Cyclic growth and activity of pancreatic enzymes in alevins of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus L.)

Growth and digestive enzymes were studied in alevins of Arctic charr raised on six commercial diets that differed in protein source and level. There were links between diet composition (protein quality), fish performance and proteolytic and amylase enzyme activities. Trypsin and amylase activities were up to 10-fold higher in charr fed high protein (65–70%) diets than in fish fed live feed. A depression of pancreaticenzyme activities was noticeable when charr were fed starter diets in which fish meal was partially replaced by soybean meal. Specific growth rates (SGR) showed a cyclic pattern during early ontogeny of charr and SGR was highly correlated with food conversion efficiency. Activities of pancreatic enzymes also demonstrated a cyclic pattern but the periodicities of the growth cycle (50.6 days) and those of the enzymes differed. We hypothesize that both photostimulation and feedback responses might be involved in pancreatic responses in fish, which result in cyclic growth patterns.     

Use of soybean flour (dehulled, solvent-extracted soybean) as a fish meal substitute in practical diets for African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822): growth, feed utilization and digestibility

Growth and digestibility trials were conducted using African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822): (1) to obtain apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) values for capelin fish meal, soybean flour and corn meal; (2) to formulate diets based on ADC values of the protein feedstuffs; and (3) to evaluate the effects of replacing 25%, 50% and 75% of fish meal in control diets with soybean flour on growth, feed utilization efficiency and carcass composition. Supplemental methionine was added to the diet formulation in which soybean flour replaced 75% of the diet. Diets were formulated (400 g digestible protein kg⁻¹ and 15 kJ digestible energy g⁻¹ dry diet) and fed to catfish fingerlings (13.1 ± 0.5 g) to apparent satiation twice daily for 70 days. The protein and energy digestibilities of fish meal and soybean flour were high (>90% and >80%, respectively; P < 0.05). At 75% fish meal replacement with soybean flour (without methionine supplementation), growth and feed utilization efficiency indicators were depressed compared with other diet treatments which had a similar (P > 0.05) growth and feed utilization efficiency to those fed the control diet. The carcass compositions of catfish in all diets were similar (P > 0.05) and the liver histology of catfish fed any of the diets showed no alterations. The results obtained indicate that 50% of fish meal protein in practical catfish diets can be replaced with soybean flour and that catfish can effectively utilize supplemental methionine, thereby allowing up to 75% of the dietary fish meal protein to be replaced by soybean flour.     

Potential use of high levels of vegetal proteins in diets for market-sized gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata)

The effect of partial or total dietary substitution of fishmeal (FM) by vegetal protein sources on growth and feed efficiency was carried out in on-growing gilthead sea bream (mean initial weight 131 g). The Control diet (FM 100) contained FM as the primary protein source, while in Diets FM 25 and FM 0 the FM protein was replaced at 75% and 100%, respectively, by a vegetable protein mixture consisting of wheat gluten, soybean meal, rapeseed meal and crystalline amino acids. Diets FM 25 and FM 0 also contained krill meal at 47 g/kg in order to improve palatability. At the end of the trial (after 158 d), fish survival was above 90%. Final weight and the specific growth rate were statistically lower in fish fed the Control diet (361 g and 0.64%/d), compared with 390–396 g and 0.69–0.70%/d after feeding vegetal diets. No significant differences were found regarding feed intake and feed conversion ratio. The digestibility of protein and amino acids (determined with chromium oxide as indicator) was similar in all diets. The blood parameters were not significantly affected by treatments. The activity of trypsin and pepsin was significantly reduced after feeding Diet FM 0. In the distal intestine, the villi length in fish fed Diet FM 25 was significantly longer and the intestine of the fish fed the FM 100 diet showed a smaller number of goblet cells. In conclusion, a total FM substitution by a vegetal mix supplemented with synthetic amino acids in on-growing sea bream is feasible.     

