食蟹猴血液学及血清生化指标日间节律性变化

目的研究食蟹猴血液学及血清生化指标日间节律性变化,为正确全面评估血液学及血清生化测定结果提供一定的实验事实依据。方法在9：30（am）～10：30（am）、12：30（pm）～13：30（pm）、15：30（pm）～16：30（pm）及19：30（pm）～20：30（pm）4个时间段对12只食蟹猴（雌雄各半）采血。采用全自动血细胞分析仪及血液生化分析仪分别测定血液学及血清生化指标。利用高效液相色谱（HPLC）方法分析血浆中皮质醇含量。结果雌雄食蟹猴下午白细胞数（WBC）及尿素氮（BUN）显著升高;雌性食蟹猴下午血红蛋白（HGB）及血细胞压积（HCT）显著降低,天门冬氨酸氨基转换酶（AST）及丙氨酸氨基转换酶（ALT）活性显著升高;雄性食蟹猴下午血糖（GLU）及血浆皮质醇显著降低。结论雌雄食蟹猴血液学及血清生化部分指标存在明显的日间节律性。     

长爪沙鼠血液生理生化正常参考值的研究

目的　作者对长爪沙鼠血液生理生化 33项指标进行测定 ,比较国内饲育不同地区长爪沙鼠种群。方法　实验动物空腹 1 2h ,次日眼球采血 ,分两组 ,分别检测生理和生化指标。结果　年龄的差异对大多数血液生理生化指标影响较大 ,性别差异除GLU、CK、CRE、UA、TG、GOT、CHO、ALP、LDH、RBC、HGB、MCHC、PLT、WBC、中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比例外 ,各指标均不受影响。结论　饲育不同地区长爪沙鼠大多数生理、生化指标差异较大 ,提示饲育环境与年龄差异是这一指标波动的重要因素     

两个品系普通级和SPF级小型猪部分血液学指标的比较

目的了解不同微生物控制程度（屏障环境和普通环境）对小型猪部分血液学和生化指标的影响。方法分别对10只SPF（无特定病原体）级五指山小型猪、10只普通级五指山小型猪和10只SPF级广西巴马小型猪1、0只普通级广西巴马小型猪测定13项血液学指标和21项血清生化指标。结果普通级小型猪红细胞数（RBC）、血球比积（HCT）、丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL-C）低于SPF级小型猪,白细胞数（WBC）、天门冬氨酸转移酶（AST）高于SPF级小型猪（P〈0.05）;且部分指标在不同品种间有差别。结论普通级小型猪和SPF级小型猪部分血液学和血清生化指标等生物学特性存在显著差异。     

Tonic pain response in mice: effects of sex,season and time of day

Seasonal and diurnal variations in tonic pain reactions were examined in female and male CBA/J mice maintained in a 12/12 dark/light cycle, at controlled temperature and humidity conditions. Animals were injected into the dorsum of one hindpaw with a dilute (20 microl, 1%) formalin solution. Pain-related behaviors were quantified as the time spent licking the injected paw and the number of flinching episodes. The experiments were performed during the first part of the light phase (Light: from 7 to 10 a.m.) or during the first part of the dark phase of the diurnal cycle (Dark: from 7 to 10 p.m.), in two different periods of the year: Spring (March-June) and Winter (November-January). Considering all data, females showed a slightly enhanced licking response, as well as an increase in the time spent in self-grooming, in comparison with males. In Spring, the licking and flinching responses were higher during the Dark phase than during the Light phase. This held for both sexes and for both phases of the behavioral response to formalin injection. By contrast, no significant diurnal variation in pain reactions was found in Winter. These seasonal and diurnal differences were not due to nonspecific changes in motor behavior, inasmuch as locomotor activity and self-grooming showed a different pattern: during the second phase after formalin, self-grooming was higher in the Light period in the experiments performed in Spring, whereas locomotor activity showed no significant seasonal changes. These results show that the behavioral reactions to prolonged noxious input, integrated both at spinal and supraspinal sites, undergo similar seasonal and diurnal variations in both sexes, strengthening the importance of chronobiological factors in the modulation of nociception.     

