Immunoprecipitation of Triton X-100-solubilized Mycoplasma mycoides proteins.

Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (PG1 and strain Y) proteins were solubilized in Triton X-100, and the antigenic proteins were precipitated from this complex mixture by addition of antiserum and then separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Of the 300 proteins solubilized, about 10 were precipitated. Proteins of PG1, a slow-growing, small colony (SC) strain, were precipitated by antiserum to PG1 and by antiserum to strain Y, a fast-growing, large colony (LC) strain. Similarly, strain Y proteins were precipitated by antiserum to PG1 and by antiserum to strain Y. The few proteins precipitated in this way gave similar patterns after two-dimensional gel electrophoresis indicating that many of the dominant protein antigens of PG1 and strain Y are shared. Antiserum to Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri (PG3) also precipitated some proteins of strain Y. Antiserum to Mycoplasma gallisepticum gave no reaction with any M. mycoides antigens. It was concluded that, in addition to the polysaccharide antigens, there are proteins in M. mycoides that are antigenic and that some of these are found in both the SC and LC strains of subsp. mycoides and also in subsp. capri.     

Hydrodynamic properties of the Triton X-100-solubilized chloroplast phosphate translocator

The molecular weight of the phosphate translocator isolated from spinach envelope membranes was measured in the nonionic detergent Triton X-100. The Stoke's radius of the protein-detergent complex was estimated by gel filtration. The partial specific volume was estimated by equilibrium centrifugation and by differential sedimentation in sucrose gradients containing H₂O and ²H₂O and the sedimentation coefficient was estimated from the same centrifugation experiments. The phosphate translocator-Triton X-100 complex has an apparent molecular weight of 177 500. Its high partial specific volume (0.86 cm³/g) suggests that bound detergent contributes significantly to the mass. Correcting for the bound detergent (1.9 g/g protein), a molecular weight of 61 000 for the protein moiety of the complex was calculated. These results suggest that the isolated phosphate translocator exists as a dimer. The shape of the dimer is described as a prolate ellipsoid of revolution with semiaxes calculated to be 6.59 and 1.59 nm in length.     

Solubilization of the Cytoplasmic Membrane of Escherichia coli by Triton X-100

Treatment of a partially purified preparation of cell walls of Escherichia coli with Triton X-100 at 23 C resulted in a solubilization of 15 to 25% of the protein. Examination of the Triton-insoluble material by electron microscopy indicated that the characteristic morphology of the cell wall was not affected by the Triton extraction. Contaminating fragments of the cytoplasmic membrane were removed by Triton X-100, including the fragments of the cytoplasmic membrane which were normally observed attached to the cell wall. Treatment of a partially purified cytoplasmic membrane fraction with Triton X-100 resulted in the solubilization of 60 to 80% of the protein of this fraction. Comparison of the Triton-soluble and Triton-insoluble proteins from the cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane fractions by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after removal of the Triton by gel filtration in acidified dimethyl formamide indicated that the detergent specifically solubilized proteins of the cytoplasmic membrane. The proteins solubilized from the cell wall fraction were qualitatively identical to those solubilized from the cytoplasmic membrane fraction, but were present in different proportions, suggesting that the fragments of cytoplasmic membrane which are attached to the cell wall are different in composition from the remainder of the cytoplasmic membrane of the cell. Treatment of unfractionated envelope preparations with Triton X-100 resulted in the solubilization of 40% of the protein, and only proteins of the cytoplasmic membrane were solubilized. Extraction with Triton thus provides a rapid and specific means of separating the proteins of the cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane of E. coli.     