不同添加方式植酸酶处理豆粕对牙鲆生长和饲料利用率的影响

以初始平均体重(2.02±0.02)g的牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)为实验对象,进行为期70d的摄食生长实验,研究不同添加方式的植酸酶对牙鲆生长和饲料利用的影响。在5000.0g豆粕中添加2.5g植酸酶,然后用产朊假丝酵母(Candidautilis)进行发酵预处理,得到植酸酶预处理豆粕。共制作4种等氮等能(粗蛋白49.7%、总能20.9kJ/g)饲料,对照饲料主要以鱼粉为蛋白源;在对照饲料的基础上,用豆粕蛋白替代45%的鱼粉蛋白配制成豆粕组饲料;在每千克豆粕组饲料中添加1000IU植酸酶,配制成植酸酶组饲料;用植酸酶预处理豆粕蛋白替代45%的鱼粉蛋白配制成植酸酶预处理豆粕组饲料。结果表明,与对照组相比较,用豆粕蛋白替代饲料中45%的鱼粉蛋白,若不添加植酸酶则显著降低牙鲆的特定生长率(P0.01)、饲料效率、蛋白质效率和氮贮积率(P0.05);直接添加植酸酶组、植酸酶预处理豆粕组牙鲆的特定生长率、饲料效率、蛋白质效率和氮贮积率与鱼粉对照组相比较没有出现显著差异(P0.05);与不添加植酸酶的豆粕组相比较,在含豆粕饲料中添加1000IU/kg饲料的植酸酶显著提高牙鲆的特定生长率(P0.01)、氮贮积率(P0.05)和磷贮积率(P0.01),显著降低氮排放率(P0.05)和磷排放率(P0.01),但饲料效率和蛋白质效率没有显著变化(P0.05);在豆粕中添加植酸酶进行发酵预处理,降低了豆粕中植酸含量,在饲料中添加植酸酶预处理豆粕显著提高牙鲆的特定生长率(P0.01)、饲料效率、蛋白质效率和氮贮积率(P0.05),显著降低氮(P0.05)、磷和钙的排放率(P0.01)。       

豆粕和土豆蛋白替代饲料中鱼粉对异育银鲫生长及能量收支的影响

利用全能量收支同步测定呼吸仪系统测定了三种不同蛋白源(鱼粉、豆粕、土豆蛋白)饲料对银鲫生长及能量收支各组分的影响。对照饲料全部以鱼粉为蛋白源,另两种饲料中30％的蛋白质分别来自豆粕和土豆蛋白。试验结果表明,银鲫对三种蛋白源的饲料的摄食率,食物转化效率均有显差异,以鱼粉组最高,豆粕其次,土豆蛋白最低。能量收支各组分也均有显差异,能量收支式如下：鱼粉88．1C=13．77F 2．95U 24．1G 41．8R 豆粕 102．3C=17．1F 2．8U 16．4G 55．4R土豆蛋白105．5C=14．9F 1．3U 14．4G 67．4R式中C、F、U、G、R分别代表摄食能、排粪能、排泄能、生长能、代谢能。     

Simultaneous inclusion of sorghum and cottonseed meal or millet in broiler diets: effects on performance and nutrient digestibility

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the use of sorghum, cottonseed meal and millet in broiler diets and their interaction when they are used simultaneously. In Experiment 1, a corn-soybean meal control diet was compared with eight experimental treatments based on low tannin sorghum (S30, S45 and S60), cottonseed meal (CM15, CM40) or both ingredients included in the same diet (S30/CM40, S45/CM25 and S60CM15). Results showed that BW gain was not affected by the inclusion of sorghum or cottonseed meal. However, feed intake tended to be affected by the cereal type with the highest values with sorghum-based diets. Feed conversion ratio increased (P<0.001) with sorghum-based diets compared with the control diet, whereas a combination of cottonseed meal and sorghum in the same diet did not affect the feed conversion ratio. Significant differences (P<0.001) were observed in apparent ileal digestibility (%) of protein and energy with the cottonseed meal and sorghum/cottonseed meal-based diets having lower protein and energy digestibility compared with corn-based diets. In Experiment 2, a control diet was compared with six diets in which corn was substituted at 60%, 80% or 100% by either sorghum or millet and other three diets with simultaneous inclusion of these two ingredients (S30/M30, S40/M40, S50/M50). Single or combined inclusion of sorghum and millet resulted in similar feed intake and growth performance as the control diet. Apparent ileal digestibility of protein and energy was higher with millet-based diets (P<0.001). Total tract digestibility of protein in sorghum and millet-based diets tended to decrease linearly with the increasing level of substitution. Sorghum-based diets resulted in lower total tract digestibility of fat compared with millet and sorghum/millet-based diets (P<0.001). Higher total tract digestibility of starch were obtained with the control diet and millet-based diets compared with the sorghum-based treatments. Results of the two experiments suggest that broiler growth performance was not affected by the dietary level of sorghum, millet or cottonseed meal. Nutrient digestion can, however, be affected by these feed ingredients.     

