HPV16 E6蛋白在宫颈癌中的作用研究进展

高危型人乳头状瘤病毒16型(HPV16)与50%以上的宫颈癌密切相关,其E6癌蛋白作为病毒生命周期的主要蛋白之一,在诱导肿瘤发生与发展进程中起重要作用,且与病毒复制、宿主细胞周期调控、细胞凋亡、细胞增殖、细胞恶性表型转化有关。E6蛋白主要作用包括:通过结合E6相关蛋白降解P53抑制细胞凋亡;增强端粒酶活性使宿主细胞永生化;与Daxx启动子区结合,抑制启动子转录活性,降低Daxx蛋白表达,阻遏细胞凋亡;与多种细胞因子相互作用后,经多种途径改变细胞微环境,使之有利于肿瘤细胞逃避宿主固有免疫应答。因此,在宫颈癌的发生和发展中,HPV16 E6蛋白通过多种作用机制发挥重要作用。     

紫草素通过下调HPV E6/E7蛋白表达抑制宫颈癌Caski细胞增殖

宫颈癌是发展中国家癌症死亡的主要癌症之一,也是最常见的女性生殖系统肿瘤,它与病毒相关且其主要是由人乳头瘤病毒(human papillomavirus, HPV)感染引起的癌症。紫草素在控制细胞凋亡、坏死性凋亡和免疫原性细胞死亡中的重要作用而被证明具有抗肿瘤活性,且与肿瘤细胞生长和转移密切相关,但是缺乏相应的机理和机制研究。因此本实验就通过用不同浓度紫草素处理宫颈癌细胞来研究紫草素的作用机理。结果表明,紫草素能够通过下调HPV E6/E7蛋白的表达,从而提高抑癌因子P53的活性,以促进宫颈癌细胞凋亡的发生。且与前人的研究相同的是,HPV E6/E7蛋白低表达不利于宫颈癌细胞的增殖和迁移。因此,这些结果充分证实了紫草素能有效地抑制宫颈癌细胞增殖和迁移,以及促进癌细胞凋亡的作用。本实验的研究结果探索了紫草素抑制肿瘤的机制,并为宫颈癌治疗的新方法提供了新的思路以及为后续机制的研究提供了参考和理论依据。     

HLA-DQB1基因多态和HPV16E7蛋白表达与宫颈癌妇女阴道微生态改变相关性研究

目的 分析HLA-DQB1基因多态和HPV16E7蛋白表达与宫颈癌妇女阴道微生态改变的相关性。方法 选择2020年1月—2020年12月于我院妇科就诊及住院的宫颈炎患者100例和宫颈鳞癌患者100例，宫颈炎及宫颈鳞癌组织均经病理学证实。分析HLA-DQB1基因多态和HPV16E7蛋白表达与宫颈癌妇女阴道微生态改变的相关性。结果 相较于宫颈炎组，宫颈癌患者的pH值异常、菌群密集度、菌群多样性以及BV阳性率均明显升高，差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)，而TV阳性率和VVC阳性率则无明显差异(P>0.05)。相较于低表达组，HPV16E7蛋白高表达组患者的pH值异常、菌群密集度、菌群多样性、BV阳性率、TV阳性率和VVC阳性率均明显升高，差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。相较于宫颈炎患者，宫颈癌组的HLA-DQB1^*04、HLA-DQB1^*06和HLA-DQB1^*09等位基因的携带率存在明显差异(P<0.05)。其中宫颈癌患者HLA-DQB1^*04携带率明显升高，而HLA-DQ...     

应用DNA芯片鉴定HPV18 E6-siRNA诱导HeLa 细胞凋亡的分子机制

高危型人乳头瘤病毒（human papillomavirus,HPV）的E6基因在宫颈癌的发生中起关键作用,特异siRNA能有效抑制宫颈癌HeLa 细胞内HPV18 E6基因的表达,诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡.为进一步探讨HPV18 E6-siRNA诱导HeLa 细胞凋亡的分子机制,针对HPV18-E6基因设计siRNA序列,利用人源U6启动子为模板,经PCR表达框架法体外扩增,转染宫颈癌HeLa细胞抑制HPV18 -E6基因表达,从而诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡.对转染前后HeLa细胞总RNA样品进行荧光标记后,与Agilent Human 1A寡核苷酸芯片杂交、扫描、数据分析及标准化处理,确定表达差异的基因并经荧光定量PCR对部分基因进行验证,结合PANTHER数据分析系统,将这些基因按照生物学功能进行归类,查阅GenBank数据库及相关文献,对其结果进行深入分析及讨论.在检测的18 716个基因和EST中,共筛出差异表达基因359个,其中307个基因表达上调,52个基因表达下调,主要包括细胞周期相关基因CCNG1、p21;凋亡相关基因CASP4、CASP6、IGFBP3、DFFA;泛素蛋白酶解途径相关基因E6-AP、UBE2C;角化细胞分化相关基因KRT4、KRT6E、KRT18;抑癌基因RECK、VHL等.研究结果表明,HPV18 -E6基因抑制引起的细胞凋亡效应主要是通过P53信号途径和泛素蛋白酶解信号途径调节细胞周期相关基因和凋亡相关基因的表达,从而抑制HeLa细胞增殖、促进细胞凋亡.同时,抑癌基因的激活,角化细胞分化和免疫相关基因的表达上调,都说明了E6抑制后肿瘤细胞恶性转化程度的下降.     