笼养绿尾虹雉血液生理生化指标分析

为了解人工饲养绿尾虹雉(Lophophorus lhuysii)血液生理生化指标及特点,以四川宝兴蜂桶寨国家级自然保护区笼养的9只成年非繁殖期绿尾虹雉为研究对象,测定了34项血液生理生化指标,按性别分组统计进行差异显著性检验。结果表明,绿尾虹雉血液生理指标不同性别间无显著差异(P0.05)。血液生化指标中的血液总蛋白雄性显著低于雌性(P0.05),血清尿素雄性显著高于雌性(P0.05),但血液中的其他有机物(白蛋白、球蛋白、肌酐、葡萄糖、尿素、酶、总胆固醇、甘油三酯等)及无机离子(钾、钠、镁、氯、钙、磷、铁)不同性别之间无显著差异(P0.05)。说明本实验条件下,笼养绿尾虹雉非繁殖期血液生理指标与性别没有相关性,血清总蛋白、血清尿素含量可能与性别有关。     

Diurnal variation and age-related changes of bone turnover markers in female Göttingen minipigs

We investigated diurnal variation and age-related changes in bone turnover markers in female Gottingen minipigs. Ten females, 6-9 months of age, were used for confirmation of diurnal variation. Blood was collected at 3 h intervals for 24 h, and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and intact osteocalcin (OC) levels were determined by enzyme immunoassay and radioimmunoassay, respectively. Urine was collected at 3 h intervals for 24 h using a tray attached to the bottom of the cage. The levels of N-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (NTX) were determined by enzyme immunoassay. Pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. OC and NTX exhibited diurnal variation (Kruskal-Wallis test, P < 0.05), with the highest and lowest levels at 18:00 h (76.7 +/- 26.2 ng/ml) and 06:00 h (44.3 +/- 10.3 ng/ml), and at 03:00-05:59 h (550.4 +/- 82.4 nmol/micromol Cr) and 12:00-14:59 h (297.8 +/- 152.5 nmol/micromol Cr), respectively. In the study of age-related changes, blood and urine samples from 66 females (age range, 3-76 months) were examined to determine the bone turnover markers. All markers showed high correlations with age (0.569 < R(2) < 0.818). High levels of bone turnover markers were observed in young animals, decreasing with age (Kruskal-Wallis test, P < 0.01). The diurnal variation and age-related changes revealed in the present study will be useful in studies of bone diseases using female Gottingen minipigs.     

Diurnal variations of serum testosterone levels in intact and gonadectomized male and female rhesus monkeys.

A radioimmunoassay for serum testosterone which does not require chromatographic separation was used to measure the diurnal variations in intact and orchidecomized males and intact and ovariectomized females. The intact male rhesus monkey shows a distinctive diurnal variation in serum levels of testosterone characterized by lower values during the day and a marked increase in the early evening (1900-2200 hr). The testosterone levels remain high throughout most of the lights-off period in the intact male. In contrast to the intact male, the markedly lowered serum levels of testosterone in the orchidectomized male were higher during the day and consistently showed a nadir during the early evening (2000-2200 hr). The evening nadir of testosterone levels was 51.0% lower than the 24-hr mean whereas the maximum serum level was 46.4% higher. A similar circadian pattern of testosterone was seen in both the intact and ovariectomized females. The testosterone values were higher during the day and consistently showed a nadir during the early evening. These results suggest that the adrenal secretion of testosterone varies in a diurnal pattern characterized by an early evening nadir. This adrenal pattern is overshadowed by a much larger gonadal rhythm in the intact male.     

Age-related changes in hematological and serum biochemical values in cats]

Nineteen hematological and serum biochemical values were analyzed for 91 healthy cats of both sexes (aged 1 to 48 months) that were bred and reared in our laboratory. Age-related changes were found for many parameters. Red blood cell counts (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Ht), Mean corpuscular constants, GPT, total protein (TP) and albumin (ALB) initially were low but increased then stabilized. White blood cell counts (WBC), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), inorganic phosphorus (Pi), total bilirubin (TBil), total cholesterol (TC), glucose (GLU), and triglyceride (TG) initially were high, but decreased then stabilized. No age-related changes were found for GOT, blood urea nitrogen, or calcium. Of the parameters that changed with age, the mean corpuscular constants, GPT, GLU, and TG became stabilized during the first 3 to 4 months of life, but others (RBC, Hb, Ht, TP, ALB) became stabilized after 9 to 11 months, during which period body weight reached a plateau. Some parameters (WBC, ALP, TG, Pi) showed change up to 18 months of age. These results suggest that cats 9 to 11 months old can be regarded as adults; but for some parameters, cats aged 18 months, or older, are better regarded as adults. Sex-related differences in the values for mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and WBC that were found after 11 months of age were higher in females. ALB was higher in males.     

