Morphological variation in leaf shape in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ainsliaea apiculata</Emphasis> with special reference to the endemic characters of populations on Yakushima Island,Japan

We analyzed leaf shape variations in Ainsliaea apiculata Sch. Bip. to evaluate the uniqueness of morphological characters in populations on Yakushima Island, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. Leaf size and shape from populations on Yakushima Island (n = 300) were compared with those from populations in other areas of Japan (n = 300). A considerable amount of variation occurred in leaf size in A. apiculata populations both on Yakushima Island and elsewhere, but clear discontinuities in leaf size were not detected. Some variants previously thought to be endemic to Yakushima Island, i.e., A. apiculata var. acerifolia and A. apiculata var. rotundifolia, were also found in other locations in Japan. Moreover, these leaf types were found to be continuous with the typical leaf shape of A. apiculata var. apiculata via various intermediate types, suggesting the need for future revision of these taxa. Based on these results, we reevaluated the uniqueness of the Yakushima populations of A. apiculata in terms of leaf variation. The uniqueness of the Yakushima populations was defined by a more diverse leaf shape than found in populations from other areas.     

小叶锦鸡儿天然居群叶形态性状变异研究

为揭示小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)天然居群叶形态性状的变异规律及其生态适应性特征,该研究以10个小叶锦鸡儿天然居群为对象,通过多重比较、巢式方差分析、相关性分析、聚类分析和主成分分析等方法,对7个叶形态性状进行分析。结果表明：(1)小叶锦鸡儿叶形态性状在居群内和居群间均存在极显著差异(P < 0.01),平均变异系数为10.13%,不同性状的变异幅度为6.23%~12.78%;平均叶形态性状的表型分化系数为43.62%,居群内变异(30.09%)大于居群间变异(24.91%),说明居群内是其叶形态性状变异的主要来源。(2)相关性分析表明,环境因子对小叶锦鸡儿的叶形态性状变异有很大的影响,在地理空间上主要呈现出沿海拔梯度的变异模式;主成分分析的结果显示,小叶宽、叶柄宽和叶柄长对小叶锦鸡儿叶形态变异起主导作用;利用欧式距离对小叶锦鸡儿居群进行UPGMA聚类分析结果显示,基于叶形态性状和环境因子可分别将小叶锦鸡儿10个居群分为3类和2类,Mantel检验结果表明,小叶锦鸡儿的叶形态性状变异不存在地理连续性。研究结果为小叶锦鸡儿的适应性进化和开发利用提供了理论依据。     

Morphological and molecular variation in Mitchella undulata,with special reference to the systematic treatment of the dwarf form from Yakushima

Morphological and molecular variation in Mitchella undulata Siebold et Zucc. was examined to evaluate the genetic basis for recognizing the dwarf variety, M. undulata var. minor Masamune. Considerable variation in leaf size in M. undulata, but no obvious morphological discontinuities, were found between the normal and dwarf varieties. Instead, a weak cline running from the Pacific Ocean to the Sea of Japan was found. Anatomical observations of leaf blades revealed that the large variation in leaf size can be attributed to variation in the number of leaf cells and not to differences in cell size. A molecular analysis based on sequences of rDNA internal transcribed spacer regions indicated that there were two major genotypes in M. undulata with minor variation in haplotypes resulting from additional substitutions or putative recombination. The dwarf form from Yakushima was neither genetically uniform nor apparently differentiated from other populations. From these results, we conclude that the dwarf form of M. undulata should be treated at the rank of forma.     

Distribution of alkanes and fatty acids in theCondalia montana (Rhamnaceae) species complex

The alkane and fatty acid composition of the lipid extracts from leaves of 14 populations ofCondalia: C. microphylla f.xanthocarpa, C. microphylla f.erythrocarpa, C. microphylla f.melanocarpa, C. montana, andC. buxifolia, were determined by gas chromatography. Seventeen alkanes and 14 fatty acids were investigated and a predominance of nonacosane, hentriacontane, palmitic and linoleic acids in all species was found.     

Host differentiation in Orobanche foetida Poir

Orobanche foetida Poir. is a parasitic plant widely distributed in the Western Mediterranean area. It typically parasitizes wild plants but has recently been described as an agricultural problem in legume crops in Tunisia. The pattern of genetic variation within and among O. foetida populations growing on chickpea and faba bean was analyzed by RAPD markers. The UPGMA cluster analysis based on Dice distance matrix showed a clear differentiation among O. foetida samples collected on chickpea and those on faba bean, suggesting a host-differentiation process. Although an AMOVA analysis revealed substantial internal variation among individuals within O. foetida populations (69.8%), there was a significant divergence between parasites on the two hosts considered (30.2%). Moreover, germination of O. foetida seeds collected on chickpea and faba bean in the presence of both host roots was studied. Germination percentages of O. foetida seeds varied depending on the host used both for collecting the seeds and evaluating the trait. According to these results, possible explanations for the origin of this new weedy parasite and the host differentiation process are discussed.     

