Is the reassembly of an arid spider assemblage following fire deterministic?

Fire is a common disturbance in many ecosystems, including arid Australia. Understanding whether fauna respond in a deterministic manner towards a single end‐point, or to multiple states, is of crucial importance for conservation management. Why different taxa or assemblages display single or multiple end‐points is also important to develop a synthetic theory of succession. To examine the post‐fire changes in assemblages of spiders, we established a chronosequence study in spinifex habitat of central Western Australia. Ground‐active spiders were pitfall‐trapped over nine months in sites representing experimental fires (0 and 0.5 years post‐fire) and wildfires (3, 5, 8 and 20 years post‐fire). There were significant non‐linear changes in species richness, evenness and composition of spiders with increasing post‐fire age. For all three measures, the assemblage appeared highly deterministic, converging towards the long unburnt state. Similarity in richness, evenness and species composition to the 20‐year‐old sites all increased with increasing time since fire (3–8 years). However, experimentally burnt sites did not neatly fit this sequence. We consider two alternative hypotheses to explain this second trajectory: inertia within the system or the rapid migration and recolonization from nearby surrounding unburnt areas. Analyses indicated that half of the 179 species had significant preferences for, or were restricted to, particular post‐fire ages. This suggests that adequate pyrodiversity, both in terms of post‐fire ages and/or scale and intensity of fires, may be important for the conservation of spiders in this habitat. However, owing to the high number of singletons and low indicator values, the significance of this result for conservation management remains equivocal. Despite this, the high degree of determinism provides hope that managers can develop a good predictive understanding of post‐fire successional changes in spider assemblages in arid Australia.     

林窗干扰与森林群落演替

林窗干扰是影响森林群落演替的一个重要因素。该文从林窗干扰和森林群落演替理论及林窗对森林群落微环境、植物入侵和定居、群落结构、群落演替的影响等方面简要介绍了当前国内外有关林窗干扰与森林群落演替的研究现状和研究前景。     

放牧扰动下高寒草甸植物多样性、生产力对土壤养分条件变化的响应

为了揭示高寒小嵩草草甸群落在放牧扰动下,探讨土壤养分供给水平的变化对生态系统初级生产力和多样性影响,为高寒草地的退化演替机理研究提供依据,以野外样地调查和室内分析法研究了放牧扰动下高寒草甸植物多样性、生产力对土壤养分条件变化的响应.结果表明,放牧干扰不仅改变了高寒小蒿草草甸群落土壤根系和蕴育土壤根系的\"载体\"量及根土比例,改变了植物群落的结构和功能,而且使土壤的物理和化学特性发生了明显的改变.随着放牧强度的增加,蕴育土壤根系的基质量逐渐减少,根土比特别是0～10 cm土层的根土比例增加;\"载体\"量减少导致大部分地下根系由于营养供给水平的降低而死亡,归还土壤中有机质的数量逐渐减少,加之地上部分持续利用,土壤养分也在不断消耗,土壤基质量的减少和土壤资源持续供给能力的下降,草地发生逆向演替(退化),表现在:物种数减少、多样性下降、能量的分配转向地下等;土壤性状上的某些改变(土壤容重、土壤湿度等),也会引起植被组成、物种多样性变化;放牧主要通过影响土壤环境及其养分含量来改变草地群落生物量(地上、地下);土壤表面的适度干扰和原有植物的适度破坏为新成员提供了小生境,从而允许新的植物侵入群落,并提高了植物的丰富度.但是,在受到强度干扰时,草地植物群落的主要物种的优势地位发生明显的替代变化.     

Cost and benefit from shield cases in caddis larvae

The seasonal variation of the periphytic community attached to an artificial substratum (glass tubes) was studied during two different periods in a lagoon connected to the Paranapanema River, the main tributary of the Jurumirim Reservoir (São Paulo–Brazil). An analysis of dry weight, ash free dry weight, chlorophyll a, phaeophytin and primary productivity of periphyton was carried out. The first experiment lasted from August to December 1993, the second from February to June 1994. Tubes were removed after 7, 14, 21, 28, 60, 90 and 119 days of incubation. In the 1st experiment, the periphytic community reached a higher biomass after the 4th week of colonization (28th day), in the 2nd experiment after the 2nd week (14th day). This discrepancy is related to seasonal differences in environmental factors (water temperature, nutrients concentrations and water discharge) that determine initial colonization. After the first stages of colonization, the biomass and primary productivity of periphyton reached their maximum values after the 60th day of incubation. In both experiments, three developmental phases could be discerned. In the initial phase, an exponential growth was observed. In the second phase, the bioderm reached its maximum biomass and productivity. In the third phase, a decrease of biomass and productivity occurred.     