饲料中豆粕替代鱼粉蛋白对异育银鲫生长、代谢及免疫功能的影响

本实验评价了饲料中豆粕替代鱼粉蛋白后对异育银鲫的生长、饲料利用、氮代谢和鱼体免疫力等的影响。实验设计4种等氮等能的饲料,每种3个重复,分别以豆粕替代饲料中鱼粉蛋白的0%（对照,D1）、20%（D2）、80%（D3）和100%（D4）。实验在半循环水养殖系统持续16周,鱼的初重约2.32g,实验期间水温23－30℃。结果表明,随着饲料中豆粕含量的升高,摄食率显著升高(P＜0.05),特定生长率、饲料转化效率、蛋白沉积率和能量沉积率显著降低(P＜0.05);蛋白表观消化率显著升高,干物质和能量表观消化率则显著降低(P＜0.05);总氮摄入量、表观氮摄入量、粪氮排出量、非粪氮排泄量、总氮沉积率均随着饲料中豆粕含量的升高呈显著降低到的趋势(P< 0.05),生产每千克鱼的氮排放量则随着饲料中豆粕含量的升高显著升高(P< 0.05);血清葡萄糖和甘油三酯的含量显著升高,而胆固醇的含量显著降低(P＜0.05);血清的溶菌酶显著降低,超氧化物岐化酶逐渐升高(P＜0.05)。     

The effect of feeding expeller-pressed canola meal on growth performance and diet nutrient digestibility in weaned pigs

The effects of feeding increasing levels of expeller-pressed (EP) canola meal in substitution for soybean meal as an energy and amino acid source were evaluated in 240 weaned pigs with an initial body weight of 7.3 ± 0.6 kg. Five pelleted wheat-based diets containing 0, 50, 100, 150 or 200 g EP canola meal/kg were formulated to contain 10.0 MJ net energy (NE)/kg and 1.18 g standardised ileal digestible (SID) lysine/MJ NE and were fed for 4 wk starting 1 wk after weaning at 19 days of age. Expeller-pressed canola meal was added at the expense of soybean meal and the diets were balanced for NE using canola oil and for amino acids using crystalline lysine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan. Increasing inclusion of EP canola meal linearly reduced (P<0.001) the apparent total tract digestibility of energy, dry matter and crude protein and the digestible energy content of diets. From 0 to 28 days on trial, increasing inclusion of EP canola meal did not affect body weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency. In conclusion, up to 200 g EP canola meal/kg can replace soybean meal in diets formulated to equal NE and SID amino acid content and fed to nursery pigs starting 1 wk after weaning without reducing growth performance.     

