黄色潜蝇茧蜂发育起点温度与有效积温的研究

在15-30℃温度范围内,观察了不同梯度温度下黄色潜蝇茧蜂Opius flavus Weng etChen生长发育的历期,并对实验数据采用直线性回归的方法处理。结果表明：黄色潜蝇茧蜂卵、幼虫、蛹的发育起点温度分别为8.518℃、9.909℃和8.656℃,其有效积温分别为60.27日度、65.75日度和87.78日度;卵——成虫的发育起点温度是9.631℃,有效积温为203.04日度。     

阿里山潜蝇茧蜂Fopius arisanus的发育起点温度和有效积温

对橘小实蝇卵寄生蜂阿里山潜蝇茧蜂Fopius arisanus(Sonan)的发育起点温度和有效积温进行了研究。结果表明,阿里山潜蝇茧蜂的卵、幼虫、蛹、雌成虫、雄成虫和世代的发育起点温度分别为9.7、8.8、8.5、8.7、8.7和9.3℃;有效积温分别为25.2.200.2、133.6、344.4、242.8和440.2日度。在19-31℃之间,阿里山潜蝇茧蜂的发育历期随温度的升高而缩短。     

果树授粉昆虫角额壁蜂的形态和生物学研究

角额壁蜂一年发生1代。人工驯化释放的壁蜂,喜欢以芦苇管或纸管为巢穴。早春果树开花季节,越冬成蜂相继破茧出巢,交配活动。雌蜂借腹部腹毛刷采集大量花粉花蜜。在巢穴中分小室产卵繁殖后代。幼虫孵出后即以花粉团为食,8月中下旬成蜂羽化后在茧内越冬。翌年破茧出巢。成蜂访花采粉效率高,以蜂巢周围60m内的座果率为最高。角额壁蜂访花频率较蜜蜂高,因此,大大提高了果树座果率。成蜂活动要求的温度较低,适合我国北方多种果树开花期的授粉。果园放蜂试验证明对苹果、梨、杏等有明显的增产作用。     

野生角额壁蜂与果园角额壁蜂的生活力

为探讨野生角额壁蜂Osmia cornifrons(Radoszkowski)与果园角额壁蜂的生活力是否存在差异,在苹果梨园进行二者的出茧率和繁殖比比较试验。结果表明:野生角额壁蜂与连续3年在果园释放和回收的果园角额壁蜂的出茧率和繁殖比差异都显著,野生角额壁蜂与果园角额壁蜂的出茧率分别为80.75%和65.69%,繁殖比分别为1.55和1.14。野生角额壁蜂的生活力明显比果园角额壁蜂强。     

为苹果梨授粉的角额壁蜂与长角壁蜂的生物学特性比较

连续 2年在延边苹果梨园释放角额壁蜂OsmiacornifronsRodoszkowski和长角壁蜂O .longnicornisMor.,对其生物学特性进行观察。结果表明 :2种壁蜂都能在释放的苹果梨园中定居、营巢及繁殖后代 ;角额壁蜂日访花数为 4 1 5 8朵 ,长角壁蜂日访花数为 4 35 9朵 ;长角壁蜂个体较大 ,抗低温能力、抗风飞行能力和日访花能力等均较强 ,是较好的苹果梨授粉用昆虫。     

角倍蚜越冬世代的发育起点温度和有效积温

五倍子系中国特产,是重要的化工和医药原料。角倍蚜Schclechtendaliachinesis（Bell）是生产五倍子的最主要致瘿蚜种。恒温试验表明,其越冬世代有翅型随温度从4.5℃升至18.0℃,平均世代历期从266.2天缩短至76.6天,世代发育起点温度为-1.4℃,有效积温为1512.9日度;无翅型随温度从7.5℃升至22.0℃,平均世代历期从118.8天缩短至29.4天,世代发育起点温度为2.2℃,有效积温为557．4日度。     

家蝇发育起点温度和有效积温

在5种温度下,对家蝇的发育起点温度和有效积温进行了研究。结果表明,家蝇在不同发育阶段发育起点温度和有效积温不同,且不同发育阶段对两者的要求也不一致。世代的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为13.6℃和196.4日.度,控制发育进度的理论为T=196.4/N+(13.6±0.5)。     

