ETHICAL DEBATE OVER ORGAN DONATION IN THE CONTEXT OF BRAIN DEATH

This study investigated what information about brain death was available from Google searches for five major religions. A substantial body of supporting research examining online behaviors shows that information seekers use Google as their preferred search engine and usually limit their search to entries on the first page. For each of the five religions in this study, Google listings reveal ethical controversy about organ donation in the context of brain death. These results suggest that family members who go online to find information about organ donation in the context of brain death would find information about ethical controversy in the first page of Google listings. Organ procurement agencies claim that all major world religions approve of organ donation and do not address the ethical controversy about organ donation in the context of brain death that is readily available online.     

浙江省献血员HGV和TTV感染情况的调查

应用逆转录套式聚合酶链反应(RT-Nested PCR)和半套式聚合酶链反应(Semi-nested PCR)分别检测来自浙江省3个地区165例献血员血清标本中的庚型肝炎病毒(HGV)RNA和输血传播性病毒(TTV)DNA.14.6%(24/165)和12.7%(21/165)的血清标本分别检出HGV RNA和TTV DNA,其中3.6%的血清标本(6/165)可同时检出HGV RNA和TTV DNA.实验结果表明,浙江省献血员中HGV和TTV的感染率较高.     

莲花(Nelumbo nucifera)雌性器官变态的初步观察

莲花雄蕊的瓣化致使产生了很多重瓣或半重瓣的品种,而雌蕊的变态则使花朵呈“台阁”状花态。这些性器官的变态,不仅在育种上有实用的价值,可以选育各种特异花型的品种;而且在遗传性变异的基础研究方面也有意义。本文根据在美国加州Modesto市中国文化中心莲园夏播莲花实生苗当年开花植株的观察,初次报道莲花雌性器官的变态现象。雌性器官变态,系指心皮的变态和花托的不同程度退化或消失。作者根据心皮与花托的形态发育状况将其分为六个等级。有关这些性状变异的细胞学基础,尚待进一步研究。     

脊椎动物松果器官的形态结构比较和演化初探

对脊椎动物６个纲中日本七鳃鳗、鲫鱼、黑斑蛙、丽斑麻蜥、家鸽和高原鼠兔等几种动物松果器官的形态结构进行了观察和比较,并对其演化作了初步探讨。脊椎动物的松果器官分为二大类,一类为变温动物的松果器官,由副松果体和松果体构成,其中副松果体是一个典型的光感受器,松果体亦主要具有感光的结构。另一类为恒温动物的松果器官,仅包含松果体,无副松果体,其结构主要具有内分泌腺的特征。在系统演化中,后一类松果器官可能是由前一类演变来的。从演化揭示：最早脊椎动物的松果眼是２个。哺乳动物的松果腺是由一种光感受器演变来的。     

ARGUMENTS AGAINST PROMOTING ORGAN TRANSPLANTS FROM BRAIN‐DEAD DONORS,AND VIEWS OF CONTEMPORARY JAPANESE ON LIFE AND DEATH

As of 2009, the number of donors in Japan is the lowest among developed countries. On July 13, 2009, Japan's Organ Transplant Law was revised for the first time in 12 years. The revised and old laws differ greatly on four primary points: the definition of death, age requirements for donors, requirements for brain‐death determination and organ extraction, and the appropriateness of priority transplants for relatives. In the four months of deliberations in the National Diet before the new law was established, various arguments regarding brain death and organ transplantation were offered. An amazing variety of opinions continue to be offered, even after more than 40 years have elapsed since the first heart organ transplant in Japan. Some are of the opinion that with the passage of the revised law, Japan will finally become capable of performing transplants according to global standards. Contrarily, there are assertions that organ transplants from brain‐dead donors are unacceptable because they result in organs being taken from living human beings. Considering the current conditions, we will organize and introduce the arguments for and against organ transplants from brain‐dead donors in contemporary Japan. Subsequently, we will discuss the primary arguments against organ transplants from brain‐dead donors from the perspective of contemporary Japanese views on life and death. After introducing the recent view that brain death should not be regarded as equivalent to the death of a human being, we would like to probe the deeply‐rooted views on life and death upon which it is based.     