Kinetic properties of membrane-bound and Triton X-100-solubilized human brain monoamine oxidase

The kinetic properties of membrane-bound and Triton X-100-solubilized human brain mitochondrial type A and B monoamine oxidase were examined. These studies reveal that the K_m values for phenylethylamine and benzylamine, type B monoamine oxidase substrates, were only slightly increased by the solubilization procedure. The K_m value for 5-hydroxytryptamine, a type A monoamine oxidase substrate, was similarly increased by treatment with Triton X-100. The K_m values for oxygen with all three amine substrates were unaffected by solubilization of the oxidase. Similarly, the optimum pH for deamination of substrates for the B isoenzyme was essentially unaltered in the solubilized preparation as compared to the membrane-bound enzyme whereas that for 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism was decreased from pH 8.5 to approximately 7.75 on solubilization. The energy of activation with all three substrates was altered on solubilization of the oxidases with Triton X-100. The energy of activation for the B monoamine oxidase substrates increased whereas that for 5-hydroxytryptamine decreased. These data support the contention that the lipid environment surrounding the two forms of monoamine oxidase controls, in part, the activity and kinetic properties of the enzymes.     

The influence of membrane composition on the solubilizing effects of Triton X-100

Multilamellar liposomes containing pure phosphatidylcholine (PC) or mixtures of PC with cholesterol, cholesteryl palmitate, beta-carotene, cardiolipin, phosphatidylethanolamine or gramicidin A have been treated with the detergent Triton X-100. Solubilization has been monitored as a decrease in turbidity of the liposome suspension, and also by determination of bilayer components in the solubilized fraction. The same solubilization pattern is found for unsaturated (egg yolk) or saturated (dimyristoyl) PC. Similar results are also found when dimyristoyl PC is solubilized above or below its gel-to-fluid transition temperature. Cholesterol solubilizes in parallel with PC; gramicidin A is solubilized preferentially to this phospholipid and the non-polar lipids cholesteryl palmitate or beta-carotene remain insoluble at detergent concentrations producing complete PC solubilization. Addition of cardiolipin or phosphatidylethanolamine does not seem to alter the general pattern of PC solubilization. Phosphatidylethanolamine is less soluble than PC, while cardiolipin solubilizes at the same detergent concentrations than PC. These results are considered in relation to previous studies with natural membranes.     

Spectroscopic studies on the denaturation of papain solubilized and Triton X-100-solubilized glucoamylase from rabbit small intestine

Intestinal brush border proteins consist of an enzymatically active hydrophilic moiety attached to a hydrophobic tail. Papain dissociates the hydrophilic part by cleaving off the hydrophobic tail, whereas the detergentTriton X-100 solubilizes the whole molecule. Denaturation by 8 M urea or 4 M guanidinium chloride does not alter the structure of the papain-solubilized enzyme. An appreciable alteration of the structure of detergent-solubilized enzyme was observed on denaturation. The difference spectra of Triton X-100 (1%)—solubilized enzyme and its urea denatured form shifts and intensifies, with increase in the concentration of the denaturant with an isobestic point at 252 nm. A new band at 280 nm also appears at 4 M urea concentration. Papain-solubilized glucoamylase has an ∞ -helical conformation in solution unlike the detergentsolubilized fraction. An elongated structure for the papain solubilized enzyme is inferred from the urea denaturation studies and from molecular weight determinations.     

Triton X-100 activates nucleoside triphosphate-dependent, recBC-dependent DNA synthesis in toluene-treated Escherichia coli.

