细菌II型毒素-抗毒素系统活性的调控

细菌毒素-抗毒素系统(Toxin-antitoxin system,TA)由稳定的毒素和不稳定的抗毒素构成,几乎存在于所有细菌中。已证明染色体编码的II型TA系统作为胁迫反应因子,通过毒素作用于不同的细胞靶点来调控重要的细胞活动过程,使细菌适应不同的环境胁迫。因此,毒素活性的调控是II型TA系统介导细菌适应性胁迫反应的关键。本文总结了II型TA系统毒素活性调控机制的研究进展,并介绍了作者近年来对模式蓝藻Synechocystis sp.PCC6803中II型TA毒素活性调控的研究结果。     

致病性鸡大肠杆菌pilA基因和外膜蛋白C基因的克隆、表达及其免疫原性

根据GenBank公布的致病性鸡大肠杆菌的Ⅰ型菌毛pilA基因和外膜蛋白C基因序列,分别设计了两对引物,并以分离的致病性鸡大肠杆菌基因组为模板,经PCR特异性扩增出pilA基因和ompC基因,基因产物大小为别为549 bp和1104 bp,与GenBank报道的参考菌株的两个基因序列的同源性为高达98.18%和97.28%.将扩增得到的两个基因分别定向克隆到原核表达载体pET-28a中,得到两个重组质粒pETpilA和pETompC.转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中,得到重组菌株BL21(pETpilA)和BL21(pETompC),经IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE分析分别可见表达的20 kD和40.9 kD的特异条带;Western blotting结果表明,两种蛋白可与抗体发生特异性结合,说明其具有良好的免疫原性.将表达的菌毛蛋白和外膜蛋白的菌株分别制成基因工程疫苗,免疫小鼠后,具有很好的保护能力.表明这两株基因工程菌株有望作为鸡致病性大肠杆菌基因工程疫苗的候选生产菌株.     

基于蜡螟感染模型研究亚抑菌浓度氟康唑对光滑念珠菌毒力的影响

目的 基于蜡螟感染模型探究亚抑菌浓度(sub-MIC)氟康唑(fluconazole, FLU)对光滑念珠菌毒力的影响。方法收集青海省人民医院2021年4月至2022年10月临床分离非重复的光滑念珠菌作为实验菌株,采用ATB法测定FLU对光滑念珠菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。采用蜡螟感染模型检测光滑念珠菌的毒力,并采用病理学和病原学方法评估建模是否成功。穿刺及不同sub-MIC FLU对健康蜡螟的影响：对照组不做任何处理,实验组分为三组,即PBS组(注射10μL PBS)、FLU亚组(分别注射10μL FLU药液,使感染蜡螟体内FLU浓度为0.5 mg/kg、1 mg/kg、2 mg/kg、4 mg/kg、8 mg/kg、16 mg/kg)和穿刺组(微量注射器穿刺但不注射)。不同sub-MIC的FLU对光滑念珠菌感染蜡螟的影响：采用2.50×10⁶酵母/只剂量感染蜡螟,2 h后,对照组再注射10μL PBS,实验组再注射不同浓度FLU工作液,观测对光滑念珠菌感染的蜡螟的治疗效果。结果 FLU对9株临床分离的光滑念珠MIC为8～32 mg/L,光滑念珠菌ATCC200...     

沙眼衣原体L2型主要外膜蛋白的原核表达及其抗原性分析

克隆表达沙眼衣原体(Ct)L2血清型的主要外膜蛋白(MOMP)基因,并鉴定重组MOMP(rMOMP)的抗原性,为进一步研究Ct感染的诊断和预防技术奠定基础。应用PCR技术对CtL2型标准株的MOMP基因进行特异性扩增,将扩增产物克隆入表达载体pET-32a(+),成功构建了rMOMP-pET-32a(+)表达质粒,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)后摇菌进行rMOMP的诱导表达、鉴定和纯化,免疫印迹和ELISA法分析显示rMOMP可与兔源抗CtL2多克隆抗体发生特异性反应,表明rMOMP具有良好的抗原性。     