我国某些苏铁类生殖器官化石的发现兼论苏铁类起源

本文对苏铁类化石的系统分类作了概要的介绍。重点报道了笔者在近廿年来所采集的苏铁类生殖器官化石,特别是中晚石炭世的一枚苏铁大孢子叶化石的发现,将苏铁类起源的时间大大地推前了,并指出其起源地应在中国西北的甘肃地区。所有这些生殖器官的发现将推动苏铁化石生殖生物学的发展,对其起源、分布、演化和苏铁植物区系的形成和发展提供了极为重要的材料。     

中国鲀形目鱼类嗅觉器官类型的研究

嗅觉器官是鱼类的一种重要感觉器官,它感受由化学而引起的刺激。各种鱼类的感觉器官是十分不同的,不少学者研究了它的构造及其生理机能。以往对鲀形目鱼的嗅觉器官构造的研究报道甚少,大多注意了它的外鼻孔的形态变化,仅在少数文章(Hora,1975)提到鲀形目鱼的嗅觉器官极不发达。为了弄清它的构造特点,解剖观察了中国鲀形目代表性种类的嗅觉器官,对它们的构造特征进行了比较研究,发现它们在各不同分类阶元有独特的构造。     

三肽囊素(bursin)的鸡、鸭免疫器官组织学定位特征分析(简报)

三肽囊素(bursin)是法氏囊组织提取物中一种非常重要的活性因子,由Audhya T.等在1986年首次报道。近十几年,有关三肽囊素的研究取得了较大的进展,涉及对三肽囊素的生物学活性、组织学定位、功能机制及其应用前景。本研究分别探索了三肽囊素在鸡、鸭免疫器官中的定位,并对其特征进行分析,以期更深入理解三肽囊素的存在及其生物学意义。鸡用近交系(CB系),由12、14及20日龄胚、新生雏、1—9周龄鸡,采集法氏囊、法氏囊T细胞区、胸腺、哈德氏腺、脾脏及骨髓。鸭用北京鸭,由新生     

水稻器官干物质运转特性的因子分析

本文对33个水稻品种（组合）5个器官的干物质转运率和移动率（共10个性状）进行了因子分析,结果表明,5个器官的干物质运转特性均可自成主因子,均具有重要作用,主因子1为茎杆运转因子,主因子2为叶片运转因子,主因子3为功能叶片运转因子,主因子4为功能叶外其它叶片运转因子,主因子5为叶鞘运转因子．除主因子1具有较大的方差贡献外,其余主因子方差贡献接近．杂交F1比常规品种具有更大的主因子l得分,部分常规品种也具有较高的主因子l得分,可作为亲本加以利用．     

试谈禾本科植物生殖器官主要性状的分类价值及其适用等级

生殖器官性状一直是禾本科植物分类的主要依据,但由于各个性状所附实体的形态特点、着生位置、发育程度和环境饰变的差异,其分类价值是不尽相同的。为了克服该类性状使用上的种种弊病,本文特对主要宏观性状的分类价值进行了评述,总结了它们在应用中各自适宜的等级范围。其中象花序的类型、小穗的着生、小花和果实的形状等价值较高,通常适合于族级以上类群的划分;花序的形状、小穗的排列、果实的类型等价值偏低,通常适合于属、种级类群的区分;而花序的长短与粗细、小穗轴、内稃等价值较低,通常适合于种级或种级之下类群的鉴分。     

THE EUPYRENE-APYRENE DICHOTOMOUS SPERMATOGENESIS OF LEPIDOPTERA. ORGAN CULTURE STUDY ON THE TIMING OF APYRENE COMMITMENT IN THE CODLING MOTH

Lepidopteran spermatogenesis is dichotomous, producing eupyrene (nucleated) and apyrene (anucleated) spermatozoa. The eupyrene precedes the apyrene spermatogenesis. The timing of the switchover from eupyrene to apyrene spermatogenesis was determined by cultivating testes of accurately aged codling moth larvae in a medium containing mammalian serum but neither hemolymph nor insect hormones. In cultures, eupyrene spermatogenesis occurred in testes dissected from either 4th or 5th instar larvae, probably due to macromolecular factor-like activity of the serum of the medium. But apyrene spermatogenesis occurred only in testes explanted during or after the fourth day of the 5th instar larva. It is concluded that: (1) An apyrene spermatogenesis inducing factor (ASIF) becomes active on the fourth day of the 5th instar larva in addition to the already existing macromolecular factor. (2) Primary spermatocytes can develop into either eupyrene or apyrene spermatozoa. (3) The apyrene spermatogenesis commitment and pupal commitment of other tissues coincide about the fourth day of the 5th instar larva.     