人工设计的Ribozymes体外切割HPV16 E6和E7 mRNA的研究

人乳头状瘤病毒(human papillomavirus,HPV)是一类感染人体的皮肤粘膜并引起乳头状瘤病变的病毒。目前发现的HPV已有63型,不同型的HPV引起人体不同部位的病变。HPV 16主要与生殖系统的肿瘤尤其是子宫颈癌有密切关系。近年来的实验表明     

HPV16 E6通过阻碍ING4对p53作用而抑制细胞凋亡的实验研究

通过HPV16 E6干扰ING4对p53作用的实验研究,探讨HPV16 E6新的致癌机制。采用转染及免疫共沉淀实验证明HPV16 E6阻碍ING4和p53结合及其诱导的p53蛋白乙酰化的作用;将表达p53、ING4和p53报告基因与HPV16 E6或其突变体的质粒共转染p53蛋白阴性的SaoS2细胞系,荧光素酶报告基因检测HPV16 E6抑制ING4对p53基因在转录水平的影响;并采用细胞集落形成实验检测HPV16 E6对ING4所诱导p53途径所致细胞凋亡的抑制。HPV16 E6阻碍ING4和p53结合及其诱导的p53蛋白Lys-382的乙酰化;HPV16 E6减弱ING4在转录水平对p53基因的调控,HPV16 E6抑制ING4诱导的p53途径介导的细胞凋亡,且所有这些作用不依赖p53蛋白的降解。HPV16 E6阻碍ING4对p53的作用而抑制细胞凋亡可能是其引起癌变的途径之一。     

桂皮醛诱导人宫颈癌Siha细胞凋亡并下调HPV E6/E7蛋白表达CSCD

桂皮醛作为一种天然的小分子化合物具有抗炎、镇痛及抗肿瘤的活性,为了探究其对人宫颈癌Siha细胞凋亡及HPV E6/E7蛋白表达的影响,该文采用CCK-8法、流式细胞术、JC-1荧光探针以及Western blot等多种手段进行检测。结果显示,桂皮醛具有明显的抗肿瘤生长作用,可导致G2/M期阻滞、线粒体膜电位降低并通过蛋白酶体途径抑制E6/E7蛋白的表达;进一步验证桂皮醛与化疗药物紫杉醇、顺铂及5-氟尿嘧啶分别联合给药后的效果,证实其具有协同抗宫颈癌作用。     

人乳头瘤病毒16型E5蛋白功能研究进展

人乳头瘤病毒16型(HPV16)E5蛋白具有多种生物学活性,主要通过与表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)等细胞膜表面蛋白相互作用,导致信号转导、细胞转化与细胞融合等,在肿瘤形成的早期起重要作用。HPV16 E5蛋白作为肿瘤抗原,可作为候选疫苗,以预防和治疗由HPV16诱发的宫颈癌等恶性肿瘤。     

重叠PCR合成HPV16E6、E7基因并构建植物表达双元载体

HPV16型为主的多种HPV病毒可诱发机体发生宫颈癌等疾病,以重叠PCR法人工合成HPV16 E6、E7致癌基因的融合基因,以之为目的基因构建了无选择标记基因(Marker-Free)双元载体,期望转化番茄开发新型宫颈癌治疗性疫苗-转基因植物口服疫苗.通过生物信息学分析HPV16 E6、E7基因,设计并合成密码子优化的靶基因E6-E7融合基因;并在目的基因的上游引入分子佐荆LTB基因,与Kozak序列等表达元件相偶联,以提高目的基因在植物表达系统的表达水平、增强其诱导黏膜免疫的免疫原性.目前已构建pX6-LTB-E7和pX6-LTB-E7-E6两个番茄转化双元载体.采用番茄Marker-Free系统转化和表达HPV16 E6、E7目的基因可以在转化后代中剔除标记基因,从而消除由标记基因可能引起的转基因植物口服疫苗的安全性问题,为HPV转基因植物口服疫苗应用奠定基础.     