Escherichia coli cells whose chromosome replication has been terminated in vivo, either by growth into stationary phase or by incubation of a mutant carrying a temperature-sensitive initiation mutation under restrictive conditions, are inactive in in vitro DNA synthesis as measured in toluene-treated cells. Addition of the non-ionic detergent Triton X-100 to such inactive systems results in a marked stimulation of ATP-dependent in vitro DNA synthesis. This Triton-stimulated DNA synthesis appears to proceed by a semi-conservative mechanism, in that DNA synthesized in vitro in the presence of a density labeled precursor bands in CsCl equilibrium centrifugation at a hybrid density. Neutral sucrose gradient centrifugation demonstrates that most of this hybrid material exhibits a molecular weight in excess of 1 X 10(7). Triton-stimulated synthesis requires the presence of DNA polymerase III, as does normal in vivo replication. We show here, however, several anomalous properties of the DNA synthesis in the Triton/toluene system. In particular, Triton-stimulated synthesis is absent in cells harboring a recB mutation which lack the ATP-dependent exonuclease V, an enzyme implicated in recombinational repair synthesis in vivo. Furthermore, the ATP requirement for Triton-stimulated synthesis is relatively non-sepcific, and a variety of nucleoside triphosphates can effectively substitute for ATP. Finally, despite their high molecular weight in neutral sucrose gradient centrifugation, Triton-stimulated DNA synthesis generates DNA molecules of low molecular weight (less than 500 000) as determined by alkaline sucrose gradient centrifugation. In contrast, DNA synthesis in the normal toluene-treated cell system is not dependent on recB activity, shows a nearly absolute requirement for ATP which cannot be replaced by other nucleoside triphosphates, and produces molecules of far greater molecular weight as measured on alkaline sucrose gradients. Taken altogether the data strongly suggest that Triton activates an unusual form of DNA synthesis in toluene-treated cells which shows both repair and replicative aspects. These results caution against the use of Triton-activated toluene-treated cells system, for studying simple replicative DNA synthesis.     

Characterization of a succinate dehydrogenase complex solubilized from the cytoplasmic membrane of Bacillus subtilis with the nonionic detergent Triton X-100.

A succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) complex has been purified from Triton X-100-solubilized membranes from Bacillus subtilis by precipitation with specific antibody. Radioactively labeled precipitated complex was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by autoradiography of the gels. The complex contained equimolar amounts of three polypeptides with approximate molecular weights of 65,000, 28,000, and 19,000. Five succinic dehydrogenase-negative mutants, belonging to the citF group, contained the 65,000-dalton polypeptide in a soluble form in the cytoplasm. Each 65,000-dalton polypeptide had about one molecule of flavin bound. Another citF mutant, citF11, which lacks the 65,000-dalton polypeptide, contained a membrane-bound 28,000-dalton polypeptide. The wild-type succinic dehydrogenase complex contained cytochrome, probably a cytochrome b. The 19,000-dalton polypeptide is suggested to represent the apoprotein of this cytochrome. The 65,000-dalton and the 28,000-dalton polypeptides are thought to constitute succinic dehydrogenase and to correspond to the flavoprotein and the ironprotein, respectively, as described for succinic dehydrogenase isolated from beef heart mitochondria or Rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophores. The results presented suggest that in B. subtilis succinic dehydrogenase is attached to a cytochrome b in the membrane via the 28,000-dalton (ironprotein) polypeptide.     

The interaction of phosphatidylcholine bilayers with Triton X-100

The interaction of multilamellar phosphatidylcholine vesicles with the non-ionic detergent Triton X-100 has been studied under equilibrium conditions, specially in the sub-lytic range of surfactant concentrations. Equilibrium was achieved in less than 24 h. Estimations of detergent binding to bilayers, using [3H]Triton X-100, indicate that the amphiphile is incorporated even at very low concentrations (below its critical micellar concentration); a dramatic increase in the amount of bound Triton X-100 occurs at detergent concentrations just below those producing membrane solubilization. Solubilization occurs at phospholipid/detergent molar ratios near 0.65 irrespective of lipid concentration. The perturbation produced by the surfactant in the phospholipid bilayer has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry, NMR and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. At low detergent concentration (lipid/detergent molar ratios above 3), a reduction in 2H-NMR quadrupolar splitting occurs, suggesting a decrease in the static order of the acyl chains; the same effect is detected by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy in the form of blue shifts of the methylene stretching vibration bands. Simultaneously, the enthalpy variation of the main phospholipid phase transition is decreased by about a third with respect to its value in the pure lipid/water system. For phospholipid/detergent molar ratios between 3 and 1, the decrease in lipid static order does not proceed any further; rather an increase in fluidity is observed, characterized by a marked decrease in the midpoint transition temperature of the gel-to-fluid phospholipid transition. At the same time an isotropic component is apparent in both 31P-NMR and 2H-NMR spectra, and a new low-temperature endotherm is detected in differential scanning calorimetric traces. When phospholipid and Triton X-100 are present at equimolar ratios some bilayer structure persists, as judged from calorimetric observations, but NMR reveals only one-component isotropic signals. At lipid/detergent molar ratios below unity, the NMR lines become narrower, the main (lamellar) calorimetric endotherm tends to vanish and solubilization occurs.     