Coexistence of two congeneric tree species of Lauraceae in a secondary warm‐temperate forest on Miyajima Island,south‐western Japan

We analyzed the spatial distributions of two congeneric tree species, Neolistea aciculata and Neolistea sericea (Lauraceae), in a warm‐temperate forest on Miyajima Island, south‐western Japan. Both species were mainly found in valley sites on the island. Hence, these species shared the same topographic habitat niche. However, we found a clear difference between the spatial distributions of the two species in relation to the light environment. Neolistea aciculata was predominantly found in stands with low light, such as beneath the canopy of dense evergreen broadleaved forest. In contrast, N. sericea was predominantly associated with ample light, such as in secondary Pinus densiflora forest. In stands with moderate light conditions, both species were found. This habitat niche segregation in relation to light conditions presumably allows the coexistence of these two species in the predominantly successional forest on Miyajima Island.     

胡杨枝芽生长特征及其展叶物候特征

以5个不同发育阶段的胡杨(Populus euphratica Oliv.)个体为研究对象,观测记录了枝芽展叶物候、枝芽生长特征和叶形变化的空间分布规律。结果表明:不同发育阶段的胡杨个体以及同一个体树冠的不同层次,其枝芽生长及其展叶物候期表现出不同的时空特征。随着树龄的增加和树冠层次的增高(由基向顶),当年新生枝条长度、枝条叶片数和叶形指数逐渐减小,但叶面积和叶片干重逐渐增大。5个不同发育阶段胡杨个体均表现出展叶物候始于树冠顶层,依次向下结束于树冠基部;展叶物候期共性表现在枝芽萌动期均在4月上旬,起始展叶期集中在4月中旬,展叶终期则在5月上旬到下旬;树龄较大的个体其枝芽萌动期、起始展叶期、展叶终期较树龄较小的个体早;其枝芽萌动期到展叶终期的时间进程较树龄较小的个体短;不同发育阶段的个体枝芽萌动期出现的时间较为离散,起始展叶期和展叶终期出现的时间较为集中。相关分析表明,出叶周期与枝条长度、枝条叶片数量和叶形指数呈极显著正相关,与叶面积和叶片干重呈显著负相关。     

Karyotype constancy and genome size variation in BulgarianCrepis foetida s. l. (Asteraceae)

Ten populations ofCrepis foetida from Bulgaria belonging to the three subspeciesfoetida, rhoeadifolia, andcommutata were analyzed karyologically using haematoxylin staining, Giemsa C-banding, fluorochrome banding, Ag-NOR staining, Feulgen cytophotometry (scanning densitometry and video-based image analysis), and propidium iodide flow cytometry. The quantitatively-evaluated karyotype structure was similar among all populations, with minor variation in a few intercalary sites only and in the amount of NOR-associated heterochromatin (satellites). In contrast to the karyotypic constancy the genome size ofC. foetida subsp.commutata was about 10% lower than those of the other two subspecies, which had similar genome sizes. The genome size measurements using three different methods resulted in highly correlated data. The genome size difference adds some weight to previous taxonomic opinions treatingC. foetida subsp.commutata at species level, asC. commutata. Prof. Dr. Stefan Kozhuharov (4 January 1933–24 August 1997).     

Coordination of cell proliferation and cell expansion in the control of leaf size in Arabidopsis thaliana

Size is an important parameter in the characterization of organ morphology and function. To understand the mechanisms that control leaf size, we previously isolated a number of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants with altered leaf size. Because leaf morphogenesis depends on determinate cell proliferation, the size of a mature leaf is controlled by variation in cell size and number. Therefore, leaf-size mutants should be classified according to the effects of the mutations on the cell number and/or size. A group of mutants represented by angustifolia3/grf-interacting factor1 and aintegumenta exhibits an intriguing cellular phenotype termed compensation: when the leaf cell number is decreased due to the mutation, the leaf cell size increases, leading to compensation in leaf area. Several lines of genetic evidence suggest that compensation is probably not a result of the uncoupling of cell division from cell growth. Rather, the evidence suggests an organ-wide mechanism that coordinates cell proliferation with cell expansion during leaf development. Our results provide a key, novel concept that explains how leaf size is controlled at the organ level.     