大袋蛾的发育起点温度及有效积温

大袋峨Cryptotheleavariegata（Snellen）是目前我国主要的森林害虫之一,近年在河南、安徽、山东、江苏等省的泡桐基地泛滥成灾,严重影响了林木的生长。现将其变温下的有效积温的研究结果整理如下。（一）经观察测定,大袋蛾的卵期、幼虫期、蛹期及其历期温度列于表l～羊（雄蛹数据略）。（二）各虫态的发育起点温度与有效积温自然变温条件下为：幼虫蛹蛹恒温条件下为：蛹（三）发生期检验在林间,1990年大袋蛾产卵高峰期为5月25日,1991年雄幼虫化蛹高峰期为5月1日,产卵高峰期为6月7日。我们利用获得的大经峨冬虫态的C、K值,根据1990…     

豆蚜发育起点温度和有效积温的研究

本文研究了豆蚜孤雌胎生蚜在实验室条件下的发育起点温度和有效积温。结果表明,长沙地区豆蚜孤雌胎生蚜全世代发育起点温度和有效积温分别为2.6±0.81℃和175.3±15.7日度。相对湿度在50％以下对豆蚜发育有抑制作用,而在50～90％之间对发育无多大影响。自然光周期对豆蚜发育几乎无影响(冬季可能的滞育型个体除外)。豆蚜在湖南每年发生的理论代数为29～32±4.3代。     

麝凤蝶的发育起点温度和有效积温

在 1 6～ 3 1℃范围内设置了 6个温度对麝凤蝶ByasaalcinousKlug卵、幼虫、蛹的发育速率进行了测定。结果表明 ,卵、幼虫、蛹在 1 6～ 3 1℃范围内均能正常生长发育 ,尤以 2 5～ 2 8℃条件下最适宜于该蝶的生长发育 ,发育速率与温度呈直线关系。用直线回归法得到卵、幼虫、蛹的发育起点温度分别为 9 3 ,7 1 ,6 8℃ ,有效积温分别为 90 2 ,3 87 4,2 2 7 9日·度。     

角额壁蜂在苹果梨园生活力下降的原因分析

采用测定苹果梨和苹果的花粉量以及对其主要营养成分进行定量分析的方法,探椭角额壁蜂Osmia cornifrons(Radoszkowski)在苹果梨园生活力下降的主要原因。结果表明,苹果梨花粉的花粉量约为苹果花粉的1/3,是角额壁蜂在苹果梨园的繁殖比明显低于苹果园的主要原因;苹果梨花粉与红富士等苹果花粉相比,在主要营养物质方面具有高糖、高纤维,低蛋白、低水分的特点,在矿质营养方面,苹果梨花粉具有高Ca和Mg,低Fe和Zn的特点。这些差异是引起连续使用苹果梨园的角额壁蜂出茧率和活动能力逐年下降的主要原因。     

Osmia cornifrons vitellogenin: cDNA cloning,structural analysis and developmental expression

Osmia cornifrons plays a major role in the pollination of orchards, but basic information on vitellogenin and oocyte development is limited. To better understand vitellogenin in hymenopteran insects, we cloned a cDNA encoding vitellogenin from the hornfaced bee O. cornifrons. Osmia cornifrons vitellogenin cDNA contains 5477 bp with an open reading frame of 1783 amino acid residues, and has a predicted molecular mass of approximately 200.21 kDa and a pI of 6.55. Osmia cornifrons vitellogenin possesses four consensus (RXXR/S) cleavage sites and has conserved DGXR and GL/ICG motifs in the C‐terminus. The deduced amino acid sequence of the O. cornifrons vitellogenin cDNA showed a 66% identity with Megachile rotundata, 53% to Apis mellifera, 51% to Bombus ignitus and 42%–30% with other hymenopteran insect vitellogenins. Phylogenetic analysis showed that O. cornifrons vitellogenin clustered with vitellogenins from Megachilidae, Apidae, Vespidae and Formicidae species but not with those from Pteromalidae, Aphelinidae or Ichneumonidae species. The expression profile of O. cornifrons vitellogenin mRNA during development revealed that O. cornifrons vitellogenin was first detected in the pupal stage and was continuously detected during the adult stage. Interestingly, O. cornifrons vitellogenin mRNA expression was low in mid‐diapause, then gradually increased beginning on day 3 of the newly emerged adult stage, and subsequently declined. These results suggest that the expression level of O. cornifrons vitellogenin mRNA is stage‐specific.     

