光系统Ⅱ反应中心D_1-D_2-Cyt b_(559)的光破坏作用研究

从高等植物叶绿体中分离得到的光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)反应中心D_1-D_2-Cytb(559)复合物很不稳定,极易受到光照的破坏。光照导致D_1-D_2-Cytb_(559)在红区(Qy带)的吸收光谱发生很大的变化,在最初光照45秒时间内,吸光度值升高,继续光照则吸光度值下降,而且680nm处的下降速度最大,吸收峰发生兰移,光照也导致荧光强度增大,发射峰兰移。所有这些结果表明,光破坏至少存在两个不同的过程,而且主要受到破坏的是原初电子供体P680。     

光系统II核心复合物的稳态荧光光谱(英文)

在 83K 和 160K 两个温度下,通过激发波长对荧光发射谱的影响研究了光系统II中核心复合物的荧光光谱特性。用不同波长的光激发,核心复合物的发射谱的最大发射峰值不变,用 480、489、495 和 507nm 的光分别激发核心复合物,其光谱最大峰值处的荧光强度随不同激发波长下β-胡萝卜素分子的吸收强度的增大而降低,在长波长区域光谱的变化依赖于首先被激发的色素分子。所以,激发波长的不同影响着核心复合物中能量传递的途径。通过高斯解析,分析出核心复合物中至少存在有 7组叶绿素a组分,它们是Chla660,Chla670,Chla680,Chla682,Chla684,Chla687和Chla690。     

光系统Ⅱ反应中心D_1/D_2/cyt b_(559)复合物光破坏的多步反应

光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)反应中心D_1D_2’cyt b_(559)复合物在强光照射下色素分子受到破坏,导致在红区(Q_y带)的吸光度值及CD信号的下降,而且在光照后的暗放置过程中这种变化继续进行,吸收差光谱的峰位在680nm处,说明受破坏的很可能是原初电子供体P680.在光照后的暗放置过程中,该反应中心复合物的荧先强度继续升高,而且峰位蓝移.所有这些结果表明,在光照的过程中,PSⅡ反应中心D_1/D_2/cytb_(559)复合物很可能有一个相对稳定的反应中间体形成,从而造成在暗放置过程中该反应中心继续受到破坏,也就是说,PSⅡ反应中心D_1/D_2/cytb_(559)复合物的光破坏不是一步反应,而是一个多步反应.     

温度升高对PSⅡ中CP47和CP47／D1／D2／Cyt b559 Chla能量传递的影响

采用激励光源为4MHz、514．5nm的延时分幅扫描单光子计数荧光装置对从菠菜中分离提纯的核心天线CP47和CP47／D1／D2／Cyt b559复合物的Chla的能量传递进行了研究,得到经20℃、42℃和48℃处理后的最大峰值处的时问常量。分析认为CP47中,20～42℃之间的温度对蛋白质空间结构的改变较小,Chla分子之间的能量传递受到微小的影响,而42～48℃之间的温度引起较大的蛋白质空间结构改变,明显地影响了其中Chla分子问的能量传递。在PSⅡ(2P47／D1／D2／cyt b559复合物中,处理温度的升高使CP47／D1／D2／cyt b559复合物的二级结构、色素分布的空间位置发生变化,从而影响了CP47／D1／D2／Cyt b559复合物中Chla的能量传递以及电荷重组,42℃已对其造成影响,而48℃对其的影响很大。     

光系统Ⅱ反应中心CP47/D1/D2/Cyt b-559复合物中色素分子空间取向的线二色光谱研究

线二色光谱(LD)是研究色素分子在光合膜上空间取向和排布的重要手段.采用低温(100K)吸收光谱和线二色光谱技术研究光系统Ⅱ核心复合物CP47/D1/D2/Cyt b-559中色素分子的空间取向.结果表明,在光系统Ⅱ核心复合物CP47/D1/D2/Cyt b-559中680 nm处有吸收的叶绿素分子Qy跃迁与光合膜平面平行.β-胡萝卜素分子有两种不同的空间取向,其中在470和505nm处有吸收的β-胡萝卜素分子(Ⅰ)与光合膜平面近似平行,而在460和490nm处有吸收的β-胡萝卜素分子(Ⅱ)与光合膜垂直.光破坏实验显示垂直取向的β-胡萝卜素分子对强光敏感.680nm处吸收的叶绿素分子成分复杂,可能包含有P680和核心天线CP47蛋白上的色素分子.     