饲料中不同含量豆粕对乌苏里拟鲿生长、体成分及表观消化率的影响

以初始体重(0.500.00) g的乌苏里拟鲿(Pseudobagrus ussuriensis)稚鱼为试验对象, 在室内进行为期8周的摄食生长实验, 研究饲料中豆粕替代鱼粉蛋白对乌苏里拟鲿生长、体成分及消化率的影响。以豆粕分别替代对照饲料(S0)中10%(S10)、20%(S20)、30%(S30)、40%(S40)、50%(S50)和60%(S60)的鱼粉蛋白, 另外,60%组添加0.3%蛋氨酸(SM60), 共配制8种等氮等能试验饲料。结果表明, 随着饲料中豆粕替代比例的增大,试验鱼的增重率、特定生长率和蛋白质效率均逐渐降低, 但10%40%替代组与对照组之间差异不显著(P0.05), S50和S60显著低于对照组(P0.05); 与S60组相比, SM60组增重率和特定生长率有所提高(P0.05),但显著低于0%40%替代组(P0.05); 饲料系数的变化规律与增重率的趋势正好相反; 当饲料中豆粕替代水平由0%增加到20%时, 乌苏里拟鲿的摄食率由3.22%提高到3.55%, 而后随着替代比例进一步增加, 摄食率逐渐降低, 但方差分析表明, 差异不显著。饲料中豆粕替代鱼粉对乌苏里拟鲿全鱼水分和灰分含量的影响不显著, 肌肉水分随着替代比例的升高而逐渐升高; 全鱼和肌肉粗蛋白含量随着替代比例的升高而逐渐降低, 其中, S60和SM60组显著低于其他组(P0.05); 随着替代比例的升高, 全鱼和肌肉粗脂肪呈现升高的趋势, S60和SM60组显著高于其他替代组(P0.05); 肥满度在各组间差异不显著(P0.05); 当豆粕替代鱼粉蛋白比例为60%时, 肝体比、脏体比指数显著高于其他组(P0.05), 而其他组间差异不显著(P0.05)。50%和60%替代组的蛋白质和干物质的表观消化率显著低于040%替代组(P0.05), 而040%替代组之间差异不显著(P0.05);随着豆粕替代比例由0升高到60%, 磷表观消化率由36.07% 升高到66.50%。在实验条件下, 豆粕替代乌苏里拟鲿饲料中40%鱼粉蛋白, 不会影响乌苏里拟鲿的生长和饲料利用, 而高比例替代对生长和鱼的健康有负面影响。     

Effects of expeller pressed camelina meal and/or canola meal on digestibility, performance and fatty acid composition of broiler chickens fed wheat-soybean meal-based diets

This experiment was conducted to compare the effects of graded levels of camelina meal and/or canola meal on digestibility, performance and fatty acid composition of broiler chickens. A total of 180-day-old male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to one of the six treatments. The control diet was based on wheat and soybean meal and contained 15% canola meal. The experimental diets contained 3%, 6%, 9%, 12% or 15% camelina meal added at the expense of canola meal. Chromic oxide (0.35%) was added to all diets as a digestibility marker. On the morning of day 22, birds were killed by cervical dislocation and their abdominal fat pad was obtained. The apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter and energy as well as nitrogen retention all declined linearly (p?相似文献   

Use of alternative protein sources for fishmeal replacement in the diet of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Part I: effects of poultry by-product meal and soybean meal on growth,feed utilization,and health

Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets [containing 54, 30, 15, 10, and 5% fishmeal crude-protein (CP), dry matter (DM) basis] were prepared by replacing fishmeal with poultry by-product meal plus soybean meal to feed juvenile largemouth bass (LMB, with an initial mean body weight of 4.9 g) for 8 weeks. All diets contained 54% CP and 13% lipids. There were four tanks of fish per treatment group (15 fish/tank). The fish were fed twice daily with the same feed intake (g/fish) in all the dietary groups. Results indicated that the inclusion of 15% fishmeal protein in the diet is sufficient for LMB growth. However, some of the fish that were fed diets containing ≤ 15% fishmeal CP had black skin syndrome (characterized by skin darkening and retinal degeneration, as well as intestinal and liver atrophies and structural abnormalities). The concentrations of taurine, methionine, threonine and histidine in serum were reduced (P < 0.05) in fish fed the diets containing 5, 10 and 15% fishmeal CP, compared with the 30 and 54% fishmeal CP diets. Interestingly, the concentrations of tyrosine and tryptophan in serum were higher in fish fed diets with ≤ 15% fishmeal CP than those in the 54% fishmeal CP group. These results indicated that 15% fishmeal CP in the diet containing poultry by-product meal and soybean meal was sufficient for the maximum growth and feed efficiency in LMB but inadequate for their intestinal, skin, eye, and liver health. A reduction in dietary methionine and taurine content and the possible presence of antinutritional factors in the fishmeal replacements diets containing high inclusion levels of soybean meal may contribute to black skin syndrome in LMB. We recommend that the diets of juvenile LMB contain 30% fishmeal CP (DM basis).