Modeling spring emergence of Osmia cornifrons Radoszkowski (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) females in Korea

The Japanese hornfaced bee, Osmia cornifrons Radoszkowski (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), is an important pollinator of apple. It overwinters as diapausing adult in cocoon and the synchronization of the adult emergence in spring with apple blossom is critical for successful pollination, specifically in the environment with variable climate. To this end, prediction model of adult emergence would help manage O. cornifrons populations for planed pollination. In this study, by using temperature-dependent emergence data of O. cornifrons, emergence rate were mathematically described using linear and Lactin's nonlinear regression methods. The lower emergence thresholds estimated from linear regression for female was 7.98 °C and the thermal constant (DD, degree days) was 112.43DD. Pattern of emergence completion was described by using Weibull function and prediction of spring emergence was modeled based on functions of emergence rate and distribution. The model predicted the emergence of O. cornifrons between 100–130 Julian date and the observation fell between 108–129 Julian date. The prediction ranges of O. cornifrons emergence were wider than that of observation. This model could help predict spring emergence of O. cornifrons in the field and optimize planed pollination program for pollination service in agricultural systems in the climate change era.     

角额壁蜂共生放线菌分离、鉴定及其发酵产物抗菌活性研究

近年来,昆虫与共生菌的关系受到越来越多的关注,研究昆虫共生菌的种类及生物学功能具有重要意义。对从烟台、威海采集的角额壁蜂及其巢室进行放线菌的分离、纯化和16S rRNA序列测序并构建系统发育树,分别采用菌块对峙法和纸片扩散法测定菌株及其发酵液抗真菌和抗细菌活性。共计得到37株放线菌,鉴定结果表明共生菌菌株分别归属于7个属:链霉菌属26株,小单孢菌属3株,拟诺卡氏菌属2株,珊瑚状放线菌属1株,马杜拉放线菌属3株、假诺卡氏菌属1株和疣孢菌属1株。Streptomyces sp.OC1611-8A和Streptomyces sp.R1706-8菌体抗真菌作用较强,对杨生盾壳霉和云南刺盘孢抑菌圈直径更是达到了25~32 mm;Micromonospora sp.OC1403-4发酵液对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌均有较好的抗菌活性,抑菌圈直径达到了16~19 mm。本研究为进一步分离角额壁蜂共生菌的发酵产物,鉴定具有新型结构的抗菌化合物提供了参考。     

Effects of forest loss and fragmentation on pollen diets and provision mass of the mason bee,Osmia cornifrons,in central Japan

1. Habitat loss and fragmentation potentially affect the performance of bees that forage nectar and pollen of plants in their habitats. In forest landscapes, silvicultural conifer plantations often have reduced and fragmented natural broadleaf forests, which seem to provide more floral resources for bees than do the plantations. 2. This study evaluated the effects of forest characteristics (i.e. elevation, area, edge length, and tree size of natural forests) on pollen diets (plant taxa assemblages of pollen grains in provisions) and total provision mass in oviposited chambers in nests made by a standardised number of Osmia cornifrons bees at 14 sites in a forestry area in central Japan. 3. From April to May, the numbers of nests and chambers per nest increased, and the provision mass per chamber decreased. Main pollen sources were Prunus at higher elevations in April and Wisteria at lower elevations in May, foraging on which increased the numbers of nests and chambers per nest. The provision mass per chamber was smaller at higher elevations in more fragmented natural forests. Decreases in the area of natural forests within the foraging range (400‐m radii) of O. cornifrons increased the utilisation of Rubus pollen and decreased the total provision mass. 4. These findings suggest that the loss and fragmentation of natural broadleaf forests change pollen diets and reduce the provision mass of mason bees, which may reduce the number and size of their offspring.     

