆的胰岛β细胞株INS-1E细胞分泌胰岛素的刺激作用及其葡萄糖依赖性。方法:INS-1E细胞经传代培养2 d后,在Krebs-Ringer缓冲液中37℃培养箱预培养30 min,再用含有不同浓度葡萄糖和不同浓度L-亮氨酸的改良Krebs-Ringer缓冲液培养60 min,然后留取上清液进行胰岛素测定。结果:L-亮氨酸在0.1~10 mmol.L-1范围不增加16.7mmol.L-1葡萄糖刺激的INS-1E细胞的胰岛素分泌,仅20 mmol.L-1的L-亮氨酸促进葡萄糖诱导的胰岛素分泌;10 mmol.L-1L-亮氨酸在1.1、3.3、6.7 mmol.L-1葡萄糖存在的情况下促进INS-1E细胞的胰岛素分泌,而在11.1、16.7、25 mmol.L-1葡萄糖存在的情况下无促进胰岛素分泌的作用。结论:本研究显示在无刺激胰岛素分泌的葡萄糖浓度条件下,10 mmol.L-1L-亮氨酸即显示了刺激INS-1E细胞分泌胰岛素的作用,在较高葡萄糖的条件下,10 mmol.L-1L-亮氨酸的作用减弱或消失。