Size-dependent feeding association of two wrasses (genusPseudolabrus) with the morwong,Goniistius zonatus

While foraging on the substrate, two closely-related wrasses,Pseudolabrus eoethinus andP. sieboldi, which occur sympatrically in the Uwa Sea, Shikoku Island, Japan, often accompanied the morwong,Goniistius zonatus, eating benthic invertebrates flushed out by the latter's feeding activities. Both wrasses tended to feed more frequently in such an association than when solitary.Pseudolabrus eoethinus (9–17 cm TL) accompaniedG. zonatus more frequently than the smallerP. sieboldi (7.5–12 cm TL), large individuals of the former attending the host more often than smaller ones. This tendency was not apparent inP. sieboldi. The size-dependent association frequency was determined by 1) the chances of encountering a host, and 2) interference among the wrasses. The frequency of encounter of wrasses with a host depended on the home range size of the former, such being positively correlated with body size. Interference among the wrasses resulted in smaller individuals being repelled by larger ones, irrespective of species, when they were approaching or attending a host.     

滨柃叶功能性状对环境因子的响应

植物叶功能性状能反映植物对不同环境的响应及适应策略。以福建省福州市平潭海坛岛、大练岛、大怀屿的滨柃(Eurya emarginata)为研究对象,通过测定滨柃16项叶功能性状及14项环境因子,分析了环境因子对滨柃叶功能性状的影响。结果表明：(1)滨柃叶功能性状变异系数介于2.26%—25.78%,其中叶体积变异程度最大(25.78%),叶含水量变异程度最小(2.26%)。不同海岛滨柃大部分叶功能性状存在显著的差异性(P<0.05),说明滨柃叶片功能性状多样性丰富,其对异化环境表现出较强的适应性;(2)不同海岛的土壤因子指标间差异显著(P<0.05);(3)通过系统聚类可将30份滨柃聚为两类,海坛岛和大练岛为一类,大怀屿为一类,结果与海岛类型和地理分布相吻合;(4)冗余分析表明,滨柃的叶功能性状主要受郁闭度、土壤全钾、土壤有效磷、海拔、速效钾及碱解氮等环境因子的影响。研究结果表明滨柃叶片功能性状可通过一定的性状变异和性状组合,以及与环境因子间的相互作用弥补生境的不足,较好地适应海岛恶劣环境,研究结果有助于理解滨柃对不同海岛生境的响应特征及其在海岛的生态策略,对探究滨柃的资源利...     

围封年限对内蒙古灌丛化草原小叶锦鸡儿灌丛结构及群落种间关联的影响

由于全球气候变化及过度放牧等不合理利用,灌木入侵草地已经成为干旱半干旱草原区的一种普遍现象。本研究在内蒙古锡林郭勒草原区选择3处不同围封恢复年限（围封时间分别为1979,1983和2003年）的小叶锦鸡儿（Caragana microphylla）灌丛化草地,分析了围封年限对灌丛化草地关键种小叶锦鸡儿种群大小格局及灌丛间主要物种种间关联的影响,并从群落内物种生态位配置情况方面进行了相关机制的探讨。结果显示：（1）小叶锦鸡儿的冠幅大小分布结构的偏态系数在8/9的样区内大于0,表现为正偏态;随着围封年限的延长,在低、中灌丛化样区内,小叶锦鸡儿的冠幅有增大的趋势,这主要是由小于0.5 m冠幅的小叶锦鸡儿的减少或者消失导致的;（2）随着围封年限的延长,灌丛间多年生禾草生态位宽度（B）逐渐增大,表现为B_1979围封 > B_1983围封 > B_2003围封;灌丛间主要物种种间关系由负关联作用（竞争作用）向正关联作用（促进作用）转变。本研究结果不仅揭示了围封条件下小叶锦鸡儿灌丛化草地群落结构的变化及发展趋势,同时也从关键种小叶锦鸡儿种群大小格局及灌丛间主要物种种间关联的角度对相关机制进行了解释,为该区域的合理利用及恢复政策的制定提供了数据支持及理论指导。     