草鱼肾脏和脾脏血细胞发育过程的观察

鱼类肾脏、脾脏是机体造血的主要器官。印迹涂片显示:草鱼肾脏和脾脏内血细胞的发育过程大致经历了三个阶段,即原始阶段、幼稚阶段、成熟阶段。本文着重描述了各阶段细胞的形态特征井对草鱼血细胞的发育及命名等问题作了初步的探讨。       

人外周血淋巴细胞酶超微结构定位与活性研究

应用电镜酶细胞化学方法研究了人外周血淋巴细胞ＡＴＰ酶、Ｇ６Ｐ酶、５′ＮＤ酶的超微结构定位与活性。结果：１ＡＴＰ酶主要定位在淋巴细胞膜下方,在内质网及线粒体等膜相结构也见到此酶的分布。Ｇ６Ｐ酶主要定位在内质网、线粒体等膜相结构。５′ＮＤ酶主要定位在细胞膜外表面。三种酶定位准确,颗粒清晰。２此结果与我们对人体淋巴结淋巴细胞酶超微结构定位结果相同。结果提示应用电镜酶细胞化学方法可以检测人外周血淋巴细胞酶活性变化,对于判定免疫细胞功能状态,具有一定意义。     

急、慢性缺氧对大鼠凝血机能的影响

本文讨论了实验性缺氧对大鼠凝血机能产生的影响。实验结果表明,大鼠在模拟8000米高度两小时后,血小板凝聚性、血小板因子3活性明显增加,纤溶活性下降,同时,纤维蛋白原含量和因子X也明显下降。大鼠在模拟7000米经36天间歇性慢性缺氧,血小板计数、血小板凝聚性,血小板因子3活性、纤维蛋白原含量、因子X活性均显著增加,部分凝血活酶时间缩短、纤溶活性下降,明显地出现凝血增强的趋势。本文还讨论了抗缺氧药物复方党参、异叶青兰对人鼠急性缺氧时凝血机能的影响。     

电刺激与高渗盐水注入室旁核对血压的影响及其机制的初步探讨

本工作观察电刺激和微量高渗盐水注入室旁核(PVN)对蓝斑(LC)单位放电和血压的影响,以及阻断LC内精氨酸加压素(AVP)受体时PVN升压反应的变化,从而探讨PVN下行活动对LC单位放电的调制作用和LC在PVN调节血压过程中的地位。结果发现:(1)电刺激PVN使多数LC自发放电单位放电频率增高,并伴血压升高;(2)微量高渗盐水注入PVN也获得同样效果;(3)多数对电刺激PVN产生兴奋反应的LC单位,对高渗盐水注入PVN也表现为兴奋;(4)预先在LC注入AVP桔抗剂,可部分降低电刺激和高渗盐水注入PVN所引起的升压效应。上述结果提示:PVN调节血压的作用部分是通过PVN下行活动对LC功能影响实现的,PVN下行活动主要引起LC自发放电单位放电频率增加,并提示这一兴奋效应可能是由AVP介导的。     

复方南瓜口服液对小鼠血糖,血脂影响的实验研究

复方南瓜(Cucurbita moschata)口服液对正常小鼠无降血糖作用,但能显著降低四氧嘧啶糖尿病小鼠血糖值;显著降低正常小鼠总胆固醇(TC)和甘油三酯(TG);显著降低高胆固醇血症小鼠血清TC,同时显著升高其高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)及其亚组分Ⅱ(HDL_2-C)水平,亚组分Ⅲ(HDL_3-C)无显著变化。     