     

Effect of replacing different levels of dietary fishmeal with Jatropha curcas kernel meal on the development of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758)

The present trial tested the applicability of Jatropha curcas kernel meal (JKM) as a protein source in diets for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in terms of growth and body composition. Four diets were produced replacing 0% (Control), 50% (J50), 75% (J75) and 100% (J100) of fishmeal with JKM. In a fifth diet, 70% of fishmeal was replaced by JKM, and another 20% replaced by blood meal to minimize crystalline lysine addition. Body mass gain of fish fed the control diet was significantly higher than in all other treatments. However, specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were not significantly different between diets J50, J75 and the control. Fish fed the control diet had a lower body protein content, but higher body fat and energy content than fish fed the JKM‐based diets. An adaptation of fish fed diets J50, J75 and J100 could also be observed, as these diets showed worse FCR‐values over most of the first three quarters of the experiment and equal (or in the case of J75, even significantly better) FCR‐values over the final 2 weeks. Despite slightly slower growth, JKM should be further included in the search of alternative plant‐feedstuffs in diets for tilapia, as the growth observed here for up to 75% replacement of fishmeal was very promising.     

A performance test with five different strains of tench (Tinca tinca L.) under controlled warm water conditions

Growth performance tests were carried out with a total of five different strains of tench (Tinca tinca L.) originating from the Czech Republic (4) and Germany (1). Tench larvae and juveniles were reared in closed recirculating systems for 446 to 452 days, respectively. At the end of each test, the tench strains showed differences in performance, e.g. specific growth rates (SGR) from 2.13 to 2.52, feed conversion ratios (FCR) from 1.75 to 3.65 kg feed per kg weight gain, and survival rates from 64.4 to 81.0%. Thus, appropriate strain selection appears to have the potential to remarkably increase productivity of the species. The highest SGR was observed in the Vodnany 96 strain in the first trial and the best FCR in the Tabor strain in the second trial. However, the rearing conditions in the recirculating systems were not optimal for tench; many fish with deformed bones (head, fins, spine) were observed in all strains, particularly in the faster‐growing strains.     

饲料脂肪含量对两种规格的军曹鱼生长、体组成和血清生化指标的影响

实验旨在确定2种规格军曹鱼的脂肪需求, 同时探索不同含量的脂肪对2种规格军曹鱼体组成及血清生化指标的影响。以鱼粉、酪蛋白和豆粕为蛋白源, 鱼油为脂肪源, 通过添加不同配比的鱼油配制6种脂肪水平[5.27%、8.22%、10.81%、14.26%、17.32%和20.94% (占干重)]的等氮实验饲料。挑选(38.24±0.30) g (25尾/箱, 40 g规格)和(529.17±5.67) g (10尾/箱, 500 g规格)2种规格的军曹鱼, 置于浮式网箱(1.3 m×1.3 m×2.5 m)中每日饱食投喂2次, 分别进行10周和8周的摄食生长实验。结果表明:随着饲料脂肪含量的增加, 2种规格军曹鱼特定生长率(SGR)和饲料效率(FER)均先上升再下降, 而脏体比(VSI)与肥满度(CF)均显著升高(P<0.05)。另外, 随着饲料脂肪水平的增加, 40 g规格的军曹鱼肝体比(HSI)、鱼体、肝脏和肌肉脂肪含量均显著升高, 鱼体水分和蛋白含量显著下降(P<0.05), 而500 g规格的军曹鱼各处理之间未发现显著差异(P>0.05)。随着饲料脂肪水平的增加, 40 g规格的军曹鱼, 血清总甘油三酯(TG)、血清总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇(LDL-C)及血糖(Glu)含量显著增加(P<0.05), 而500 g规格的军曹鱼, 除血清TG在各处理之间呈现出显著差异外(P<0.05), 其余指标在各处理之间均未发现显著差异(P>0.05)。综上所述, 以SGR和FER为评价指标, 40 g左右规格的军曹鱼脂肪需求量为13.97%—14.16%, 500 g左右规格的军曹鱼脂肪需求量为13.18%—13.47%。     