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) 16 E6 seropositivity is elevated in subjects with oral HPV16 infection

IntroductionHuman Papillomavirus (HPV) 16 E6 serum antibodies are common in people with HPV-related oropharyngeal cancers (HPV-OPC), but not the general population. We explored HPV16 seroprevalence in people with and without oral HPV16 infection, the cause of HPV-OPC.MethodsOral rinse samples were collected semiannually and tested for 36 types of HPV DNA by PCR. HPV16 E6 serum antibodies were tested at the visit of first oral HPV detection in participants with prevalent (n = 54), or incident (n = 39) oral HPV16 DNA; or at baseline in matched participants with no oral HPV16 DNA (n = 155) using multiplex serology assay. Predictors of seropositivity were examined using logistic regression.ResultsHPV16 E6 seropositivity (7.5% vs 0.7%; p = 0.005) but not seropositivity to the other HPV16 antigens, was significantly more common in those with than without oral HPV16 infection. There were only 8 HPV16 E6 seropositive participants, but oral HPV16 DNA remained a strong predictor of E6 seropositivity after adjustment for other risk factors (aOR = 14.6 95%CI, 1.7–122.5). Seroprevalence was similar in those with prevalent (7.4%; 4/54), and incident (7.7%; 3/39) oral HPV16 infection (p = 1.00). E6 seroprevalence was associated with reduced oral HPV16 clearance, but was not statistically significant (HR = 0.65 95% CI, 0.16–2.70).Seropositive participants were primarily male (87.5%), HIV-positive (75.0%; median CD4 cell-count of 840) and had oral HPV16 DNA (87.5%). History of an HPV-related cancer (0/8) or HPV-related anogenital dysplasia (1/8) was rare, and 4 participants had recent screening showing no anogenital dysplasia.DiscussionHPV16 E6 seropositivity was higher among people with than without oral HPV16 infection, despite no known anogenital disease in these participants.     

Generation of a human melanocyte cell line by introduction of HPV16 E6 and E7 genes

Summary Availability of a standard human melanocyte cell line with unlimited growth potential and otherwise normal melanocytic properties will greatly facilitate research in melanocyte biology and in vitro studies on the etiology of pigmentary disorders and melanoma. Using a retroviral vector, E6 and E7 open reading frames of human papilloma virus type 16 (HPV 16) have been introduced into cultured normal human melanocytes. Cells selected by increased resistance to geneticin conveyed by the vector and expressing E6E7 mRNA have been cloned to ensure genetic homogeneity. Since their establishment as primary cells, cloned PIG1 cells have undergone more than twice the amount of population doublings of senescent parental cells. Moreover, in passage numbers when parental cells had become senescent, proliferation of clonal cells was retained at levels exceeding those of normal human melanocytes in third passage by 100%. Further characterization has revealed that the cells remain dependent on tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate (TPA) for growth and do not proliferate in soft agar nor form tumors in nude mice. The antigenic profile of the cells was slightly altered as compared to parental cells, but was incomparable to that of M14 melanoma cells. Importantly, PIG1 cells contain more melanin pigment than parental cells.     

Tumor Cell Migration and Invasion Are Enhanced by Depletion of Rap1 GTPase-activating Protein (Rap1GAP)

The functional significance of the widespread down-regulation of Rap1 GTPase-activating protein (Rap1GAP), a negative regulator of Rap activity, in human tumors is unknown. Here we show that human colon cancer cells depleted of Rap1GAP are endowed with more aggressive migratory and invasive properties. Silencing Rap1GAP enhanced the migration of confluent and single cells. In the latter, migration distance, velocity, and directionality were increased. Enhanced migration was a consequence of increased endogenous Rap activity as silencing Rap expression selectively abolished the migration of Rap1GAP-depleted cells. ROCK-mediated cell contractility was suppressed in Rap1GAP-depleted cells, which exhibited a spindle-shaped morphology and abundant membrane protrusions. Tumor cells can switch between Rho/ROCK-mediated contractility-based migration and Rac1-mediated mesenchymal motility. Strikingly, the migration of Rap1GAP-depleted, but not control cells required Rac1 activity, suggesting that loss of Rap1GAP alters migratory mechanisms. Inhibition of Rac1 activity restored membrane blebbing and increased ROCK activity in Rap1GAP-depleted cells, suggesting that Rac1 contributes to the suppression of contractility. Collectively, these findings identify Rap1GAP as a critical regulator of aggressive tumor cell behavior and suggest that the level of Rap1GAP expression influences the migratory mechanisms that are operative in tumor cells.     