光系统Ⅱ核心复合物的稳态荧光光谱

在83K和160K两个温度下,通过激发波长对荧光发射谱的影响研究了光系统Ⅱ中核心复合物的荧光光谱特性。用不同波长的光激发,核心复合物的发射谱的最大发射峰值不变,用480、489、495和507nm的光分别激发核心复合物,其光谱最大峰值处的荧光强度随不同激发波长下β-胡萝卜素分子的吸收强度的增大而降低,在长波长区域光谱的变化依赖于首先被激发的色素分子。所以,激发波长的不同影响着核心复合物中能量传递的途径。通过高斯解析,分析出核心复合物中至少存在有7组叶绿素a组分,它们是Ch1 a660,Ch1 a670,Ch1 a680,Ch1 a682,Ch1 a684,Ch1 a687和Ch1 a690。     

PSⅡ原初电子供体P680的光破坏现象研究:高效液相色谱对光抑制条件下D1/D2/Cyt b559复合物色素成分和含量变化的分析(英文)

采用高效液相色谱 (HPLC)的分析方法 ,对菠菜 (SpinaciaoleraceaMill.)叶绿体PSⅡ反应中心光破坏过程进行了研究。结果表明 :(1)在本实验条件下 ,45min的光照处理 ,可以使PSⅡ反应中心的光化学活性基本接近丢失。(2 )从光照约 2 0min开始至约 40min ,Chla的含量逐渐减少到原有含量的 2 /3左右 ,然后浓度保持不变至约 6 0min ,此后 ,Chla的含量出现了第二次下降 ,到 80min左右 ,稳定在约 30 %的含量水平并不再变化。D1/D2 /Cytb5 5 9复合物的原有色素分子组成约为 6Chla∶2Pheo∶2 β_Car。 (3)在 40min的光照处理后 ,HPLC图谱上出现了一个新的产物峰 ,其吸收谱十分类似于Pheo分子 (峰位分别为 40 7、5 0 4、5 33、6 0 6及 6 6 3nm) ,但其保留时间 (7.2min)比正常的Pheo分子 (6 .9min)较晚 ,因此推测它可能是一种结构类似于Pheo的分子     

铜对类囊体膜叶绿素-蛋白质复合物组成和光谱特性的影响

菠菜和青菜类囊体膜经SDS-PAGE*可分别分离出8条和7条含叶绿素的区带。经Cu螯合剂处理后发现菠菜CPIa、青菜CPI_a、LHCP_2带缺失,菠菜CPIa_1 LHCP_2和青菜CPI减少,两者的LHCP_3明显增加。外源Cu(5mmol/L CuCl_2)可使菠菜CPa_1带缺失。青菜CP_a带缺失,并且使菠菜CPI带的吸收峰由678nm移到672nm,在652nm处有一微弱小肩,并且出现679nm荧光发射峰,表现出LHC-Ⅱ的某些光谱特性。同时使菠菜和青菜的LHCP_1和LHCP_2的吸收峰均由672nm分别移到668nm和669nm,并且使LHCP_2在724nm处产生较强的荧光发射,接近于LHC-Ⅰ的某些光谱特性。由此初步认为,铜可能通过变构作用来调节两个光系统间从作用中心到捕光色素蛋白复合物,以及二者捕光色素蛋白复合物本身之间的能量转移。     