鼎湖山格木群落的生物量和光能利用效率

研究了鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林的生物量,发现其中格木（Ｅｒｙｔｈｒｏｐｈｌｅｕｍ ｆｏｒｄｉｉ）群落的生物量为５６８．１７２ｔ／ｈｍ＾２,叶面积指数为２７．８０２５ｍ＾２／ｍ＾２,均高于大面积分布的厚壳桂（Ｃｒｙｐｔｏｃａｒｙａ ｃｈｉｎｅｎｘｓｉｓ）群落。用红外线ＣＯ２气体分析法,分层测定了格木群落主要植物的光合速率和呼吸速度,计算了嫩落的生产力和光能利用率。结果表明,格木群落的总生产力为２７９     

荒漠土壤藻群落结构的原生演替

微生物结皮是荒漠化治理中新的热点之一,但其关键形成生物--微型藻类如何通过群落结构的变化向地衣结皮、藓类结皮转变的机理仍是未知的.本文以时空替代法,将沙坡头流沙,4、8、17、34及42龄结皮当作同一群落演替进程中的6个阶段,通过系统聚类、丰分量分析的方法首次对这一问题进行了研究,结果显示该地荒漠藻群落的原生演替朝着蓝藻总丰度和爪哇伪枝藻(Scytonema javanicum)丰度逐渐下降,纤细席藻(Phormidiumtenue)、绿藻、硅藻丰度逐渐增加的方向进行;多样性随群落演替的发展而增高;生物量在初期呈正向演替,后期随地衣、藓类的入侵逐渐下降;演替速度非常缓慢,高龄结皮中的优势种仍是建群种,只是优势度略有下降;水分、植被覆盖、地形、时间,土壤理化性质都影响演替途径和速度,特别是Mn含量对演替有重要的阈值作用.     

Seasonal succession,standing crop and determinants of primary productivity of the phytoplankton of Ministik Lake,Alberta, Canada

Ministik Lake (longitude 113°01; latitude 53°21), a well-mixed, shallow (mean depth 1.83 m), eutrophic lake is characterized by eutrophic chlorococcalean and cyanophycean phytoplankton associations, and little change in standing crop size with increasing depth. Standing crops and primary productivity are low during the winter but pronounced spring and late summer/early autumn maxima occur. Mean yearly areal standing crop (B) and primary productivity (A) were 199.2 mg m^–2 chlorophyll a and 319.5 mg C hr^–1 m^–2 respectively. Annual productivity was estimated at 1399,6 g C m^–2yr^–1. The mean increase in the extinction coefficient () per unit increase in standing crop (B) was 0.03 In units m^–1. High non-algal light attenuation (q) occurred averaging 46% which prevented the ratio B from attaining more than 74.2% of the theoretical maximum except once when selfshading occurred. Insignificant relationships existed between B (mg m^–3 chlorophyll a) and A_max (mg C hr^–1 m^–3), A and B and A and B. Close correlations existed between A and A_max/ and A and I₀ (W m^–2). The depth of the euphotic zone (Z_eu) varied between 0.6 and 2.0 m; the average relationship between z_eu and was z_eu = 3.78/_te, and the mean standing crop in the euphotic zone represented 58.3% of the theoritical maximum. The high _q values made the model of Talling (1957) inapplicable to this lake. The Q₁₀ value for the lake was 1.20. _max (mg C chlorophyll a ^–1 hr^–1) was closely related to both temperature and irradiance, and depressed by high pH values.Growth of the cyanophycean algae was correlated with temperature, chlorophycean algae with phosphate-phosphorus and temperature and the diatoms with dissolved silica and phosphate-phosphorus, but only in the case of Chaetoceros elmorii did any nutrient appear limiting. Indirect evidence that free CO₂ limited photosynthetic rates is provided by the _max:pH relationship.     

