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1.
Seasonal occurrence, breeding and migration records are presented for about 150 species of birds, monitored during a four years survey in an Amazonian savanna near Alter do Chão, Pará state, Brazil, by means of mist netting and observations along transects and on random walks. About half of the recorded species were Passeriformes. The local avifauna was mostly comprised of residents, with major breeding activities during the dry season, August through February. Thirteen non-resident species were classified as migrants which is considered a rather small fraction. Calculations of the total number of species expected to occur at the study site are presented. The composition of this savanna bird community is discussed under aspects of seasonality and migrational activity. The data are compared with records from other cerrado habitats in Amazonia and elsewhere, especially in Central Brazil. Resumo Registros de ocorrência sazonal, reprodução e migração são apresentados para cerca de 150 espécies de aves, monitoradas durante quatro anos de levantamentos em uma savana Amazônica perto de Alter do Chão, Estado do Pará, Brasil, através de redes ornitológicas, observaç[otilde]es ao longo de transectos e caminhadas ao acaso. Perto da metade das espécies registradas foram passeriformes. A avifauna local foi constituída principalmente de espécies residentes, com o pico de atividades reprodutivas durante a estação seca, ou seja 80% das espécies reproduzindo de Agosto até Fevereiro. Este padrão se repetiu em 1988 e 1989. Juvenis foram capturados durante todo o ano com picos durante a estação chuvosa. Treze espécies não residentes foram consideradas migrantes os quais são uma pequena fração da comunidade. Estimativas do número total esperado de espécies ocorrendo na área de estudo são apresentados. As capturas com redes ornitológicas em 4 ha resultaram em 41 espécies e para 13 ha, 64 espécies. Quando a área amostrada foi duplicada para 24 ha, o número de espécies aumentou em somente 4 e correspondeu à metade do total registrado para a área. O número assintótico estimado para 13 ha foi de 82 espécies o qual foi similar ao número estimado para 24 ha (80 espécies). A composição desta comunidade de aves de savana é discutida sob os aspectos de sasonalidade e atividades migratórias. Os resultados são comparados com registros de outros habitats de cerrado na Amazônia e outros locais especialmente no Brasil central. 相似文献
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Amphidoma is an old though poorly studied thecate dinophyte that has attracted attention recently as a potential producer of azaspiracids (AZA), a group of lipophilic phycotoxins. A new species, Amphidoma parvula, sp. nov. is described from the South Atlantic shelf of Argentina. With a Kofoidean thecal plate pattern Po, cp, X, 6′, 6′′, 6C, 5S, 6′′′, 2′′′′, the cultivated strain H-1E9 (from which the type material of Am. parvula, sp. nov. was prepared) shared the characteristic plate arrangement of Amphidoma each with six apical, precingular and postcingular plates. Amphidoma parvula, sp. nov. differs from other species of Amphidoma by a characteristic combination of small size (10.7–13.6 µm in length), ovoid shape, high length ratio between epitheca and hypotheca, and small length ratio between apical and precingular plates. Other morphological details, such as the number and arrangement of sulcal plates and the fine structure of the apical pore complex support the close relationship between Amphidoma and the other known genus of Amphidomataceae, Azadinium. However, Am. parvula, sp. nov. lacks a ventral pore, a characteristically structured pore found in all contemporary electron microscopy studies of Amphidoma and Azadinium. As inferred from liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, Am. parvula, sp. nov. did not produce AZA in measurable amounts. Molecular phylogenetics confirmed the systematic placement of Am. parvula, sp. nov. in Amphidoma (as sister species of Amphidoma languida) and the Amphidomataceae. The results of this study have improved the knowledge of Amphidomataceae biodiversity. 相似文献
