葡萄胚挽救苗移栽技术的研究

以欧洲葡萄无核品种与中国野生葡萄杂交的胚挽救苗为试材,系统地研究了移栽时期、胚挽救苗质量、移栽方法及移栽基质对葡萄胚挽救苗移栽成活率的影响。结果表明,春季选择壮苗,先无菌条件下移栽到珍珠岩中进行培养室炼苗,再经温室炼苗,移栽成活率最高,可达98．8％。初步探索出一套简单易行、实用高效的葡萄胚挽救苗优化配套移栽技术。     

葡萄抗病无核胚挽救育种及分子标记辅助选择

以欧洲葡萄无核品种为母本,中国野生葡萄双优、欧山杂种北醇及8个欧洲葡萄品种为父本共进行了16个组合的杂交,通过胚挽救技术获得胚挽救苗55个株系。利用无核基因特异引物GSLP1、抗黑痘病和抗炭疽病基因RAPD标记对杂种株系进行分子检测,杂种中检测出拥有无核基因RAPD标记的22株、拥有抗黑痘病基因RAPD标记的16株、拥有抗炭疽病基因RAPD标记的9株。在这些胚挽救杂种苗中,同时拥有无核、抗黑痘病、抗炭疽病基因RAPD标记的胚挽救苗4株,同时拥有无核和抗黑痘病基因RAPD标记的胚挽救苗9株,同时拥有无核、抗炭疽病基因RAPD标记的胚挽救苗1株。     

无核香味葡萄胚挽救育种研究

为创制无核香味葡萄新种质,该研究以7个无核葡萄品种为母本,4个玫瑰香味品种为父本,配置了9个杂交组合。田间杂交后,通过胚挽救技术离体培养杂种胚珠,使胚珠中幼胚继续发育,继而在幼胚萌发成苗后利用无核标记对F1代株系进行无核性状的早期检测,同时对杂种幼苗进行温室炼苗,最终移栽大田。结果表明:(1)利用胚挽救技术获得365个胚挽救株系,移栽大田并成活182株杂种苗。(2)对其中72个株系利用无核基因探针GSLP1-569与无核分子标记SCF27-2000进行无核性状检测,分别检测出8个和38个杂种后代携带无核特异性条带,初步确定为无核株系。(3)杂交组合中以‘红宝石无核’、‘火焰无核’、‘昆香无核’为母本的组合成苗率相对较高,较适宜做母本;香味品种中‘玫瑰香’更适合做为父本选育香味无核种质。(4)以‘火焰无核’和‘昆香无核’为母本的杂交组合分别在授粉后的43d和51d采样,胚发育率(6.96%~8.54%和16.92%~18.13%)和成苗率(6.45%和8.75%~10%)较高;‘红宝石无核’ב玫瑰香’、‘莫莉莎无核’ב玫瑰香’和‘波尔莱特’ב玫瑰香’3个组合分别在授粉后59~60d、54d、52d采样,胚挽救育种效果较好;杂交组合‘克瑞森无核’ב巨玫瑰’和‘奇妙无核’ב昆香无核’胚败育时期分别为授粉后39d和48d。(5)幼胚发育至子叶型胚时最易成苗,延长胚珠离体暗培养时间显著增加了畸形胚比率。研究认为,葡萄胚挽救育种过程中,胚珠离体培养时间在8~10周为宜。     

无核葡萄胚挽救影响因素的研究

分别以‘底莱特’和‘大粒红无核’自交、‘红宝石无核’ב新郁’和‘爱莫无核’ב黑奥林’胚珠为材料进行无核葡萄胚挽救影响因素的研究。结果显示:(1)‘底莱特’自交和‘红宝石无核’ב新郁’胚珠剥胚后萌发率分别为11.4%和10.0%,高于横切胚珠情况下的萌发率(5.5%、0.6%);(2)用Nitsch培养基培养的‘大粒红无核’自交和‘爱莫无核’ב黑奥林’胚珠的胚萌发率分别为9.5%和5.6%,胚状体诱导率分别为6.3%和3.9%,明显高于ER培养基的萌发率。结果表明:剥胚有利于无核葡萄胚的萌发;Nitsch比ER培养基更有利于胚萌发和胚状体诱导;同时,由于杂交亲本染色体倍性的差异导致胚萌发率不同,表现为:二倍体无核自交>二倍体无核×二倍体有核>二倍体无核×四倍体有核。     