Down-regulation of p21 contributes to apoptosis induced by HPV E6 in human mammary epithelial cells

Infection with human papillomaviruses (HPV) is strongly associated with the development of cervical cancer. The HPV E6 gene is essential for the oncogenic potential of HPV. E6 induces cell proliferation and apoptosis in cervical cancer precursor lesions and in cultured cells. Although induction of telomerase and inactivation of the tumor suppressor p53 play important roles for E6 to promote cell growth, the molecular basis of E6-induced apoptosis is poorly understood. While it is expected that inactivation of p53 by E6 should lead to a reduction in cellular apoptosis, numerous studies demonstrated that E6 could in fact sensitize cells to apoptosis. Understanding the mechanism of p53-independent apoptosis is of clinical significance. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism of apoptosis during E6-mediated immortalization of primary human mammary epithelial cell (HMEC). E6 by itself is sufficient to immortalize HMECs and is believed to do so at least in part by activation of telomerase. During the process of E6-mediated HMEC immortalization, an increased apoptosis was observed. Mutational analysis demonstrated that E6-induced apoptosis was distinct from its ability to promote cell proliferation, activate telomerase, or degrade p53. While the known pro-apoptotic E6 target proteins such as Bak or c-Myc did not appear to play an important role, down-regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21^Waf1/Cip1 (p21) by E6 correlated with its ability to induce apoptosis. Ectopic expression of p21 inhibited E6-induced apoptosis. Moreover, a p53 degradation defective E6 mutant was competent for p21 down-regulation and apoptosis induction. The anti-apoptotic function of p21 may not simply be the result of p21-induced growth arrest. These studies demonstrate an E6 activity to down-regulate p21 that is important for induction of apoptosis.     

Induction of senescence-like state and suppression of telomerase activity through inhibition of HPV E6/E7 gene expression in cells immortalized by HPV16 DNA

The E6 and E7 oncoproteins of human papillomavirus (HPV) play a major role in the development of cervical carcinoma. In this study, a recombinant adenovirus that expresses the bovine papillomavirus (BPV) E2, which has been shown to inhibit HPV early gene expression, was delivered to two HPV-immortalized cell lines as well as CaSki, a cervical carcinoma cell line. We tested whether the carcinoma and the immortal cells were equally affected by the expression of BPV E2. In all cell lines, BPV E2-mediated inhibition of HPV E6/E7 expression caused a dramatic suppression of cell growth, being preceded by the activation of the p53-Rb growth-inhibitory pathway, and a decrease in hTERT mRNA expression and telomerase activity. This suggests that the HPV E6 and E7 proteins are required not only for induction of the proliferative phenotype and telomerase activity, but also for their maintenance. In both the carcinoma and the immortal lines, the number of cells with enlarged cytoplasm and senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity, which are markers for cellular senescence, was significantly increased. These results suggest that a senescence program exists in cells immortalized by HPV DNA as well as in cervical carcinoma cells.     

Human keratin 14 driven HPV 16 E6/E7 transgenic mice exhibit hyperkeratinosis

Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) has been known as a major causative factor for the development of uterine cervical carcinomas. To investigate the in vivo activity of HPV16 expressed in squamous epithelia, transgenic mice harboring HPV16 E6/E7 with human keratin 14 (hK14) promoter were generated. Grossly, hK14 driven HPV16 E6/E7 transgenic mice exhibited multiple phenotypes, including wrinkled skin that was apparent prior to the appearance of hair in neonates, thickened ears, and loss of hair in adults. Transgenic mice with phenotype exhibiting severe wrinkled skin and a lack of hair growth died at the age of 3-4 weeks. Histological analysis revealed that in transgenic mice survived beyond the initial 3-4 weeks, HPV16 E6/E7 causes epidermal hyperplasia in multiple transgenic lineages with high incidence of transgene penetration. This epithelial hyperplasia was characterized by an expansion of the proliferating compartment and keratinocytes, and was associated with hyperkeratosis. Such activities were significantly higher in the skin of transgenic mice than that of the normal mice. Thus, these transgenic mice appeared to be useful for the expression of HPV16 E6/E7 gene and subsequent analysis on hyperkeratosis.     

Human papillomavirus 16E6 suppresses major histocompatibility complex class I by upregulating lymphotoxin expression in human cervical cancer cells

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I is a major host defense mechanism against viral infections such as type 16 and type 18 of the human papillomavirus (HPV). Here, we found that the E6 oncogene from HPV16, but not HPV18, suppressed MHC I expression. Ectopic expression of HPV16E6 in HeLa cells, which are infected with HPV18, suppressed MHC I expression, and that knockdown by antisense or siRNA of the HPV16E6 strongly enhanced MHC I expression in Caski cells, which are infected with HPV18, but not HPV16. The expression of HPV16E6 strongly enhanced cellular resistance to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)-mediated lytic activity, and knockdown of HPV16E6 by antisense had the opposite effect. The regulation of HPV16E6-mediated MHC I suppression might be through the regulation of lymphotoxin (LT) and its receptor, LTβR. In addition, cells from the spleen and liver of LTα- or LTβR-deficient mice showed increased MHC I expression. Overall, these results demonstrated that the E6 oncogene of HPV16 might play an important role in cell transformation and cancer development through LT-mediated MHC I downregulation in humans.