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Pia Guadalupe Dominguez;Angela Veronica Gutierrez;Monica Irina Fass;Carla Valeria Filippi;Pablo Vera;Andrea Puebla;Raquel Alicia Defacio;Norma Beatriz Paniego;Veronica Viviana Lia; 《Evolutionary Applications》2024,17(12):e70047
Maize (Zea mays ssp. mays L.) landraces are traditional American crops with high genetic variability that conform a source of original alleles for conventional maize breeding. Northern Argentina, one the southernmost regions of traditional maize cultivation in the Americas, harbours around 57 races traditionally grown in two regions with contrasting environmental conditions, namely, the Andean mountains in the Northwest and the tropical grasslands and Atlantic Forest in the Northeast. These races encounter diverse threats to their genetic diversity and persistence in their regions of origin, with climate change standing out as one of the major challenges. In this work, we use genome-wide SNPs derived from ddRADseq to study the genetic diversity of individuals representing the five groups previously described for this area. This allowed us to distinguish two clearly differentiated gene pools, the highland northwestern maize (HNWA) and the floury northeastern maize (FNEA). Subsequently, we employed essential biodiversity variables at the genetic level, as proposed by the Group on Earth Observations Biodiversity Observation Network (GEO BON), to evaluate the conservation status of these two groups. This assessment encompassed genetic diversity (Pi), inbreeding coefficient (F) and effective population size (Ne). FNEA showed low Ne values and high F values, while HNWA showed low Ne values and low Pi values, indicating that further genetic erosion is imminent for these landraces. Outlier detection methods allowed identification of putative adaptive genomic regions, consistent with previously reported flowering-time loci and chromosomal regions displaying introgression from the teosinte Zea mays ssp. mexicana. Finally, species distribution models were obtained for two future climate scenarios, showing a notable reduction in the potential planting area of HNWA and a shift in the cultivation areas of FNEA. These results suggest that maize landraces from Northern Argentina may be unable to cope with climate change. Therefore, active conservation policies are advisable. 相似文献
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5.
J. J. Rosso E. Mabragaña M. González Castro J. M. Díaz de Astarloa 《Molecular ecology resources》2012,12(6):999-1011
The fish fauna of the Pampa Plain, the southernmost distribution range of many Neotropical species, was barcoded in this study. COI sequences were analysed by means of distance (K2P/NJ) and character‐based (ML) models, as well as the Barcode Index Number (BIN). K2P/NJ analysis was able to discriminate among all previously identified species while also revealing the likely occurrence of two cryptic species that were further supported by BIN and ML analyses. On the other hand, both BIN and ML were not able to discriminate between two species of Rineloricaria. Despite the small genetic divergence between A. cf. pampa and A. eigenmanniorum, a tight array of haplotypes was observed for each species in both the distance and character‐based methods. Deep intraspecific divergences were detected in Cnesterodon decemmaculatus (5%) and Salminus brasiliensis (6%). For Salminus brasiliensis, these findings were further supported by character‐based (ML) evidence and meristic and morphological data. Our results also showed that Pampa Plain representatives of Salminus brasiliensis, Rhamdia quelen, Hoplias malabaricus, Synbranchus marmoratus, Australoheros facetus, Oligosarcus jenynsii and Corydoras paleatus differed by more than 3% from their conspecifics from other parts of South America. Overall, this study was able to highlight the likely occurrence of a cryptic species in Salminus brasiliensis and also illustrate the strong geographical structure in the COI sequence composition of seven fish species from South America. 相似文献