Evaluation of sun-dried sardines as a protein supplement for Omani sheep

Indian oil sardines (Sardinella longiceps) were collected throughout a full year, sun-dried and their chemical composition was determined to evaluate their value as protein supplement for Omani sheep. A feeding trial was carried out with 30 Omani intact male sheep divided randomly into four groups. They were individually fed one of four experimental diets containing 50 g/kg soybean meal as a major source of protein or 50, 100 or 200 g/kg dried sardines as a main protein source. Daily feed intakes and bi-weekly body weights (BW) were recorded. At the end of the 63-day trial, animals were slaughtered and their carcasses dissected. The dried sardines varied in body weight, body measurements, and dry matter content and chemical components throughout the year. On average they contained 450–720 g/kg CP, 40–260 g/kg EE and 110–210 g/kg ash. Inclusion of dry sardines as a major protein source (up to 200 g/kg) did not negatively affect the performance of Omani sheep in terms of body weight gain, feed conversion ratio or carcass composition. However, feeding sardines at 200 g/kg level significantly (P < 0.05) reduced feed intake as percentage of body weight. This study indicated that solar dried sardines might be used at levels up to 100 g/kg in diets of Omani sheep without compromising their feedlot performance.     

Dietary inclusion of mussel meal enhances performance and improves feed and protein utilization in common sole (Solea solea,Linnaeus, 1758) juveniles

The present study was carried out to test different mussel meal (MM) dietary levels in combination with fishmeal (FM) on the growth performance, fatty acid composition and liver histology of common sole, Solea solea juveniles to highlight the growth potential of this species. Four isoproteic (53%) and isolipidic (11%) pelletized diets were formulated to contain graded levels of mussel meal, MM0 (0%), MM25 (25%), MM50 (50%) and MM75 (75%), up to 75%. Sole juveniles (initial individual mean body weight 13.1 ± 2.3 g, n = 840) were fed to satiation for 91 days. Seventy fish per tank (500‐L, 0.64 m² bottom surface) were reared in 12 tanks (3 tanks per treatment) at 20 ± 1°C. Diets containing MM (MM25, MM50 and MM75) gave a significantly higher specific growth rate (SGR, 1.27 ± 0.01, 1.38 ± 0.06 and 1.40 ± 0.05, respectively), higher feed intake and lower feed conversion rate (FCR, 1.09 ± 0.01, 1.00 ± 0.04 and 0.98 ± 0.02, respectively) when compared to the FM‐based diet (MM0, SGR, 0.98 ± 0.11, FCR, 1.52 ± 0.13). Carcass proximate composition was not influenced by dietary treatments, with the exception of the significantly lower lipid content in the MM75 group. Protein efficiency ratio (PER) and gross protein efficiency (GPE) were significantly improved by the mussel meal inclusion (PER, 1.29 ± 0.12, 1.76 ± 0.01, 1.89 ± 0.06, 1.95 ± 0.08; GPE, 25.29 ± 1.85, 33.38 ± 0.89, 35.96 ± 1.36, 36.59 ± 1.05 in MM0, MM25, MM50 and MM75, respectively). A significant decrease in the viscerosomatic index was observed in fish fed with MM50 and MM75 in comparison to MM0. The hepatosomatic index of fish fed with MM0 and MM25 was higher than that of fish fed with MM75, although the histological examination of liver parenchyma in all experimental groups showed a uniformly abundant accumulation of lipid droplets. Carcass fatty acid composition was significantly affected by dietary treatments, reflecting the dietary fatty acid profile. According to these results, the inclusion of MM in experimental FM‐based diets improved the performance and feed utilization of common sole juveniles. The inclusion of MM in the present trial allowed a higher SGR than that registered in previous growth trials on common sole. This study could provide useful information to detect effective ingredients for practical diets in Solea solea. It also seems advisable to consider an inclusion of at least 25% MM in the experimental reference diet to be used for further application towards the development of specific diets for this species.     

The red alga Porphyra dioica as a fish-feed ingredient for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): effects on growth, feed efficiency, and carcass composition

Porphyra dioica meal was added at levels of 5, 10 and 15% to a diet for rainbow trout formulated to be isonitrogenous and isolipidic. The control diet was a commercial trout diet without seaweed meal. The experimental groups were fed in triplicate for 12.5 weeks, during which fish weight increased on average from 107–261 g. Seaweed meal inclusion did not affect significantly weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency (FE), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and apparent digestibility coefficient of the dry matter (ADC_dm) for any of the diets. Voluntary feed intake (VFI) increased for all seaweed diets compared to the control diet but not significantly (P?>?0.05). Final weight (FW) was significantly smaller for the 15% P. dioica inclusion and hepatosomatic index (HSI) for the 10% and 15% inclusion. Carcass protein content increased for all three experimental diets, and was significantly higher for the diet with 10% seaweed inclusion. Rainbow trout fed with Porphyra meal presented a dark orange pigmentation of the flesh at the end of the trial, compared to the whitish color from the control fish. These results suggest that P. dioica can effectively be included in diets for rainbow trout up to 10% without significant negative effects on weight gain and growth performance. The pigmentation effect of the fish flesh by adding P. dioica meal to the feed is of a considerable interest to the organic salmon-farming industry.     