急性低氧对大鼠血粘度,红细胞变形能力和左心室功能的影响

健康ＳＤ雄性大鼠,体重２５０—３００ｇ,麻醉、气管插管,用人工呼吸机经气袋供气,自发吸入氧浓度为９％的氧氮混合气,用ＳＭＵＰ－ＰＣ生物信号处理系统处理左心室功能。结果：（１）急性低氧经动脉血气分析可见ＰａＯ２下降（Ｐ＜０．０１）,ｐＨ值升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）,ＰａＣＯ２稍下降（Ｐ＞０．０５）,左心室功能各指标如ＬＶＰ,ＨＲ,Ｖｍｐ,±ｄｐ／ｄｔｍａｘ,Ｖｃｅ４０,Ｖｍａｘ,Ｌ０、等均下降;血液流变学指标如全血粘度（高、低切值及其还原值）升高,红细胞滤过指数（ＩＦ）升高;复氧后上述各指标恢复正常。（２）静脉注射心得安（０．５ｍｇ／Ｋｇ）后,使急性低氧诱发的左心室功能各指标更加明显下降,而血液流变学各值不再明显上升;静脉注射酚妥拉明（３ｍｇ／Ｋｇ）后,使急性低氧诱发的血液流变学各值上升不明显。（３）石炭酸破坏双侧颈动脉窦区后也可致低氧诱发的左心室功能各指标进一步下降,而血液流变学指标也不再明显上升。结果提示：急性低氧可引起左心室功能下降和全血粘度升高,红细胞变形能力降低,复氧后可恢复;交感神经活动及颈动脉窦区化学感受性反射可能对抗低氧诱发的左心室功能的下降,促进血粘度的升高。     

EFFECTS OF AEROBIC EXERCISE ON THE CIRCADIAN RHYTHM OF HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE

Although the effects of aerobic exercise on resting heart rate, heart rate variability, and blood pressure have been investigated, there are scant data on the effects of aerobic exercise on the circadian rhythm of such cardiovascular parameters. In this study, we investigated the effects of aerobic exercise on the 24?h rhythm of heart rate and ambulatory blood pressure in the morning, when cardiovascular events are more common. Thirty-five healthy young subjects were randomized to control and aerobic exercise groups. Subjects in the latter group participated in their respective exercise program for two months, while those in the former group did not exercise. Twenty-four-hour electrocardiogram and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring data were obtained at baseline and at the end of the exercise intervention. The control group showed no changes, while the aerobic exercise group showed a significant decrease in heart rate (73.7?±?6.6?bpm to 69.5?±?5.1?bpm, p?<?0.005) and sympathetic activity such as LF/HF ratio (2.0?±?0.7 to 1.8?±?0.6, p?<?0.05) throughout the 24?h period, particularly in the daytime. The decrease in the heart rate was most prominent in the morning. However, heart rate and LF/HF ratio showed no statistical changes during the night. No significant changes were observed in blood pressure. These findings suggest aerobic exercise exerts beneficial effects on the circadian rhythm of heart rate, especially in the morning. (Author correspondence: hshio@kobe-u.ac.jp)     

CONTINUING THE DEFINITION OF DEATH DEBATE: THE REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT'S COUNCIL ON BIOETHICS ON CONTROVERSIES IN THE DETERMINATION OF DEATH

The President's Council on Bioethics has recently released a report supportive of the continued use of brain death as a criterion for human death. The Council's conclusions were based on a conception of life that stressed external work as the fundamental marker of organismic life. With respect to human life, it is spontaneous respiration in particular that indicates an ability to interact with the external environment, and so indicates the presence of life. Conversely, irreversible apnoea marks an inability to carry out the necessary work of life, an inability which the Council considers an indicator of death. This conception has been conceived to circumvent criticisms of the previous model of loss of somatic integration, a model the Council admits that, in the presence of evidence of continuing functional integration in brain dead patients, was looking less than convincing. Nevertheless, by focusing on external work and ignoring the more essential work of integrative unity, the Council's conception of the nature of life is untenable, and of no assistance in supporting a relation of equivalence between the concepts of brain death and death. Consequently, the Council's conclusions do little to advance the definition of death debate, a potentially intractable debate that may necessitate the investigation of alternate ethical justifications for organ harvesting.     

中华须鳗嗅觉器官形态学观察

利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察了10尾不同体长中华须鳗嗅觉器官的结构.结果表明:中华须鳗嗅囊呈楔型;嗅囊膜和嗅囊腹面的透明膜共同围成嗅囊腔;嗅囊长径与眼径的平均比值为2.2倍;每侧嗅囊嗅板数变化范围在30～44之间;嗅板远轴端有一纤毛和嗅孔密集的舌状游离突;嗅板上皮纤毛密集,纤毛细胞表现为3种类型:纤毛感觉细胞、纤毛非感觉细胞和微绒毛感觉细胞;纤毛非感觉细胞和微绒毛细胞也出现在嗅囊壁.嗅板上大量的纤毛表明,中华须鳗嗅囊的水动力机制应属嗅板纤毛搅动型(isosmates).除观察到嗅囊壁表面有两种类型的微嵴外,还首次在嗅板上观察到一种呈荸荠状的杆状细胞.