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In this work, we update and increase knowledge on the severity and extent of threats affecting 57 populations of 46 amphibian species from Chile and Argentina in southern South America. We analyzed the intrinsic conservation problems that directly impact these populations. We shared a questionnaire among specialists on threats affecting target amphibian populations with information on i) range, ii) historical occurrence and abundance, iii) population trends, iv) local extinctions, v) threats, and vi) ongoing and necessary conservation/research. We assessed association patterns between reported threats and population trends using multiple correspondence analysis. Since 2010, 25 of 57 populations have declined, while 16 experienced local extinctions. These populations were affected by 81% of the threat categories analyzed, with those related to agricultural activities and/or habitat modifications being the most frequently reported. Invasive species, emerging diseases, and activities related to grazing, ranching, or farming were the threats most associated with population declines. Low connectivity was the most frequent intrinsic conservation problem affecting 68% of the target populations, followed by low population numbers, affecting 60%. Ongoing monitoring activity was conducted in 32 (56%) populations and was the most frequent research activity. Threat mitigation was reported in 27 (47%) populations and was the most frequent ongoing management activity. We found that habitat management is ongoing in 5 (9%) populations. At least 44% of the amphibian populations surveyed in Chile and Argentina are declining. More information related to the effect of management actions to restore habitats, recover populations, and eliminate threats such as invasive species is urgently needed to reverse the conservation crisis facing amphibians in this Neotropical region. 相似文献
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DANIEL SIMBERLOFF MARTIN A. NUÑEZ NICHOLAS J. LEDGARD ANIBAL PAUCHARD DAVID M. RICHARDSON MAURO SARASOLA BRIAN W. VAN WILGEN SERGIO M. ZALBA RAFAEL D. ZENNI RAMIRO BUSTAMANTE EDUARDO PEÑA SILVIA R. ZILLER 《Austral ecology》2010,35(5):489-504
The history of conifers introduced earlier elsewhere in the southern hemisphere suggests that recent invasions in Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay are likely to increase in number and size. In South Africa, New Zealand and Australia, early ornamental introductions and small forestry plantations did not lead to large‐scale invasions, while subsequent large plantations were followed with a lag of about 20–30 years by troublesome invasions. Large‐scale conifer plantation forestry in South America began about 50–80 years later than in South Africa, Australia and New Zealand, while reports of invasions in South America lagged behind those in the latter nations by a century. Impacts of invading non‐native conifers outside South America are varied and include replacement of grassland and shrubland by conifer forest, alteration of fire and hydrological regimes, modification of soil nutrients, and changes in aboveground and belowground biotic communities. Several of these effects have already been detected in various parts of South America undergoing conifer invasion. The sheer amount of area planted in conifers is already very large in Chile and growing rapidly in Argentina and Brazil. This mass of reproductive trees, in turn, produces an enormous propagule pressure that may accelerate ongoing invasions and spark new ones at an increasing rate. Regulations to control conifer invasions, including measures to mitigate spread, were belatedly implemented in New Zealand and South Africa, as well as in certain Australian states, inspired by observations on invasions in those nations. Regulations in South America are weaker and piecemeal, but the existing research base on conifer invasions elsewhere could be useful in fashioning effective regulations in South America. Pressure from foreign customers in South Africa has led most companies there to seek certification through the Forestry Stewardship Council; a similar programme operates in Australia. Such an approach may be promising in South America. 相似文献