PSⅡ核心复合物能量传递的飞秒时间分辨荧光光谱学研究

运用稳态、瞬态荧光光谱技术对光系统Ⅱ核心复合物的能量传递动力学进行研究.分别用436 nm光脉冲激发叶绿素a分子、45l nm光激发叶绿素a和β-胡萝卜素分子、473和481 nm光激发β-胡萝卜素分子,得到5组反应能量传递、电荷重组等过程的寿命组分:8～40 ps为核心天线中β-胡萝卜素分子通过相邻β-胡萝卜素分子或中间叶绿素a向叶绿素a分子传递能量的时间;85～152 ps为核心天线色素分子激发能传递时间;201～925 ps反映部分电荷重组过程;1.03l～1.2l ns为参与能量传递的色素分子从激发态衰退回到基态的时间;6.17～18.13 ns的长寿命时间组分归因于P680+Pheo-的重组过程.将荧光发射谱进行高斯解析,发现在核心复合物中还至少存在Chla 685 683、Chla 682 680、Chla679 673,677三种特征叶绿素a分子.     

PSII核心复合物能量传递的飞秒时间分辩荧光光谱学研究

运用稳态、瞬态荧光光谱技术对光系统Ⅱ核心复合物的能量传递动力学进行研究。分别用436nm光脉冲激发叶绿素a分子、451nm光激发叶绿素a和β-胡萝卜素分子、473和481nm光激发β-胡萝卜素分子,得到5组反应能量传递、电荷重组等过程的寿命组分：8～40 ps为核心天线中β-胡萝卜素分子通过相邻β-胡萝卜素分子或中间叶绿素a向叶绿素a分子传递能量的时间;85～152 ps为核心天线色素分子激发能传递时间;201～925ps反映部分电荷重组过程;1．031～1．21ns为参与能量传递的色素分子从激发态衰退回到基态的时间;6．17～18、13 ns的长寿命时间组分归因于P680^ Pheo^-的重组过程。将荧光发射谱进行高斯解析,发现在核心复合物中还至少存在Chla683^685、Chla680^682、Chla673,677^679三种特征叶绿素a分子。     

Spectroscopic properties of the reaction center and of the 47 kDa chlorophyll protein of Photosystem II

The D1-D2-cytochrome b-559 reaction center complex and the 47 kDa antenna chlorophyll protein isolated from spinach Photosystem II were characterized by means of low temperature absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. The low temperature absorption spectrum of the D1-D2-cytochrome b-559 complex showed two bands in the Q_y region located at 670 and 680 nm. On the basis of its absorption maximum and orientation the latter component may be attributed at least in part to P-680, the primary electron donor of Photosystem II. The 47 kDa antenna complex showed absorption bands at 660, 668 and 677 nm and a minor component at 690 nm. The latter transition appeared to be associated with the characteristic low temperature 695 nm fluorescence band of Photosystem II. The 695 nm emission band was absent in the D1-D2 complex, which indicates that it does not originate from the reaction center pheophytin, as earlier proposed. The transition dipole responsible for the main fluorescence at 684 nm from this complex had a parallel orientation with respect to the membrane plane in the native structure. The reaction center preparation contains two spectrally distinct carotenoids with different orientations.     

D1-D2-cytochrome b559 complex from the aquatic plant Spirodela oligorrhiza: correlation between complex integrity, spectroscopic properties, photochemical activity, and pigment composition