The iron-sulfur clusters in Escherichia coli succinate dehydrogenase direct electron flow

Succinate dehydrogenase is an indispensable enzyme involved in the Krebs cycle as well as energy coupling in the mitochondria and certain prokaryotes. During catalysis, succinate oxidation is coupled to ubiquinone reduction by an electron transfer relay comprising a flavin adenine dinucleotide cofactor, three iron-sulfur clusters, and possibly a heme b556. At the heart of the electron transport chain is a [4Fe-4S] cluster with a low midpoint potential that acts as an energy barrier against electron transfer. Hydrophobic residues around the [4Fe-4S] cluster were mutated to determine their effects on the midpoint potential of the cluster as well as electron transfer rates. SdhB-I150E and SdhB-I150H mutants lowered the midpoint potential of this cluster; surprisingly, the His variant had a lower midpoint potential than the Glu mutant. Mutation of SdhB-Leu-220 to Ser did not alter the redox behavior of the cluster but instead lowered the midpoint potential of the [3Fe-4S] cluster. To correlate the midpoint potential changes in these mutants to enzyme function, we monitored aerobic growth in succinate minimal medium, anaerobic growth in glycerol-fumarate minimal medium, non-physiological and physiological enzyme activities, and heme reduction. It was discovered that a decrease in midpoint potential of either the [4Fe-4S] cluster or the [3Fe-4S] cluster is accompanied by a decrease in the rate of enzyme turnover. We hypothesize that this occurs because the midpoint potentials of the [Fe-S] clusters in the native enzyme are poised such that direction of electron transfer from succinate to ubiquinone is favored.     

用盐酸胍和Triton X-100从大肠杆菌细胞内释放L-天门冬酰胺酶

研究了用盐酸胍和TritonX 10 0处理ATCCEscherichiacoli 1130 3细胞 ,使细胞内的L-天门冬酰胺酶 (EC 3.5 .1.1)释放到细胞外的方法 ,发现盐酸胍和TritonX 10 0结合使用的效果好。考察了盐酸胍浓度、TritonX 10 0浓度、大肠杆菌细胞浓度、处理时间、pH值等因素对L -天门冬酰胺酶释放的影响。结果表明 ,0 .75～ 1mol/L盐酸胍、2 %TritonX 10 0、细胞浓度 3.2× 10 8/ml、pH 7.0、15℃处理 16～ 2 0h后 ,酶的释放率达到 6 0 %左右。这种方法操作简便 ,酶的释放率较高 ,但对酶无明显的选择性。     

The activity of Triton X-100 soluble chlorophyllase in liposomes

Chlorophyllase (chlorophyll-chlorophyllidohydrolase, EC 3.1.1.14) was isolated and purified from Phaseolus vulgaris L. chloroplasts and etioplasts dissolved in 1% Triton X-100 and 10% glycerol. A 100 and 40-fold purification, respectively, was achieved. Enzyme preparations from both sources had similar affinities for chlorophyll a when assayed in a Triton X-100 medium. When electrophoresed in sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gels the major band in both preparations migrated as a peptide of 30,000 daltons. Chlorophyll containing liposomes were also used as a substrate for chlorophyllase. The rate of hydrolysis did not follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics. When chlorophyllide a or methyl chlorophyllide a was incorporated in the liposomes, then in the presence of phytol dissolved in methanol, methylchlorophyllide a and chlorophyll a were shown to be synthesized. Apparently the purified enzyme in the presence of lipids, is endowed with both synthetic and hydrolytic activity.Abbreviations DEAE diethylaminoethyl - MeOH methanol - SDS sodium dodecyl sulphate