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Kristina Cockle Gabriel Capuzzi Alejandro Bodrati Rob Clay Hugo del Castillo Myriam Velázquez Juan I. Areta Nestor Fariña Rodrigo Fariña 《Journal of Field Ornithology》2007,78(1):21-39
ABSTRACT. Vinaceous Amazons ( Amazona vinacea ) are endemic to the Atlantic forest of southeastern Brazil, eastern Paraguay, and the province of Misiones in Argentina. We searched for Vinaceous Amazons throughout the western part of its range in Argentina and Paraguay during 1639 days of fieldwork from 1997 to 2006. These parrots have disappeared from most areas where they were historically recorded in these countries, and are now limited to a few sites in northeastern Paraguay and central Misiones (Argentina). We estimate the minimum remaining populations at 220 individuals in Paraguay and 203 individuals in Argentina. Important sites for the species are (1) the farming area from San Pedro to Tobuna (Misiones, Argentina) and (2) the Itaipú reserves complex and Reserva Natural Privada Itabó (Paraguay). In our surveys, Vinaceous Amazons were absent from the largest tracts of forest in Misiones, and were most often observed feeding, roosting, and nesting in small forest remnants and in agricultural areas that included forest fragments and isolated trees. Threats to amazons in these areas include nest poaching, forest clearing, and being shot as a crop pest. We confirmed 40 Vinaceous Amazons kept as pets in 35 homes between San Pedro and Tobuna. Environmental education and law enforcement are urgently needed to reduce threats in populated areas, and subsistence farmers need technical and logistical support to slow or stop the conversion of forest into cropland. Finally, additional study is needed to determine this amazon's habitat preferences, nest site requirements, and demography in different habitats. 相似文献
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Expansion of the nature conservation estate in northeastern New South Wales, Australia, has captured weed‐infested timber plantations amid a mosaic of high conservation value lands. We adopted a state‐and‐transition approach to test the hypothesis that restoration barriers restrict the natural regeneration of native species in Eucalyptus grandis plantations infested by Lantana camara in Bongil Bongil National Park, New South Wales. Plantation tree thinning and weed control were applied in factorial combination at three sites (totaling to 4.5 ha). Topsoil chemistry responses to these interventions were attributable to the “ash bed” effect, with temporary increases in topsoil pHW and nitrate, particularly where canopy reduction was greatest. Other soil changes were minor, indicating that thinning and burning did not risk soil degradation. Plant species richness and functional group representation in the regenerating understorey were improved by the interventions. Regeneration of native potential canopy trees, understorey trees, shrubs and woody climbers, and perennial forbs all increased with canopy retention. Grass cover dominated the regeneration where canopy cover was less than 50%. In the absence of weed control, the cover of introduced shrubs increased with reduction in canopy cover, as did the rate of understorey regeneration generally. These responses indicate that thinning and weed control can reinstate succession, leading to structurally and compositionally diverse forest. Given the abundance of native woody regeneration under retained canopy, the lantana understorey was more important in inhibiting native regeneration. The experimental approach will promote efficient use of resources across the remaining 200 ha of low conservation value plantations in this national park. 相似文献
10.
为了查清地表蚂蚁在萨王纳地区人工植被恢复过程中的指示作用,采用陷阱法调查了云南省萨王纳地区人工林和自然植被地表蚂蚁多样性。(1)群落物种组成:采集蚂蚁40467头,隶属于5亚科19属47种。扁平虹臭蚁Iridomyrmes anceps是保护较好自然植被的常见种;而迈氏小家蚁Monomorium mayri是干扰较大的自然植被及多数人工林的常见种。(2)多度和α多样性:在人工林中,印楝林地表蚂蚁群落多度和α多样性最高,桉树林次之,新银合欢林最低。(3)群落相似性及β多样性:印楝林地表蚂蚁群落与自然植被灌草丛较接近,而其它人工林蚂蚁物种组成不相似;新银合欢林β多样性最高,βCs值在0.481—0.935;印楝林较低,βCs值在0.200—0.478。(4)相关性分析:地表蚂蚁群落物种丰富度S值及ACE值和草本植物群落S值及ACE值均正相关。印楝林和桉树林具有较高的α多样性,在当地生物多样性保护中具有积极意义;而新银合欢林是生境极度退化区域的重要植被恢复模式之一,这3种人工林对于萨王纳地区植被恢复具有重要作用。蚂蚁群落α多样性能够作为生物多样性的指示物,指示云南萨王纳地区植被恢复中生物多样性的状况。 相似文献
11.