大肠杆菌外膜蛋白ompW基因敲除菌的构建及其对两种抗生素的敏感性

探讨大肠杆菌ompW基因敲除后,硫酸新霉素和氨苄青霉素对敲除菌最低抑菌浓度(MIC)和生存率的影响,进而分析OmpW的功能.[方法]运用Red重组技术将大肠杆菌K12染色体上基因ompW敲除,构建缺陷株△ompW.然后分别测定硫酸新霉素和氨苄青霉素对正常菌和△ompW菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)及次抑菌浓度(1/2 MIC)下K12和△ompW菌的生存率.[结果]经PCR鉴定和通过提取膜蛋白进行western blot 分析表明,成功获得ompW敲除菌.抗生素分析表明,K12菌对硫酸新霉素的MIC为8.0 μg/mL,生存率为98.0％;△ompW菌对新霉素的MIC为1.7 μg/mL,而其生存率仅为39.0％.而k12对氨苄新霉素的MIC为16.0 μg/mL,△ompW为3.3 μg/mL;1/2 MIC下K12生存率为70.4％,而△ompW为30.3％.[结论]ompW基因缺陷株对两抗生素的敏感性大大增强,表明ompW在细菌抗性方面起着关键作用.     

亚抑菌浓度头孢他啶对大肠埃希菌生物膜形成的影响与其耐药性相关性研究

目的:探讨亚抑菌浓度头孢他啶对大肠埃希菌生物膜形成的影响与细菌耐药性、超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)产生及ESBLs基因分型的相关性,为临床生物膜感染的治疗和抗生素的合理使用提供理论依据。方法:大肠埃希菌最低抑菌浓度(MIC)检测采用琼脂平板倍比稀释法,超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLS)表型确证实验采用双纸片协同法,大肠埃希菌ESBLs基因检测采用PCR扩增,生物膜形成能力检测采用96孔板结晶紫染色法。结果:50株大肠埃希菌临床株对青霉素类、氟喹诺酮类、头孢哌酮及复方新诺明具有较高的耐药性,而对阿米卡星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦敏感性较高。所有菌株均对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物敏感。31株大肠埃希菌为ESBLs阳性菌株。CTX-M、TEM、OXA、SHV和VEB基因阳性率分别为93.5%、83.9%、19.4%、16.1%和3.2%。亚-MIC头孢他啶对9株(18.0%)大肠埃希菌生物膜形成具有抑制作用。亚-MIC头孢他啶对大肠埃希菌生物膜形成的影响与细菌耐药性和ESBLs均无相关性(P0.05)。结论:亚-MIC头孢他啶对大肠埃希菌生物膜形成的调控作用与细菌耐药性、产ESBLs及ESBLs基因分型均无相关性。     

细菌中I型毒素蛋白与细胞膜相互作用机制的研究进展

I型毒素-抗毒素（TA）系统在细菌基因组中广泛存在,在细菌的生长、生存中发挥多种生物学功能,包括抗菌、红细胞毒性、促进持留菌形成、抑制细菌生长或导致细菌休眠等。绝大部分I型毒素蛋白以细胞膜作为靶标,目前已知的一种作用机制是在细胞膜上形成孔洞结构,造成膜电位的下降或细胞膜的破坏,从而抑制ATP的合成或导致细菌死亡;另一种可能的作用机制是毒素蛋白作用在细胞膜上,改变细胞的形状,导致细胞进入休眠状态。I型毒素蛋白-细胞膜作用机制的复杂性和生物功能的多样性远超预期。因此,解析I型毒素蛋白在不同细胞膜中的组装机制及其所形成结构特征就变得非常重要,这也是揭示其结构-功能关系的关键。本文通过综述已报道的I型TA系统的结构特征与生物学功能,结合对其跨膜结构域的预测,探讨了其可能在细胞膜中形成的不同结构及其对功能的影响,分析了影响作用机制的关键因素。这些研究既给耐药细菌的治疗带来机遇,又为新型抗菌药物的研发带来思路。     

禽源性大肠杆菌O_1、O_2和O_(78)分离株外膜蛋白型的研究

对江苏省25个禽源性大肠杆菌O_1、O_2和O_(78)分离株的外膜蛋白型进行了测定。用改良的N-十二烷酰肌氨酸法提取其外膜蛋白,经SDS-PAGE电泳后,用考马斯亮蓝法进行染色。结果,8个O_1分离株,9个O_2分离株分属2个OMP型,其中的1个为二者所共有;而8个O_(78)分离株的OMP型也与该型相同。表明从江苏省分离到的禽源性大肠杆菌具有多样性的OMP型,而且这3个血清型的分离株中存在着共同的OMP型。     