同期生长在种源地与异地同质园刨花楠叶性状分析

为辨别环境变化与遗传因素对植物叶片主要功能性状的影响,以同期生长在4种源地母树林下及异地同质园的1.5年生刨花楠苗木为研究对象,对其叶片表型及养分性状进行对比分析。结果显示：(1)刨花楠叶面积、叶厚、叶干物质含量等叶片表型性状受遗传与环境因素共同影响;叶片碳(C)含量受遗传因素调控,环境对其影响较小;叶片氮、磷(N、P)含量主要受环境因素影响;(2)不同种源刨花楠比叶面积、叶厚、叶干物质含量、叶形指数等性状变异系数较大(8.85%—37.03%),其中江西遂川种源变异系数相对较大,而湖南茶陵种源则相对较小,各种源都倾向于通过调节比叶面积、叶厚、叶片氮磷含量等性状以适应生境变化;(3)种源地与同质园刨花楠的比叶面积虽均与叶厚呈显著负相关,但同质园刨花楠比叶面积与叶形指数呈显著正相关,与叶片氮含量无明显相关,而种源地刨花楠比叶面积则与叶形指数无明显相关,与叶片氮含量则呈显著负相关;(4)不同种源苗木叶性状指标在种源地与同质园间存在不同的协调与权衡,体现了植物在不同生境下的适应策略。其中湖南茶陵种源在两种生境下都具有更保守的资源获取策略,而江西安福种源对环境变化则更为敏感,资源获取策略更为灵...     

龙珠果茎段离体培养和组培苗耐盐性分析

为建立龙珠果(Passiflora foetida)的快繁再生体系,以实生苗茎段为外植体,研究了植物生长调节剂对丛生芽诱导、壮苗生根的影响,同时对组培苗的耐盐性进行研究.结果表明,MS+6-BA 0.5 mg/L+NAA 0.05 mg/L培养基有利于诱导丛生芽并促进芽的生长;MS+6-BA 3.0 mg/L+NAA ...     

Geographical variation and genetic analysis of leaf shape inCrepis tectorum (Asteraceae)

Canonical variate analysis of plants raised in a uniform environment was used to study the pattern of geographical variation in leaf shape ofCrepis tectorum (Asteraceae). The diversity in leaf shape was much greater among populations confined to areas with exposed bedrock in the Baltic region than among weed populations scattered throughout Europe and Canada. A Ward's clustering linked outcrop populations from the archipelago of SW. Finland and the islands of Öland (Sweden) and Saaremaa (Estonia) due to the deeply lobed leaves characterizing these populations, while outcrop populations along the coast of E. Sweden were grouped due to their weakly lobed, narrow and dentate leaves. Most of the weed populations were grouped together but there was no tendency for the variation in this group to be related to habitat or geographical location. A mosaic of variation reflected in sharp (random) differentiation among local populations was superimposed on the large-scale ecogeographical pattern.—Crossing data indicated that most of the variation in degree of leaf dissection is governed by one major gene with deeply lobed leaves dominant over weakly lobed leaves. I suggest that the simple pattern of inheritance may have favoured rapid evolutionary changes in leaf shape, particularly in the Baltic area which emerged relatively late from the sea. Genetic correlations may have constrained the pattern of variation at higher taxonomic levels, since some of the trait associations detected in a segregating F₂ generation were also found at the among-population level.     

Morphological and molecular species delimitation within the Holarctic Ilybius angustior complex with a focus on Beringia (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)

A fourth species of the Holarctic Ilybius angustior complex, Ilybius minakawai n. sp., is described from the Island of Sakhalin in the Russian far east. Male genitalia are diagnostic within this species complex, although from body size and shape the new species cannot be separated from I. churchillensis Wallis from north Alaska and the Canadian low arctic. The small and narrow body characteristic of these two species represents an extreme of the cold climate form of the widespread I. angustior (Gyllenhal). Low variation within the studied large ribosomal and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I mitochondrial genes suggest that speciation events within the I. angustior-complex are fairly recent. In combination with known geographical ranges, the low genetic variation within this species complex suggest speciation within Pleistocene refugia including Beringia.     

小叶锦鸡儿幼苗对沙埋的生态适应和生理响应

以中国半干旱地区固定、半固定沙地分布最广泛的灌木种之一小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)为对象,于2010～2011年在内蒙古科尔沁沙地测定了不同深度沙埋下其幼苗的存活率、株高、渗透调节物质含量、保护酶活性和膜透性变化,探讨小叶锦鸡儿对沙埋的生理响应特征。结果显示:(1)与对照相比,当沙埋深度为小叶锦鸡儿幼苗株高的25%～75%时,存活率差异不显著;当沙埋深度为50%～75%时其存活率增加,但株高明显下降,沙埋对其生长具有抑制作用;当沙埋达到其株高100%时幼苗全部死亡。(2)不同沙埋深度对小叶锦鸡儿幼苗叶片细胞膜透性无显著影响,对沙埋深度为其株高25%时,叶片含水量增加,MDA含量下降,POD活性增强,细胞膜未受到伤害;沙埋深度为其株高50%～75%时,叶片含水量下降,MDA含量增加,但SOD和POD对细胞膜起到了协同保护作用,细胞膜也未受到损伤;沙埋深度为株高25%～75%情况下,细胞膜未受到损伤,可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量变化不明显。研究认为:小叶锦鸡儿幼苗只能耐受部分沙埋,完全沙埋则会导致其幼苗全部死亡,沙埋胁迫下可溶性糖和脯氨酸等渗透调节物质含量反应迟缓可能是其耐沙埋能力较弱的主要生理原因之一。     