斑块状造林是当前国内营建人工林的主要方式之一, 在林内不同斑块间形成了大量的边缘环境。为探究人工林斑块间边缘效应的生物多样性特点, 本文基于北京平原造林中的毛白杨(Populus tomentosa)林-国槐(Styphnolobium japonicum)林、国槐林-栾树(Koelreuteria paniculata)林、栾树林-桧柏(Juniperus chinensis)林、旱柳(Salix matsudana)林-杜仲(Eucommia ulmoides)林4种树种组合, 选择与植物具有营养关系的蛾类为研究对象, 采用非度量多维尺度(NMDS)排序、Anosim分析、物种多样性指数等对蛾类数量、物种组成与多样性进行分析; 并基于林下植被特征因子调查, 使用Pearson相关性分析探讨了植被特征因子与蛾类群落特征的关系。结果表明: 本研究共采集到蛾类4,428只, 分属于24科144种。(1)斑块边缘的蛾类物种组成与斑块内存在差异, 边缘独有种比例占所在样地组合物种数的13.59%-18.32%。(2)边缘物种多样性指数多为相邻斑块中间值或略高于斑块内; 旱柳林-杜仲林边缘的Simpson指数显著高于杜仲林斑块, Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数显著高于旱柳林斑块, Pielou均匀度指数显著低于杜仲林斑块。(3)蛾类Simpson指数与植被的平均高度和平均盖度呈显著负相关关系; 而蛾类物种数与植被的平均高度和平均盖度呈显著正相关关系。(4) 4种边缘类型的边缘效应均呈正效应(IH′ >1), 其中旱柳林-杜仲林边缘的边缘效应强度最低(IC = 0.915185808)。斑块状人工林的边缘中存在对生境变化产生响应的蛾类类群, 这是斑块状人工林生物多样性提高的基础。不同树种组合斑块的边缘效应所呈现的生物多样性特点不同, 可能存在优势物种暴发的风险。本研究可为后续造林及林分管理提供指导意见。 相似文献
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Raphael K. Didham 《Biotropica》2011,43(4):393-395
Conservation management has undergone a dramatic paradigm shift from the strong ‘wilderness conservation’ ethos of the 1980s and 1990s to the ‘biodiversity on degraded lands’ ethos of recent years. Most conservation biologists now consider that wilderness conservation alone is no longer sufficient to conserve biodiversity, and conservation strategies must also demand more effective protection for biodiversity on degraded lands. Recognition of this shifting paradigm in biodiversity conservation has led to an overt change in tone of recent studies, emphasizing relatively modest effects of human disturbance, and high biodiversity values on some degraded lands. A case in point is a series of studies from Southeast Asia reporting relatively modest impacts of logging on biodiversity, with the majority of species (75%) persisting after repeated intensive logging. This is a marked shift in conservation message after >30 yrs of research showing substantial adverse effects of logging on biodiversity, and raises serious questions about the appropriate ways to qualify the conflicting messages that ‘human impact degrades biodiversity’ yet ‘degraded habitats have high biodiversity value.’ Clearly logging is the lesser of two land‐use evils compared with conversion to intensive cattle pastures, crop fields or oil palm plantations, but there is a real risk that overselling the ‘biodiversity on degraded lands’ paradigm might end up being a double‐edged sword for conservation management. After all, if >75 percent of species are resilient to repeated logging, why bother trying to preserve the few remaining wilderness areas from being logged themselves? It remains to be seen whether this new message of ‘weak’ effects of logging on biodiversity will serve its strategic purpose of conserving biodiversity on degraded lands, or simply devalue the last vestiges of wild nature. 相似文献
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中亚热带地区是中国南方重要的木材生产基地, 大量的地带性常绿阔叶林被转换成以杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)为代表的人工林。白蚁是森林中最主要的社会性昆虫之一, 其取食行为既对森林类型转换后林中的树木产生危害, 也对林间枯枝落叶的分解具有十分重要的意义, 但对二者缺乏统一的认识。本文以中亚热带典型的米槠(Castanopsis carlesii)次生林、米槠人工林和杉木人工林为研究对象, 调查了不同林分白蚁的活动特点及其范围。结果表明, 米槠次生林与杉木、米槠人工林中均普遍存在白蚁取食现象, 但白蚁对次生林的取食高度和面积均远低于人工林。白蚁对生物多样性较高的米槠次生林树干韧皮部的取食面积仅分别为米槠人工林的1.65%和杉木人工林的0.59‰, 取食高度的11.1%和1.2%。同时, 白蚁对杉木韧皮部的取食显著大于米槠, 对杉木的取食面积和高度分别是米槠的27.7倍和9.2倍。每隔0.5 m为一个统计区间, 白蚁对杉木树干2 m以下韧皮部取食面积比例由低往高为4 : 3 : 2 : 1, 对米槠1 m以下高度部位的取食面积比为99 : 1。此外, 白蚁对次生林地表覆盖的凋落枝和凋落叶的平均取食面积分别为51.7%和46.1%, 而人工林对应均值分别为17.5%和29.4%, 均表现为次生林高于人工林。这些结果表明白蚁对生物多样性较高的次生林危害小于杉木人工林, 且在人工林中可见危害主要体现在白蚁对韧皮部的取食, 在次生林主要体现在白蚁对凋落物残体的分解作用, 这为区域森林经营管理提供理论支撑。 相似文献
14.