A D1-D2-cyt b559 complex with about four attached chlorophylls and two pheophytins has been isolated from photosystem II of the aquatic plant Spirodela oligorrhiza and used for studying the detergent-induced changes in spectroscopic properties and photochemical activity. Spectral analyses (absorption, CD, and fluorescence) of D1-D2-cyt b559 preparations that were incubated with different concentrations of the detergent Triton X-100 indicate two forms of the D1-D2-cyt b559 complexes. One of them is photochemically active and has an absorption maximum at 676 nm, weak fluorescence at 685 nm, and a strong CD signal. The other is photochemically inactive, with an absorption maximum at 670 nm, strong fluorescence at 679 nm, and much weaker CD. The relative concentrations of the two forms determine the overall spectra of the D1-D2-cyt b559 preparation and can be deduced from the wavelength of the lowest energy absorption band: preparations having maximum absorption at 674, 672, or 670.5 nm have approximately 20, 60, or 85% inactive complexes. The active form contains two chlorophylls with maximum absorption at 679 nm and CD signals at 679 (+) and 669 nm (-). These chlorophylls make a special pair that is identified as the primary electron donor P-680. The calculated separation between the centers of these two pigments (using an extended version of the exciton theory) is about 10 A, the pigments' molecular planes are tilted by about 20 degrees, and their N1-N3 axes are rotated by 150 degrees relative to each other. The other two chlorophylls and one of the two pheophytins in the D1-D2-cyt b559 complex have their maximum absorption at 672 nm, while the maximum absorption of the photochemically active pheophytin is probably at 672-676 nm. During incubation with Triton X-100, the photochemically active complex is transformed into an inactive form with first-order kinetics. In the inactive form the maximum absorption of the 679 nm absorbing Chls is blue-shifted to 669 nm. The first-order decay of the photochemical activity suggests that the isolated D1-D2-cyt b559 complex is stable as an aggregate but becomes unstable on dissociation into individual D1-D2-cyt b559 units.     

Gaussian band analysis of absorption,fluorescence and photobleaching difference spectra of D1/D2/cytb-559 complex

A study of the absorption and fluorescence characteristics of the D1/D2/cytb-559 reaction centre complex of Photosystem II has been carried out by gaussian decomposition of absorption spectra both at room temperature and 72 K and of the room temperature fluorescence spectrum. A five component fit was found in which the absorption and fluorescence sub-bands could be connected by the Stepanov relation. The photobleaching and light-activated degradation in the dark of long wavelength pigments permitted a further characterisation of the absorption bands. The absorption (fluorescence) maxima of the five bands at room temperature are 660 nm (670 nm), 669 nm (675 nm), 675 nm (681 nm), 680 nm (683 nm), 681 nm (689 nm). A novel feature of this analysis is the presence of two approximately isoenergetic absorption bands near 680 nm at room temperature. The narrower one (FWHM=12.5 nm) is attributed to pheophytin while the broader band (FWHM=23 nm) is thought to be P680. The P680 band width is discussed in terms of homogeneous and site inhomogeous band broadening. The P680 fluorescence has a large Stokes shift (9 nm) and most fluorescence in the 690–700 nm range is associated with this chromophore.The three accessory pigment bands are broad (FWHM=17–24 nm) and the 660 nm gaussian is largely temperature insensitive thus indicating significant site inhomogeneous broadening.The very slight narrowing of the D1/D2/cytb-559 Q_y absorption at crytogenic temperatures is discussed in terms of the coarse spectral inhomogeneity associated with the spectral forms and the apparently large site inhomogeneous broadening of short wavelength accessory pigments.     

发菜藻胆体分离和光谱特性的研究

完整藻胆体和不完整藻胆体的吸收峰都在618nm。完整藻胆体的室温荧光峰位于670nm 以上,而不完整藻胆体则在670nm以下。完整藻胆体的77K荧光发射光谱中只有648nm一个荧光发射带;而在不完整藻胆体,则有2个或3个发射带,它们位于684nm,666nm和648nm, 依次属于别藻蓝蛋白 — B,别藻蓝蛋白和C — 藻蓝蛋白的荧光。     

发菜藻胆体的分离和光谱特性的研究

完整藻胆体和不完整藻胆体的吸收峰都在618nm。完整藻胆体的室温荧光峰位于670nm以上,而不完整藻胆体则在670nm以下。完整藻胆体的77K荧光发射光谱中只有648nm一个荧光发射带;而在不完整藻胆体,则有2个或3个发射带,它们位于684nm,666nm和648nm,依次属于别藻蓝蛋白-B,别藻蓝蛋白和C-藻蓝蛋白的荧光。     