Inhibitory effect of curcumin on liver injury in a murine model of endotoxemic shock

The effect of curcumin on lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine (LPS/GalN)-induced acute shock model of liver injury was examined in mice. The simultaneous administration of LPS (5–20 μg kg⁻¹, i.p.) and GalN (700 mg kg⁻¹, i.p.) markedly increased the serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase/glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GOT/GPT), and massive hepatic necrosis and inflammation, leading to 100% lethality. Pre-administration of curcumin (100 mg kg⁻¹, i.p.) 3 h before induction with LPS/GalN imparted a large extent of protection against acute elevation in serum TNF-α and serum GOT/GPT. Hepatic necrosis and lethality caused by LPS/GalN was also greatly reduced by curcumin treatment. The results demonstrated that curcumin could protect mice from LPS/GalN-induced hepatic injury and inflammation through blockading TNF-α production, eventually raising the survival rate of septic-shock-induced mice.     

Effects of fasting on hematologic and clinical chemical values in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)

Background Fasting is an important pre‐analytical factor that may affect clinical pathology parameters in toxicological and pharmacological studies. Little information is available on how fasting affects clinical pathology parameters in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis).The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of fasting on clinical pathology parameters in healthy adult cynomolgus monkeys. Methods Five female and six male cynomolgus monkeys were fasted for 0, 8, 16, and 24 hours. Changes in body weight (BW), core hematologic, and serum clinical chemical parameters were evaluated. Results The BW significantly decreased after 24 hours of fasting. Significant decreases in red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and mean corpuscular volume and increases in mean cell hemoglobin and mean cell hemoglobin concentration were observed at 16 hours in males. In females, increasing the duration of fasting caused a significant time‐dependent increase in platelets. Blood urea nitrogen showed significant decreases in female and male monkeys after fasting. Alkaline phosphatase increased in females after fasting. Aspartate transaminase significantly increased both in females and males at 8 hours. In females, alanine transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase significantly increased at 8 hours. Albumin significantly decreased in males 24 hours, but increased in females 16 hours after fasting. Serum glucose and triglyceride were not affected by fasting. Serum calcium decreased and inorganic phosphorus increased in males after fasting. Conclusion These results suggested that clinical pathology data would vary after fasting. The decision to feed or fast before blood collection for clinical pathology tests should be made based on careful consideration.     

Age- and Sex-Based Hematological and Biochemical Parameters for Macaca fascicularis

Background

The cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) has been increasingly used in biomedical research, making knowledge of its blood-based parameters essential to support the selection of healthy subjects and its use in preclinical research. As age and sex affect these blood-based parameters, it is important to establish baseline indices for these parameters on an age and sex basis and determine the effects of age and sex on these indices.

Methods

A total of 917 cynomolgus monkeys (374 males and 543 females) were selected and segregated by age (five groups) and sex. A total of 30 hematological and 22 biochemical parameters were measured, and the effects of age and sex were analyzed.

Results

Baseline indices for hematological and biochemical parameters were separately established by age and sex. Significant effects by age, sex, and age-sex interaction were observed in a number of blood parameters. In the 49–60 months and 61–72 months age groups, red blood cell count, hemoglobulin, and hematocrit showed significantly lower values (P<0.01) in females than males. Serum alkaline phosphatase varied with age in both sexes (P<0.01) and was significantly higher in females than males (P<0.05) in the groups aged 13–24 months and 25–36 months; however, in the three groups aged over 25–36 months, serum alkaline phosphatase was significantly lower in females than males (P<0.01). Creatinine concentration increased with age (P<0.01) in all age groups; specifically in the groups aged 49–60 months and 61–72 months, creatinine was significantly higher (P<0.01) in males than females. Total protein and globulin both increased with age (P<0.01).

Conclusion

The baseline values of hematological and biochemical parameters reported herein establish reference indices of blood-based parameters in the cynomolgus monkey by age and sex, thereby aiding researchers in selecting healthy subjects and evaluating preclinical studies using this species.     