高致病性2型猪链球菌毒素-抗毒素系统SezAT的鉴定与活性研究

【目的】对我国高致病性2型猪链球菌05Z33基因组的89K毒力岛序列进行生物信息学分析,发现存在一对与化脓链球菌Epsilon-zeta(ε-ζ)同源的Ⅱ型毒素-抗毒素系统(Toxin-antitoxin system,TA)——SezAT,推测该系统具有稳定89K毒力岛使其不易丢失的作用。验证SezAT为有活性的TA系统。【方法】对SezAT进行了生物信息学分析;RT-PCR验证SezAT共转录特性;在大肠杆菌中选择性地诱导表达毒素蛋白SezT和抗毒素蛋白SezA;最后通过同源重组技术敲除SezAT系统。【结果】sezAT由同一操纵子控制,SezT可抑制细菌生长,SezA可中和SezT的毒性作用,同源重组成功获得sezT敲除突变株。【结论】证实SezAT为一对有活性的毒素-抗毒素(TA)系统,为进一步研究SezAT可能发挥稳定89K毒力岛的功能,同时获得89K毒力岛缺失突变株并深入认识89K在我国高致病性SS2中的作用奠定了基础。     

亚抑菌浓度的穿心莲内酯及与红霉素联用影响表皮葡萄球菌生物膜形成的初步研究

目的 观察亚抑菌浓度(亚-MIC)穿心莲内酯及其与红霉素联用对表皮葡萄球菌生物膜形成的影响.方法 连续稀释法测定穿心莲内酯和红霉素对表皮葡萄球菌的MIC;棋盘格法测定穿心莲内酯和红霉素联用对表皮葡萄球菌悬浮菌的作用;体外构建表皮葡萄球菌生物膜,XTT减低法评价亚-MIC穿心莲内酯及与红霉素联用对表皮葡萄球菌生物膜内细菌代谢及初始黏附能力的影响,扫描电镜观察用药后表皮葡萄球菌形态和生物膜结构改变.结果 穿心莲内酯对表皮葡萄球菌悬浮菌的MIC大于1000 mg/L,穿心莲内酯和红霉素联用对表皮葡萄球菌悬浮菌的FIC指数(联合抑菌分数)＞2;亚抑菌浓度穿心莲内酯对表皮葡萄球菌生物膜黏附及膜内菌代谢均有抑制作用;穿心莲内酯和红霉素联用对表皮葡萄球菌的黏附能力的影响表现为协同作用,对悬浮菌和膜内菌代谢作用表现为拮抗.结论 亚抑菌浓度穿心莲内酯对表皮葡萄球菌生物膜黏附及膜内菌代谢均有抑制作用;穿心莲内酯和红霉素联用对表皮葡萄球菌悬浮菌及膜内菌代谢存在拮抗,提示临床治疗表皮葡萄球菌感染时应避免同时使用这两种药物.     

博落回提取物替代抗生素对肉鸡生长性能、盲肠微生物及盲肠紧密连接的影响

【目的】本研究旨在探讨博落回提取物(Macleayacordataextract,MCE)替代促生长抗生素(Antibiotic growth promoters,AGPs)对黄羽肉鸡生长性能、盲肠微生物及紧密连接mRNA表达的影响。【方法】试验选取体重相近、体型均匀、健康状况良好的1日龄温氏新黄鸡二号公鸡300只,随机分为5组,每组6个重复,每个重复10羽。分别饲喂基础日粮(NC)、抗生素日粮(ANT,基础日粮添加50 mg/kg那西肽和50 mg/kg金霉素)和试验日粮(基础日粮中添加200、400、800 mg/kg MCE),试验期60 d。【结果】日粮添加400 mg/kg MCE替代AGPs显著降低了料肉比(P0.05),并显著增加了盲肠长度(P0.05)。日粮添加MCE显著提高了肉鸡盲肠食糜中Firmicutes细菌数量和ClostridiumclusterXIVa数量(P0.05);MCE替代AGPs显著降低了盲肠Escherichia coli数量(P0.05)。400 mg/kg和800 mg/kg MCE替代日粮中AGPs显著增加了肉鸡盲肠食糜中总短链脂肪酸、乙酸和丁酸含量(P0.05);400 mg/kg MCE替代AGPs显著提高了盲肠中支链脂肪酸异丁酸和异戊酸的浓度(P0.05)。日粮添加MCE显著上调了肉鸡盲肠Claudin-1、JAM2、ZO-1的mRNA表达量(P0.05),并降低了黏蛋白MUC2、MUC5ac和MUC13的表达量(P0.05)。【结论】MCE替代AGPs可通过提高盲肠有益菌数量和短链脂肪酸浓度,促进肠道发育,提升肠道屏障功能等途径,改善黄羽肉鸡生长性能,本研究中其最适添加量为400 mg/kg。     