Spectroelectrochemistry of cytochrome b559 in the D1-D2-Cyt b559 complex from spinach

The redox potential of cytochrome b559 (Cyt b559) in the D1-D2-Cyt b559 complex from spinach has been determined to be +90+/-2mV vs. SHE at pH 6.0, by thin-layer cell spectroelectrochemistry for the first time. The redox potential, corresponding uniquely to the so-called "low-potential form", exhibited a sigmoidal pH-dependence from pH 4.0 to 9.0, ranging from +115 to +50mV. An analysis of the pH-dependence based on model equations suggests that two histidine residues coordinating to the heme iron in the protein subunits may exert electrostatic influence on the redox potential of Cyt b559.     

Fluorescence Decaying Kinetics and Photodamage of Quinone-Reconstituted D1/D2/Cytochrome b559 Complex

Photosystem Ⅱ reaction center D1/D2/Cytochrome b559 complex loses its bound secondary electron acceptor QA and QB during isolation and purification. The artificial plastoquinone can reconstitute with the complex. The reconstitution of decyl-plastoquinone (DPQ) with D1/D2/Cytochrome b559 complex results in a decrease of the fraction of the two long lived fluorescence decay components (24 ns and 73 ns) coupled with photochemical activities to the total fluorescence yields, as well as a decrease of the total fluorescence intensity and a blue-shift of maximum emission wavelength. These results suggest that as the electron acceptor of reduced Pheo, DPQ restricts the charge recombination of P680+ Pheo-, and the two long lived fluorescence decay components (24 ns and 73 ns) come from the recombination. Although DPQ reconstitution has little effect on the susceptibility of Chi a to photodamage, β-carotene can easily be photodamaged after DPQ reconstitution. This is probably related to the physiological function of β-carotene.     

Geographical Variation in the Characteristics of Absorption Spectra and Fluorescence Spectra of Pinus armandi

By measuring the derivative absorption spectra of chloroplasts of different populations of Pinus armandi Franch., it was found that southern populations maintained higher absorption at 680 nm than at 670 nm, but some of the northern populations deviated the maximum absorption from 680 nm to 670 nm, which indicated that the activity of PS Ⅱ in some of the northern populations declined. Clear geographical differences also have been found in the positions of emission peaks of PS Ⅰ and PS Ⅱ in the fluorescence emission spectra at 77 K. Analysis of the fluorescence excitation spectra at 77 K revealed geographical changes in the absorption.status of Chl a. Besides, the experimental results indicated that the intact needles of Pinus armandi are not ideal materials to be used in detecting the geographical variation in photochemical reaction process because the presence of thicker coat, resin etc. can conceal the spectral differences in different populations.     

Characterisation of a PS II reaction centre isolated from the chloroplasts of Pisum sativum

A photosystem II reaction centre has been isolated from peas and found to consist of D1, D2 polypeptides and the apoproteins of cytochrome b-559, being similar to that reported for spinach by Nanba and Satoh [(1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 109–112]. The complex binds chlorophyll a, pheophytin and the haem of cytochrome b-559 in an approximate ratio of 4:2:1 and also contains about one molecule of β-carotene. It binds no plastoquinone-9 or manganese but does contain at least one non-haem iron. In addition to a light-induced signal due to Pheo⁻ seen under reducing conditions, a light-induced P680⁺ signal is seen when the reaction centre is incubated with silicomolybdate. In the presence of diphenylcarbazide, the P680⁺ signal is partially inhibited and net electron flow to silicomolybdate occurs. This net electron flow is insensitive to o-phenanthroline, 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea and 2-(3-chloro-4-trifluoromethyl)anilino-3,5-dinitrothiophene but is inhibited by proteolysis with trypsin and by other treatments. Fluorescence, from the complex, peaks at 682 nm at room temperature and at 685 nm at 77 K. This emission is significantly quenched when either the P680⁺Pheo or P680Pheo⁻ states are established indicating that the fluorescence emanates from the back reaction between P680⁺ and Pheo⁻.