Age-sex and diurnal variation of blood pressure in different nutritional states among the adult Telegas of Kharagpur in West Bengal, India

An anthropological investigation among the endogamous Telega population (106 adult individuals including 51 males and 55 females) in the district of Paschim Medinipur of West Bengal, India shows wide range of age-sex as well as diurnal variation of mean blood pressure (MBP) with reference to different nutritional status. Distribution of MBP shows distinct bias for sexes separately on different occasions and in association with age and other physiological conditions like menopause in females. Records of increase of blood pressure from morning to evening also indicate clear diurnal change in both male as well as in the female samples with some variations when compared between the two sexes. Results also help us to understand and to record the variation of blood pressure as a physiometric trait in the population under study. Data indicate that nearly 30% of males and more than 30% of females are living at the level of undernutrition. Nutritional status is measured by anthropometric measurements, e.g. height, weight, mid arm circumference (MUAC) and further calculation of body mass index (BMI). Distribution of MBP at different BMI and MUAC levels and Pearson correlation and regression analysis--all suggest that age, BMI and MUAC have significant impacts on BMI with some sex-related variations.     

Time budgets ofMacaca mulatta

We measured the amount of time that 20 rhesus monkeys,Macaca mulatta, (four adult males, 10 adult females, four juvenile males, and two juvenile females) contained in two enclosed social groups devoted to 16 activities. For 14 of these 16 behaviors we found significant differences between age-sex classes. For 14 behaviors, there were also differences between individual monkeys. Twelve of the 16 activities showed significant diurnal variations. We discuss the relation between the use of time and social position, the adaptive significance of diurnal variation, and compare our data with that available for free ranging rhesus.     

Hematological and plasma biochemical values for captive tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella)

Hematological and blood biochemical parameters are of great importance in medical and veterinary practice. Unfortunately, normal reference range intervals for hematological and serum biochemical values in the tufted capuchin monkey (Cebus apella) have seldom been reported. The study reported here is based on data from blood samples collected from 44 monkeys over an 8-year period. Male and female data are displayed separately within two age categories: juveniles and adults, and effects for sex and age are examined. Significant differences between males and females are found for erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and α(1) globulin. Significant differences between juveniles and adults are found for neutrophils, calcium, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase, inorganic phosphorus, glucose, total protein, serum iron, and some serum protein parameters and albumin/globulin ratio. These values are compared with values we previously reported, and their importance in care and well-being of captive tufted capuchin monkeys is discussed.     

Serum biochemical values in fallow deer (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Dama dama</Emphasis> L.) from different habitats in Croatia

Serum biochemical values were determined in blood samples collected from 48 shot fallow deer from the Brijuni islands and 45 sedated fallow deer (Dama dama L.) from hunting grounds in the continental part of Croatia. The parameters were compared with regard to age, sex and habitat. Statistically significant differences were found for serum total protein concentration, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activity between young and adult island deer, as well as for total protein, triacylglyceride, cholesterol concentration and alkaline phosphatase activity between young and adult continental deer. In young animals, island males had higher albumin concentrations, while continental males had higher alkaline phosphatase values than females. In adult animals, island males had a higher blood urea nitrogen concentration, while continental males had higher albumin and cholesterol concentrations, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and creatine kinase activities. In this group, males exhibited lower bilirubin and triacylglyceride concentrations than females. Our results indicate that besides age, sex and sampling method, nutritional and environmental factors should be considered when evaluating serum biochemical parameters of fallow deer     

Evaluation of hematological and hepatorenal functions of methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera Lam. root treated mice

Methanolic extract of M. oleifera root was found to contain some alkaloids (total alkaloid 0.2%). Effects of multiple weekly (35, 46, 70 mg/kg) and daily therapeutic (3.5, 4.6, 7.0 mg/kg) i.p. doses of the crude extract (CE) on liver and kidney functions and hematological parameters in mice were studied. No alteration in hematological and biochemical parameters at low and moderate dose level of daily and low dose level of weekly treatment of the extract was observed. However, the extract at moderate dose level in weekly treatment changed serum aminotransferase and plasma cholesterol levels significantly. High dose in addition to the above parameters changed total bilirubin, non protein nitrogen, blood urea and plasma protein. High dose of daily treatment and moderate and high dose of weekly treatment of CE increased WBC count and decreased clotting time significantly. The results indicate that the weekly moderate and high dose (> 46 mg/kg body wt.) and daily/therapeutic high dose (7 mg/kg) of CE affects liver and kidney functions and hematological parameters whereas the weekly dose (3.5 mg/kg) and low and moderate daily/therapeutic dose (3.5 and 4.6 mg/kg) did not produce adverse effects on liver and kidney functions.     