粤东地区速生桉树林与天然林枯枝落叶层无脊椎动物多样性比较 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
研究比较了粤东地区天然林和速生桉树林枯枝落叶层无脊椎动物的群落结构以及菌食性蓟马的物种多样性.结果表明,螨类、弹尾目、双翅目幼虫、膜翅目、缨翅目和鞘翅目构成了该地区天然林枯枝落叶层无脊椎动物群落的主要成分,它们的个体数占天然林枯枝落叶层无脊椎动物总个体数的96.5%;而螨类、弹尾目、双翅目幼虫和鳞翅目幼虫则是速生桉树林枯枝落叶层无脊椎动物群落的主要成分,它们的个体数占全部个体数的96.3%.天然林的多样性指数H′、均匀性指数J、DG指数均比速生桉树林高,Simpson优势度指数D比桉树林小,菌食性蓟马种类和个体数也显著多于桉树林,说明速生桉树林凋落物无脊椎动物多样性不及天然林丰富,但螨类数量巨大,占桉树林无脊椎动物总数的77.6%,以致两种林分凋落物无脊椎动物的平均密度差异不显著.表明保留桉树人工林的林下植被和凋落物对提高速生桉树林枯枝落叶层无脊椎动物的群落多样性具有重要意义. 相似文献
15.
Aim To describe the coleopteran fauna occurring in canopies of temperate Gondwanan tree species in terms of their diversity and guild and taxonomic structures, and to test the proposition that this structuring reflects the Gondwanan origins of this fauna. Location The Andes and the coastal cordillera of temperate Chile. Methods Canopy fogging was used to sample beetles from 29 trees. The samples were statistically described using Schao and the Simpson diversity index D. Cluster analyses and multi‐dimensional scaling (MDS) were performed. The taxonomic and guild structures of the Chilean coleopteran fauna were compared quantitatively with those found in other parts of the world using homogeneity chi‐square and t‐tests. Results A collection of 25,497 beetle specimens was obtained primarily from Nothofagus dombeyi, Nothofagus obliqua and Araucaria araucana. The specimens collected were distributed between 485 morphospecies and included 107 putative, new generic‐level taxa and 223 apparently undescribed species. Estimates of the size of the canopy beetle fauna showed that 600+ species were likely to be present. The communities found on a tree species differed markedly between years. MDS plots showed less community divergence between tree species for predators than for phytophages and xylophages. The guild structure was similar to that found on Australian ‘Gondwanan’ trees but differed significantly from the community structures found on ‘Laurasian’ tropical and temperate trees in supporting fewer phytophages and saprophages, but more xylophages. The predator guild showed a different pattern, with tropical faunas differing from those of more temperate regions, irrespective of hemisphere, as did the distribution of superfamilies. Main conclusions The beetle fauna found in the canopies of N. dombeyi, N. obliqua and A. araucana was large (600+ species), with about half of the species undescribed. Schao was found to vary with sample size and to give lower estimates of S than species attenuation curves, raising the possibility that the two methods are estimating the sizes of different statistical communities. It is possible that the attenuation curve is estimating the number of species to be found on a particular tree species, while Schao is estimating the ‘carrying capacity’ for beetle species of individual trees, and this varies from tree to tree. Care also needs to be taken in experimental design when monitoring temporal changes in forest insect communities given the difference in communities found between years in this study. The proportions of phytophages, saprophages and xylophages resemble those of a ‘Gondwanan’ rain forest from Australia and differ significantly from those of tropical and temperate ‘Laurasian’ forests. 相似文献
16.
