肠毒素C2中Met24对其超抗原活性无重要作用

目的:分析金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素C2的T细胞受体结合区域α3结构中,第24位甲硫氨酸对其超抗原活性的影响作用.方法:应用定点突变技术对金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素C2的Met24进行无意义突变,获得突变蛋白SEC2(M24A),对突变蛋白和野生型蛋白的体内、体外超抗原活性进行比较.结果:分别对野生型蛋白及突变蛋白的免疫刺激活性、肿瘤抑制活性、体内致热毒性进行了比较,发现突变蛋白的增值指数(PI)、抑瘤率、热源效应与野生型相比无显著差异(P＞0.05),这表明对第24位甲硫氨酸的替换没有对金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素C2的超抗原活性造成明显影响.结论:在金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素C2的α3结构中,Met24并不是决定其超抗原活性的重要氨基酸残基.     

金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素C的原核表达、纯化及活性鉴定

目的：在大肠杆菌中表达金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素C（SEC）,并对其活性进行检测。方法：以金黄色葡萄球菌基因组为模板扩增SEC基因,经测序正确后插入原核表达载体pBV220中,转化大肠杆菌DH5α后温度热诱导重组SEC表达;表达产物经阳离子柱纯化后,用ELISA鉴定其抗原性;通过观测表达产物对鼠脾淋巴细胞的刺激增殖情况,检测其超抗原活性。结果：构建了SEC-pBV220原核表达载体,在大肠杆菌中可快速、高效表达SEC蛋白,表达产物具有超抗原活性。结论：实现了SEC的原核表达。     

金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素B研究进展

金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素B型(SEB)是一种典型的T细胞性超抗原,可引起T细胞多克隆活化。本文综述了金黄色葡萄球菌SEB的结构功能,生物学效应,诊断及治疗方面的研究进展,并重点介绍了金黄色葡萄球菌SEB的临床应用。     

金黄色葡萄球菌超抗原肠毒素临床应用研究进展

金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素(staphylococcal enterotoxins,SEs)是由金黄色萄萄球菌产生的一类典型超抗原(Superantigen,SAg)。与传统抗原不同,超抗原无须经抗原提呈细胞(Antigen presenting cell,APC)加工处理,可直接与主要组织相容性复合体II类分子(Major histocompatibility complex class II molecules,MHC II)及T细胞受体Vβ区(Variable pacts of the T cells receptor,TCR Vβ)特异性结合,极低浓度即可刺激大量T细胞增殖,产生大量有生物学活性的细胞因子(如TNF-α、TNF-β、IFN-γ、IL-2等)和抗肿瘤效应。本文综述了近年来超抗原金葡球菌肠毒素在恶性肿瘤的临床应用、存在问题和解决策略等的进展,针对Trousseau综合征利用超抗原开发新药进行了展望,并介绍了SEC2在临床用于骨病治疗的情况。     

金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素中毒的免疫治疗策略

金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素（staphylococcal enterotoxins,SEs）是由金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus）分泌的一类具有呕吐活性的细菌外毒素，可引起严重的炎症反应和食物中毒。SEs具有超抗原活性，可与T细胞受体的可变区和MHC II类分子形成三元复合物（TCR-SEs-MHC II），直接刺激T淋巴细胞大量产生肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor α,TNF-α)、白介素（interleukin,IL）-2、IL-6和γ干扰素（interferon γ,IFN-γ）等细胞因子，从而导致中毒性休克综合征（toxicshocksyndrome, TSS）。在临床常见的SEs中，肠毒素A (staphylococcalenterotoxin A, SEA)和肠毒素B(staphylococcal enterotoxin B,SEB)是出现频率最高、毒性最大、危害最严重的两种。目前尚没有针对SEs中毒治疗策略的综述性研究。本文首先概述了SEs的分类、结构及毒性作用，重点围绕SEA和SEB，分析了TCR-SEs-MHC II类...     