Patterns of intraspecific variation inAntennaria alborosea,A. corymbosa,A. marginata,A. microphylla,A. parvifolia,andA. umbrinella (Asteraceae:Inuleae)

Patterns of intraspecific variation were examined inAntennaria alborosea A. E. Porsild,A. corymbosa E. Nels,A. marginata Greene,A. microphylla Rydb.,A. parvifolia Nutt., andA. umbrinella Rydb. AlthoughA. alborosea was initially considered arctic in distribution, it became apparent that a southern montane element also exists. Our results suggest that morphological differences between arctic and southern montane specimens represent clinal variation. The additional morphological data for specimens that occur more than 1,500 km south of the species' range as it was initially described result in a better understanding of this once presumed arctic taxon. Morphological variation in the dioecious speciesA. corymbosa, A. marginata, A. microphylla, A. parvifolia, andA. umbrinella was greater between the genders than was geographic variation within each gender. These results demonstrate that both pistillate and staminate specimens must be examined in dioecious species ofAntennaria if morphological variation in the respective species is to be fully understood. Character size or number of broadly distributed species (A. microphylla andA. parvifolia) generally decreased with increasing longitude, whereas characters of species with more restricted distributions (A. alborosea, A. corymbosa, andA. marginata) generally increased in size or number with increasing latitude or longitude.Antennaria umbrinella was an exception in this respect.     

Evaluation of <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Sterculia foetida</Emphasis> Gum as Controlled Release Excipient

The purpose of the research was to evaluate Sterculia foetida gum as a hydrophilic matrix polymer for controlled release preparation. For evaluation as a matrix polymer; characterization of Sterculia foetida gum was done. Viscosity, pH, scanning electronmicrographs were determined. Different formulation aspects considered were: gum concentration (10–40%), particle size (75–420 μm) and type of fillers and those for dissolution studies; pH, and stirring speed were considered. Tablets prepared with Sterculia foetida gum were compared with tablets prepared with Hydroxymethylcellulose K15M. The release rate profiles were evaluated through different kinetic equations: zero-order, first-order, Higuchi, Hixon-Crowell and Korsemeyer and Peppas models. The scanning electronmicrographs showed that the gum particles were somewhat triangular. The viscosity of 1% solution was found to be 950 centipoise and pH was in range of 4–5. Suitable matrix release profile could be obtained at 40% gum concentration. Higher sustained release profiles were obtained for Sterculia foetida gum particles in size range of 76–125 μm. Notable influences were obtained for type of fillers. Significant differences were also observed with rotational speed and dissolution media pH. The in vitro release profiles indicated that tablets prepared from Sterculia foetida gum had higher retarding capacity than tablets prepared with Hydroxymethylcellulose K15M prepared tablets. The differential scanning calorimetry results indicated that there are no interactions of Sterculia foetida gum with diltiazem hydrochloride. It was observed that release of the drug followed through surface erosion and anomalous diffusion. Thus, it could be concluded that Sterculia foetida gum could be used a controlled release matrix polymer.     

竹亚科刚竹属植物的修订(Ⅳ)——Phyllostachys hispida的恢复及其近缘种的分类

在模式标本考证、居群调查和引种栽培的基础上,确认毛壳竹(Phyllostachys hispida S.C.Li,S.H.Wu et S.Y.Chen)与乌竹(P.varioauriculata S.C.Li et S.H.Wu)在新秆性状、秆箨颜色、箨舌高度及颜色、叶鞘毛被上有较大的区别,应作为独立的竹种看待。小叶光壳竹(P.varioauriculata var.glabrata G.H.Lai)也因新秆下部一段呈扁圆形、秆箨基部具长柔毛,叶片很小等特征而明显不同于乌竹,应提升为一个独立的竹种,但由于存在晚出同名问题而给出新名称P.microphylla G.H.Lai。同时还描述了毛壳竹的一新变种,即光壳竹(P.hispida var.glabrivagina G.H.Lai)。日本所产的姬淡竹与毛壳竹属于同一种系,因其学名P.humilis Muroi为一裸名,应予废弃。