大豆分离蛋白替代鱼粉对虹鳟生长性能及氮磷排泄的影响(英文)

以体重为(4.86±0.02)g的虹鳟稚鱼为实验对象,在室内循环水养殖系统中进行为期90d的生长实验。用1000 U/kg植酸酶预处理大豆分离蛋白,然后以预处理的大豆分离蛋白(Soy protein isolate,SPI)分别替代0、20%、40%、60%、80%和100%的鱼粉蛋白,配制成6种等氮(粗蛋白为44.97%)、等能(粗脂肪为13.42%)的饲料,以评估饲料中鱼粉替代量对虹鳟生长、体组成、消化率及氮磷排泄的影响。90d的养殖实验结果表明,大豆分离蛋白替代鱼粉对虹鳟生长性能和饲料利用率产生显著的影响(P<0.05)。当大豆蛋白替代水平由0增加到40%时,虹鳟的特定生长率(SGR)显著提高,随着饲料中SPI替代水平由40%增加到100%时,虹鳟的SGR显著降低(P<0.05),在S0、S20和S60试验组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。增重率(WGR)和蛋白质效率(PER)分别在处理组之间的差异关系与特定生长率(SGR)在各组之间的变化趋势相类似;当大豆蛋白分别替代40%时,其饲料系数(FCR)显著低于其他替代组(P<0.05),当替代量超过40%后,随着替代水平的增加,FCR显著增加(P<0.05)。随着替代水平由0升高到100%,磷排泄显著降低,与之相反的是,磷沉积率显著升高。随着替代水平由0升高至40%,氮排泄逐渐降低,当替代水平由40%升高至100%,氮排泄逐渐升高,随着替代水平升高至40%,氮沉积率升高。试验证明,大豆分离蛋白替代量达到40%时,虹鳟的生长及饲料转化率达到最佳,而高比例的SPI对虹鳟的生长性能和饲料效率产生负面影响。     

Effects of extruded diet on the productive performance of weaning and post-weaned calves

Weaning and post-weaned calves were administered a fully-extruded (118°C, 20% humidity, 30 at.) diet, consisting of maize 25%, wheat 15%, soybean meal 21%, 79 TDN, and 17% CP. Compared with the same experimental diet in pellets (70°C, 8 at., control diet), fully-extruded feed resulted in statistically significant improvements in the productive performance of calves. Best results were obtained when administration of milk-replacer stopped. Thus, when calves were fed only the experimental diets, those on the fully-extruded diet showed a higher weight-gain (978 g/day vs. 838 g/day, P<0.01) and a lower feed conversion ratio (2.63 vs. 3.29, P<0.001) than control animals. These results suggest that the extrusion technology can be successfully applied to diets for post-weaned calves.     

Effects of alginates and sodium carrageenates mixed with soy proteins on the coefficient of protein efficiency

Male 21 d-old Wistar rats, were fed for 4 wk with diets containing casein or soybean proteins (10%) with 0.5, 1, 2 or 3% sodium alginate or sodium carrageenan or without any alginate or carrageenan. Daily protein intake and weight gain of casein-fed rats were not significantly different (P less than 0.05) from those of rats fed soybean meal with alginate, whatever the dose received. Rats fed 3% carrageenan in soybean meal had significantly higher feed intake than that of rats fed casein. At the levels studied, alginate had no effect on the Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER), but carrageenan did. The addition of increased quantities of carrageenan to soybean meal followed by heating the mixture led to a progressive and significant decrease in PER at all levels of carrageenan compared to casein feeding. The addition of 3% carrageenan to heated soybean meal, corresponding to 0.62% of meal diet, led to a significant decrease in PER. These results confirm the precipitating role of carrageenans on proteins.