假单性结实无核葡萄胚败育机理研究

以Flame Seedless、大粒红无核和京可晶3个假单性结实无核葡萄品种为试材,对其胚和胚乳的发育进行了细胞学观察,并初步探索了胚败育机理.结果表明:Flame Seedless、大粒红无核和京可晶3个无核葡萄品种胚乳开始败育的时期分别为花后29、42、34 d,胚开始大量败育的时期分别为花后39、51、45 d;假单性结实无核葡萄胚的败育是由于胚乳败育、胚缺乏营养所致.     

果树胚挽救技术育种研究进展

胚挽救技术在果树育种上的应用研究进展作了综述,并对应用中可能出现的问题,如胚龄、培养基和培养条件等进行了分析,初步提出了胚挽救技术培育果树新种质应用方面的不足和研究热点。     

无核葡萄品种的胚珠培养和胚分化(简报)

无核葡萄品种“白乐”和“美丽无核”的胚在授粉和受精后35～55d内在含有GA_30.3～0.4 mg/L,IAA 1.5～2.0mg/L的 B_2培养基上可以获得较高的萌发率,经过 45～70 d的培养可以分化出2～3个幼胚,最后形成小植株。     

无核葡萄品种的无核性来源分析

系谱分析表明,无核白是世界范围内无核葡萄育种的主要无核性来源,以其为最早的亲本材料,经过简单杂交或多亲多代杂交,培育了一系列的无核葡萄品种;无核紫和俄罗斯无核是部分无核品种的原始亲本材料之一;有核葡萄的无核芽变也是无核品种选育的重要途径。     

Flame Seedless葡萄胚珠、胚乳及胚发育与败育的研究

对Flame　Seedless葡萄胚珠、胚乳及胚的发育和败育过程进行了系统的细胞学观察,并以有核葡萄品种北醇为对照对Flame　Seedless的胚珠重量及纵横径进行了测定。结果表明：（1）Flame　Seedless内、外珠被及珠孔发育异常,20％～30％的子房未出现受精现象,受精的胚珠重量和纵横径随着胚珠的发育,先呈增加趋势,在某一时期达到最高值,随后下降,最终退化为痕迹。（2）大约有30％的胚乳核能够进行正常分裂,形成胚乳组织,胚乳在花后30d开始退化,其余胚乳核分裂异常。合子在盛花后第19天进行第一次分裂,经过二细胞原胚→多细胞原胚→球形胍,此后胚开始退化;也有的合子始终不发生分裂,最终退化。（3）由于胚乳分裂异常和提早退化,胚缺乏营养致使其发育中止和败育。（4）Flame　Seedless　胚挽救的最佳接种时期在花后第37天。     

赤霉素在无核白葡萄上的应用

国内外已有不少关于赤霉素应用于葡萄上的报导。总的说来,它对无核葡萄果实的膨大有显著地促进作用,能大幅度提高产量。新疆是我国无核葡萄的最大产区,是无核葡萄干的唯一生产基地,全区无核葡萄面积约三万亩,因此研究赤霉素在无核白葡萄上的应用,对于提高我国无核葡萄干产量,满足国内市场需要,争取外汇,具有重要意义。为此,我们先后在鄯善和吐鲁番连续进行了六年(1960—1966)赤霉素喷洒无核白葡萄的试验。现将研究结果,整理报导如下。     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Principles of organization and evolution of systems of regulation of functions

Evolution of living organisms is closely connected with evolution of structure of the system of regulations and its mechanisms. The functional ground of regulations is chemical signalization. As early as in unicellular organisms there is a set of signal mechanisms providing their life activity and orientation in space and time. Subsequent evolution of ways of chemical signalization followed the way of development of delivery pathways of chemical signal and development of mechanisms of its regulation. The mechanism of chemical regulation of the signal interaction is discussed by the example of the specialized system of transduction of signal from neuron to neuron, of effect of hormone on the epithelial cell and modulation of this effect. These mechanisms are considered as the most important ways of the fine and precise adaptation of chemical signalization underlying functioning of physiological systems and organs of the living organism