Effects of heat treated cells of intestinal lactic acid bacteria in rats fed a deoxycholic acid diet

Effects of the administration of heat treated cells of intestinal lactic acid bacteria were examined in rats fed a deoxycholic acid (DCA) diet. Male Wistar rats were given a 0.25% DCA diet with or without the heat treated cells of Enterococcus faecalis AD 1001 (EFH-1) or Lactobacillus reuteri AD 0002 (LRH-2) for 4 weeks. Abnormal increases in serum GOT, GPT, UN and lipoproteins were observed in the rats fed the DCA diet. Furthermore, severe lesions in the kidney as well as in the liver were found in these rats. On the contrary, the increases in serum GOT, UN, VLDL and LDL were significantly suppressed, and markedly fewer lesions in the liver and the kidney were observed in the rats fed the DCA diet plus EFH-1 or LRH-2.     

Protandry in the parasitoidCardiochiles nigriceps,as related to its mating system

A laboratory study was conducted of the emergence times and mating success ofCardiochiles nigriceps Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a larval parasitoid of the tobacco budworm,Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and in view of this information, the parasitoid's mating system was explored. Observations on laboratory populations ofC. nigriceps confirmed the occurrence of two types of protandry, i.e. seasonal and diurnal; males emerged 2 days before females in a generation, and emerged about 1 hr before females on a given day. An experiment on mating success showed that newly emerged females are not receptive to males that emerged 1 hr earlier, but that these males and females often mate successfully after 1 more hr. The experiment also showed that 1- to 5-day-old males are more successful than 1-hr-old males in mating with 0- to 1-hr-old females. Thus, it is argued that males emerging on a given day have a disadvantage in competition for mates with males that emerged days earlier, and that this disadvantage may serve as a selection pressure toward diurnal protandry. A monogamous mating system for females ofC. nigriceps is suggested because sexual selection would be expected to be strong in species exhibiting both seasonal and diurnal protandry. A possibility of a sibling mating system inC. nigriceps is questioned partly because newly emerged females are unreceptive to males that emerged 1 hr earlier and partly because this parasitoid is solitary in what is considered highly dispersed hosts in the field.     

Shorea roxburghii Leaf Extract Ameliorates Hyperglycemia Induced Abnormalities in High Fat/Fructose and Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats

This study investigated the hypoglycemic effect of the methanol extract of Shorea roxburghii leaves (SRL) in high fat diet/high fructose solution (HFDHF) and streptozotocin (STZ) induced type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in rats as well as evaluating its ameliorative potentials in altered biochemical and hematological parameters in the treated rats. T2DM was induced in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats by feeding with HFDHF for 4 weeks and administering STZ (35 mg/kg, i. p.). Diabetic rats were given SRL extract at doses of 100 and 400 mg/kg for 30 days. The food and water intake were monitored on a daily basis, while the fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels and body weight were measured weekly. Biochemical and hematological parameters as well as histopathological studies of the pancreas were also evaluated. SRL significantly decreased FBG and improved the body weight, food and water intake of treated diabetic rats. Furthermore, biochemical and hematological parameters including liver and kidney function enzymes, lipid profiles, white blood and red blood cells parameters were markedly ameliorated by SRL. Histopathological analyses of the pancreas indicated reconstitution of β‐cells architecture in SRL treated rats. The results of this study suggest that SRL has antidiabetic potential and can be considered for the treatment of T2DM.     

Hematological and serum biochemical indices in healthy bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata)

Background Blood reference values for bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata) are limited. The goal of this study was to determine reference ranges for hematological and serum biochemical indices in healthy, socially housed bonnet macaques for males and females over a range of ages. Methods Blood hematological and serum biochemical values were obtained from 50 healthy bonnet macaques of both sexes and aged 10–234 months. Results Age and sex differences were present in a number of measures. Globulins, total protein, and creatinine (CREAT) values were highest among older subjects, while alkaline phophatase, albumin, and phosphorus values were higher in juveniles. Sex differences were present in concentrations of red blood cells and CREAT, with higher values in males. Conclusion The blood parameter data reported here as age‐specific reference values for laboratory‐housed, healthy bonnet macaques may be used to inform clinical care and laboratory primate research.