缙云山森林群落次生演替中土壤理化性质的动态变化

选择典型、有代表性的不同演替阶段群落,进行了植被调查和土壤分析.结果表明,土壤理化性质在演替方向和土壤剖面上表现出较强的规律.土壤有机质随植被从低级向高级演进逐渐积累,分别是19.5(X₁)、37.0(X²)、50.1(X₃)和71.6 g·kg^-1(X₄);土壤全N、碱解氮和速效钾等也呈上升趋势;土壤pH和盐基饱和度降低,阳离子交换量增加.在土壤剖面上,有机质、全N等指标表现出A＞B＞C层的趋势.灰色关联度分析表明,随着演替的进行,土壤肥力提高,物种丰富度和郁闭度也相应增加.不同群落土壤理化性质在不同季节有显著差异,但这种差异并不影响植物与土壤在大时间尺度下的演变方向.土壤理化性质的动态变化与植物演替相适应.     

Phylogenetic and functional dissimilarity does not increase during temporal heathland succession

Succession has been a focal point of ecological research for over a century, but thus far has been poorly explored through the lens of modern phylogenetic and trait-based approaches to community assembly. The vast majority of studies conducted to date have comprised static analyses where communities are observed at a single snapshot in time. Long-term datasets present a vantage point to compare established and emerging theoretical predictions on the phylogenetic and functional trajectory of communities through succession. We investigated within, and between, community measures of phylogenetic and functional diversity in a fire-prone heathland along a 21 year time series. Contrary to widely held expectations that increased competition through succession should inhibit the coexistence of species with high niche overlap, plots became more phylogenetically and functionally clustered with time since fire. There were significant directional shifts in individual traits through time indicating deterministic successional processes associated with changing abiotic and/or biotic conditions. However, relative to the observed temporal rate of taxonomic turnover, both phylogenetic and functional turnover were comparatively low, suggesting a degree of functional redundancy among close relatives. These results contribute to an emerging body of evidence indicating that limits to the similarity of coexisting species are rarely observed at fine spatial scales.     

Phylogenetic structure of angiosperm communities during tropical forest succession

The phylogenetic structure of ecological communities can shed light on assembly processes, but the focus of phylogenetic structure research thus far has been on mature ecosystems. Here, I present the first investigation of phylogenetic community structure during succession. In a replicated chronosequence of 30 sites in northeastern Costa Rica, I found strong phylogenetic overdispersion at multiple scales: species present at local sites were a non-random assemblage, more distantly related than chance would predict. Phylogenetic overdispersion was evident when comparing the species present at each site with the regional species pool, the species pool found in each age category to the regional pool or the species present at each site to the pool of species found in sites of that age category. Comparing stem size classes within each age category, I found that during early succession, phylogenetic overdispersion is strongest in small stems. Overdispersion strengthens and spreads into larger size classes as succession proceeds, corroborating an existing model of forest succession. This study is the first evidence that succession leaves a distinct signature in the phylogenetic structure of communities.     

荒漠土壤藻群落结构的原生演替

微生物结皮是荒漠化治理中新的热点之一,但其关键形成生物——微型藻类如何通过群落结构的变化向地衣结皮、藓类结皮转变的机理仍是未知的。本文以时空替代法,将沙坡头流沙,4、8、17、34及42龄结皮当作同一群落演替进程中的6个阶段,通过系统聚类、主分量分析的方法首次对这一问题进行了研究,结果显示该地荒漠藻群落的原牛演替朝着蓝藻总丰度和爪畦伪枝藻(Scytonema javanicum)丰度逐渐下降,纤细席藻(Phormidium tenue)、绿藻、硅藻丰度逐渐增加的方向进行;多样性随群落演替的发展而增高;生物量在初期呈正向演替,后期随地衣、藓类的入侵逐渐下降;演替速度非常缓慢,高龄结皮中的优势种仍是建群种,只是优势度略有下降;水分、植被覆盖、地形、时间,土壤理化性质都影响演替徐径和速度．特别是Mn含量对演替有重要的阈值作用。