产毒金黄色葡萄球菌鉴定及在百叶中生长与产毒特性分析

从生鲜食品中分离鉴定得到产肠毒素SEA的金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphyloccocus aureus）菌株,研究金黄色葡萄球菌在百叶中的生长变化及产肠毒素特性。将不同浓度的金黄色葡萄球菌同时接种到减菌（样品组）和未减菌（对照组）百叶中,高、低初始接种量分别控制在4.0 lg(cfu/g)和2.0 lg(cfu/g)左右,并定时追踪不同储存温度条件下百叶中金黄色葡萄球菌的活菌数及产毒情况。金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素的检测采用商业化的ELISA试剂盒。在37 ℃储存过程中,金黄色葡萄球菌在样品组中不但能生长良好并在18 h后菌落数可达到7.0 lg(cfu/g)并被检测出肠毒素,对照组中金黄色葡萄球菌生长良好菌落数可达到7.0 lg(cfu/g)却未检测出产肠毒素。在25、15和5 ℃储存过程中,样品组和对照组百叶都未检测出肠毒素。温度对金黄色葡萄球菌在百叶中是否产肠毒素具有决定性的作用,且百叶中本身存在的杂菌可能可以抑制金黄色葡萄球菌产肠毒素。     

肠毒素C2蛋白C,N末端对其活性的影响

目的:分析金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素C2(SEC2)中N,C末端对其超抗原活性和可溶性表达能力的影响。方法:应用基因工程技术对SEC2的N,C末端进行部分删除,获得三种突变蛋白,并对其进行体外超抗原活性和可溶性表达能力的比较。结果:对SEC2的N,C末端的删除都在一定程度上影响其超抗原活性和可溶性表达能力,其中,N末端的两个删除突变体的超抗原活性分别降低40%和48%,而删除C末端则使其可溶性表达水平下降到野生型的20%左右。结论:SEC2蛋白分子的N末端对其超抗原活性起主要作用,C末端对其可溶性表达具有显著影响,而完整的SEC2分子对于其发挥最大生物学活性是必要的。     

安徽不同地区奶站牛奶中金黄色葡萄球菌及其肠毒素污染状况评估

目的评定安徽地区各奶站牛奶中金黄色葡萄球菌以及肠毒素的污染情况。方法通过从安徽省不同地区30所奶站采集乳样,进行乳源性金黄色葡萄球菌的分离与生化鉴定,并采用PCR技术对分离出的菌株进行金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素血清型鉴定。结果安徽省30个奶站中有4个地区奶站的牛奶中污染金黄色葡萄球菌;从污染牛奶中共分离出5株金黄色葡萄球菌,检出率为16.7%。经鉴定,所分离出的金黄色葡萄球菌中2株为肠毒素A型,1株为肠毒素C型,2株为同时产肠毒素A和肠毒素C。结论安徽省不同地区奶站中的牛奶污染的金黄色葡萄球菌产肠毒素类型以肠毒素A为主。     

葡萄球菌肠毒素的研究进展

葡萄球菌肠毒素是引起细菌性食物中毒的主要原因之一,葡萄球菌肠毒素按照血清学的方法可分为SEA、SEB、SEC1-3、SED和SEE等七个经典肠毒素。但仍有5％未知的新型肠毒素存在,其编码基因有seg、sei、sej、sek、sel等。葡萄球菌肠毒素也是一种超抗原,能刺激非特异性T细胞的大量增殖。本文对葡萄球菌肠毒素结构、编码基因和功能等方面的研究进展作了简要综述。     

金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素

金黄色葡萄球菌是一种重要的病原体,它产生多种类型的毒素,从而引起各种类型的疾病。金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素(Staphylococcal enterotoxins,SEs),是一组血清学上互不相同的热稳定肠毒素,有10个血清型。由于食入了被SEs污染的食品而主要引起肠胃炎,此外,SEs还是一种强的超抗原,它可以刺激非特异性T细胞增殖。SEs各型之间有着相似的结构和功能。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.