茶园间作不同绿肥对节肢动物群落结构和多样性的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
【目的】研究在茶园中合理间作绿肥对茶园节肢动物群落结构和多样性的影响。【方法】本文在茶园中分别设间作铺地木兰+罗顿豆、圆叶决明+白三叶、白三叶+平托花生3种不同绿肥组合处理,并设不间作绿肥、常规除草的茶园为对照。【结果】间作不同绿肥均能提高茶园节肢动物群落的物种丰富度和群落多样性,提高茶园捕食性天敌昆虫、蜘蛛和寄生性天敌在茶园冠层群落的比率;不同处理茶园冠层节肢动物Shannon-wiener多样性指数(H)、Simpson指数(D)和均匀度指数变化趋势基本一致;茶冠层的节肢动物群落多样性指数在4类不同处理茶园间差异显著;间作绿肥增加了茶园的生物多样性,4类不同处理茶园茶冠层群落相似性系数在0.741~0.892之间,表明4类不同处理茶园冠层群落在物种组成上有较高的相似性。4类不同处理茶园害虫与天敌两类群功能团的丰盛度之间成显著的正相关,表明天敌对害虫的空间数量跟随效应强,主要表现为二者数量间的相互作用。灰色关联度分析表明在4类不同处理茶园中的群落节肢动物物种数/个体数、天敌物种数/害虫物种数、害虫丰富度与多样性指数和均匀度指数的关联系数较高,反应了群落的多样性和稳定性。【结论】间作增强了茶园群落的生物多样性,提高害虫天敌的种类和个体数,有利有效发挥天敌对有害生物的生态控制。 相似文献
17.
生长素应答因子(ARF,auxin response factors)是一类可以结合在生长素应答基因启动子部位的转录因子,在植物的生长发育中起至关重要的作用。本研究以谷子为材料,共鉴定出24个ARF基因,命名为Si ARFs。利用生物信息学对谷子Si ARFs基因的结构、染色体分布、基因倍增模式、系统进化以及基因的表达模式进行分析。结果表明,Si ARF基因家族在染色体上呈不均匀分布,除2号染色体外,其他染色体上都有该家族基因,基因的扩增模式为分散复制与片段复制。Si ARFs基因家族具有相对保守的结构,即包含1个保守的B3 DNA结构域、ARF结构域和Aux/IAA结构域,ARF蛋白的3D结构含有3个α螺旋和7个β折叠结构。进化树分析表明谷子ARF蛋白和物种相近的高粱、玉米聚在一起。大多数ARF基因在谷子根、茎、叶和穗中都有表达,且不同基因表达量有较大差异。 相似文献
18.
通过调查,对Araucaria cunninghamii和A.heterophylla的选模式和中国分类学文献(如<广州植物志>、<中国树木学>、<中国高等植物图鉴>、<中国植物志>、<中国树木志>、、<中国高等植物>)的A.cunninghamii和A.heterophylla(或A.excelsa)作比较,证实中国分类学文献中的A.cunninghamii和A.heterophylla(或A.excelsa)分别是A.heterophylla(Salisb.)Franco和A.cunninghamii Aiton ex A.Cunn..这两种植物的叶形变化较大,但有明显的区别:诺福克南洋杉A.heterophylla幼树的末级小枝的叶细长呈线形、叶尖急尖,牛长角小于45°,腹面无明显的脊,成龄株的末级小枝的叶扁平呈鳞片状;南洋杉A.cunninghamii幼树的末级小枝的叶呈两侧扁的钻形、叶尖短刺状,生长角45°-90°,腹背两面具明显的脊,成龄株的末级小枝的叶呈四棱状钻形. 相似文献
19.