Distribution of Chaetodactylus krombeini (Acari: Chaetodactylidae) within Osmia cornifrons (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) nests: implications for population management

Chaetodactylus krombeini (Baker) (Acari: Chaetodactylidae) is a cleptoparasitic mite that negatively affects propagation of Osmia spp. (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) for orchard pollination in the USA. This study was conducted to determine the effect of C. krombeini on mortality of male and female Osmia cornifrons, the Japanese hornfaced bee. A total of 107 O. cornifrons nests were examined to determine within-nest distribution of C. krombeini with regression analyses. A total of 30 mite-free O. cornifrons nests were observed and within-nest distribution of male and female O. cornifrons was determined with non-linear regression analyses. In addition, cocoons from 20 mite-infested O. cornifrons cells were examined to determine whether C. krombeini could be found inside cocoons of O. cornifrons. The results of this study showed that female O. cornifrons and C. krombeini were found more frequently in the inner part of the nest, and male O. cornifrons were found mostly in the center of the nest. No C. krombeini were found inside O. cornifrons cocoons. These results indicate that C. krombeini have a greater negative impact on mortality in the egg and larval stages of female O. cornifrons than in male O. cornifrons. Implications for management of C. krombeini and O. cornifrons populations for orchard pollination are discussed in this article.     

Nest‐to‐nest dispersal of Chaetodactylus krombeini (Acari,Chaetodactylidae) associated with Osmia cornifrons (Hym., Megachilidae)

A cleptoparasitic mite, the Krombein’s hairy‐footed mite, Chaetodactylus krombeini Baker (Acari, Chaetodactylidae) became a key pest that affects the maintenance and propagation of Osmia spp. (Hym., Megachilidae), thus disrupting orchard pollination in the United States. Although hypopi, the dispersal stages of C. krombeini, are known to disperse from nest to nest by hitchhiking on Osmia cornifrons adults, we observed that they might disperse in other ways too in commercial orchards. This study was conducted to elucidate the nest‐to‐nest dispersal mechanisms of C. krombeini hypopi. We tested three potential dispersal mechanisms of C. krombeini other than phoresy by O. cornifrons: (1) dispersal by walking from nest to entrances of nearby nests, (2) dispersal by walking from nest to nest through emergence holes made by parasitic wasps on nests, and (3) dispersal by being unloaded and uptaken to and from flowers by O. cornifrons. Results of this study showed that C. krombeini hypopi could disperse from a nest to nearby nests by walking through nest entrances and holes made by parasitic wasps of O. cornifrons. Although 0.06% of C. krombeini hypopi on blueberry flowers were picked up by O. cornifrons, they were not able to be unloaded to flowers from O. cornifrons and no hypopi could inhabit or survive on blueberry flowers. This indicated no or very low chance of C. krombeini hypopi dispersal via blueberry flowers. Based on our findings of C. krombeini dispersal ecology, development of C. krombeini control strategies are discussed in this article.     

五种壁蜂的鉴别特征

壁蜂属 Osmia绝大多数属独栖蜂 ,并具有很强的访花习性。我国自 1 987年从日本引进角额壁蜂 Osmia cornifrons(Rad.)后 ,开始在苹果、梨、李、桃、杏及樱桃等多种北方落叶果树花期 ,利用壁蜂授粉 ,提高坐果率。我国北方春季果树花期常见的壁蜂种类有角额壁蜂 Osmia图　 5种壁蜂雌虫鉴别特征A～ D,唇基两侧的角状突 (侧面观 ) :A.角额壁蜂　 B.叉壁蜂　 C.叉壁蜂 (顶面观 )　 D.壮壁蜂 ;E～ I,唇基端缘特征 (前面观 ) :E.角额壁蜂　F.叉壁蜂　 G.壮壁蜂　 H.凹唇壁蜂　I.紫壁蜂cornifrons(Rad.)、凹唇壁蜂 O.excavataAlfken、紫壁蜂 …