基于长期定位监测数据,量化揭示了红锥纯林（Castanopsis hystrix）、10种与30种乡土树种混交林等3种乡土人工林植物群落的生物量、物种多样性、生物热力学健康水平（eco-exergy）和土壤理化性状在种植后13年内的发展动态,并与尾叶桉（Eucalyptus urophylla）纯林,以及自然恢复系统（灌草坡）进行了比较。结果表明：（1）研究期间,5种恢复模式的植物群落生物量均呈现波动上升趋势,但在发展节率上有所差异。13龄时的尾叶桉纯林与两种乡土树种混交林生物量显著高于其各自1龄时的水平,且显著高于自然恢复灌草坡;相较于其他人工林,红锥纯林生物量增长缓慢,但快于灌草坡;（2）5种恢复模式植物群落的物种多样性（物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou均匀度指数）在6至13龄间均呈下降趋势,且30种乡土树种混交林下降趋势最为显著。13龄时,两种混交林Shannon-Wiener指数略高于两种纯林,显著高于灌草坡;10种乡土树种混交林的Pielou均匀度指数略高于红锥纯林与30种乡土树种混交林,显著高于尾叶桉纯林与灌草坡。（3）4种人工林的植物群落生物热力学健康水平皆在6至13龄间显著增加;13龄时两种乡土混交林群落生态显著高于两种纯林,两种纯林显著高于灌草坡,且该差异主要源自于乔木层生态的差异。（4）不同植被恢复模式中,10种乡土树种混交林土壤养分的累积效果最佳,13龄时其土壤总氮含量显著高于红锥纯林和自然恢复灌草坡,但与30种乡土树种混交林和尾叶桉纯林无显著差异。（5）冗余分析结果显示,研究期间植被与土壤间的相关关系逐步建立,土壤理化性状对地上植被结构变化的解释度由1龄时的73.3%逐步上升至13龄时的82.0%,但只有土壤有机碳含量在13龄时与地上植被结构的相关性达到显著水平。上述结果表明,乡土种人工林与外来种人工纯林群落结构、生物热力学健康水平、及植被与土壤间关系的发展规律相似,且相对而言,混交林优于纯林,纯林优于自然恢复灌草坡。植被恢复的起始物种丰富度并不是越高越好;发展到13龄时,10种乡土树种混交林在植被结构与土壤改良方面均优于30种乡土树种混交林。植被与土壤间相关关系的建立是一个长期的过程,不同植被恢复模式对土壤理化性状的差异性影响难以在短期内有所显现。 相似文献
20.
Luis Huala Jimenez Ramón Rebolledo Ranz Rubén Carrillo López Mario Elgueta Marco Paredes Honorato 《Revista Brasileira de Entomologia》2018,62(2):119-124
Calvertius tuberosus (Curculionidae) lives exclusively on Araucaria araucana trees (commonly known as pehuen) in southern Chile. In this study, morphometric and molecular genetic analyses of Andean and coastal populations of C. tuberosus were performed to evaluate evolutionary divergence associated with the discontinuity of the Araucaria forest between the coastal and Andean regions. Specimens of C. tuberosus were collected in Nahuelbuta National Park, Villa Las Araucarias, and Malalcahuello National Reserve and were classified and stored at the Animal Biotechnology Researching Laboratory (LINBA), University of La Frontera, Temuco, Chile. Thirteen morphometric parameters and the expression patterns of ISSR (inter-simple sequence repeat) markers were analyzed. Morphometric data revealed high phenotypic similarity between coastal populations. The genetic analysis revealed a high similarity between coastal populations (genetic identity, 93%), which were differentiated from the Andean population (genetic identity, 84%). This study contributes new genotypic and phenotypic data for the C. tuberosus populations in forest ecosystems of A. araucana, and clarifies the associations between these characteristics and the geographic distributions of populations. 相似文献