弧菌外膜蛋白OmpU的免疫交叉反应性和交叉保护性北大核心CSCD

【目的】通过对弧菌外膜蛋白Omp U的克隆、表达以及免疫学特性分析,明确外膜蛋白Omp U是否为弧菌的共同抗原,并具有免疫交叉反应性和交叉保护性。【方法】对弧菌外膜蛋白omp U基因进行克隆和生物信息学分析。分别制备副溶血弧菌、溶藻弧菌、创伤弧菌、拟态弧菌和霍乱弧菌的Omp U重组蛋白抗血清,对Omp U的免疫交叉反应特性以及抗原表位定位情况进行比较分析。以霍乱弧菌的Omp U重组蛋白免疫小鼠后,再以多种弧菌进行攻毒,分析其交叉免疫保护作用。【结果】外膜蛋白Omp U在弧菌种内和种间相似性分别为73.0%–100%和58.6%–89.0%,并至少存在9个保守的B细胞抗原表位。Omp U重组蛋白抗血清在弧菌种内和种间均产生显著的免疫交叉反应,识别弧菌中分子量35–40 k Da的同源蛋白。副溶血弧菌ATCC17802、创伤弧菌ATCC27562和拟态弧菌ATCC33653来源的Omp U重组蛋白抗体能识别供试菌株,提示这些菌株的Omp U抗原表位定位于细胞表面。Omp U重组蛋白对免疫后的小鼠具有交叉免疫保护作用,攻毒实验后小鼠相对存活率(RPS)为43.0%–100%。【结论】上述结果表明,外膜蛋白Omp U是弧菌中一种保守的共同抗原,具有免疫交叉保护性,可以作为弧菌广谱疫苗的候选抗原。     

Membrane topology and assembly of the outer membrane protein OmpA of Escherichia coli K12

The 325-residue outer membrane protein OmpA of Escherichia coli has been proposed to consist of a membrane-embedded moiety (residues 1 to about 170) and a C-terminal periplasmic region. The former is thought to comprise eight transmembrane segments in the form of antiparallel -strands, forming an amphiphilic connected by exposed turns. Several questions concerning this model were addressed. Thus no experimental evidence had been presented for the turns at the inner leaflet of the membrane and it was not known whether or not the periplasmic part of the polypeptide plays a role in the process of membrane incorporation. Oligonucleotides encoding trypsin cleavage sites were inserted at the predicted turn sites of the ompA gene and it was shown that the encoded proteins indeed become accessible to trypsin at the modified sites. Together with previous results, these data also show that the turns on both sides of the membrane do not possess specifically topogenic information. In two cases one of the two expected tryptic fragments was lost and could be detected at low concentration in only one case. Therefore, bilateral proteolytic digestion of outer membranes can cause loss of -strands and does not necessarily produce a reliable picture of protein topology. When ompA genes were constructed coding for proteins ending at residue 228 or 274, the membrane assembly of these proteins was shown to be partially defective with about 20% of the proteins not being assembled. No such defect was observed when, following the introduction of a premature stop codon, a truncated protein was produced ending with residue 171. It is concluded that (1) the proposed -barrel structure is essentially correct and (2) the periplasmic part of OmpA does not play an active role in, but can, when present in mutant form, interfere with membrane assembly.     

抗菌药对鲍曼不动杆菌外膜囊泡产量及主要生物学特性的影响

【背景】细菌耐药性已成为全球健康卫生和经济发展的巨大威胁。替加环素是治疗多重耐药肠杆菌所致严重感染的主要药物之一,但在2019年发现了可介导其高水平耐药的可转移替加环素耐药基因tet（X3）。外膜囊泡作为介导水平基因转移的新型方式,在介导tet（X3）水平转移中的作用目前尚无报道。【目的】以tet（X3）阳性替加环素耐药鲍曼不动杆菌34AB为对象,探究不同抗菌药物对其外膜囊泡产量及主要生物学特性的影响。【方法】采用微量肉汤稀释法测定细菌药物敏感性,超速离心法提取细菌外膜囊泡,BCA法测定外膜囊泡产量,使用马尔文纳米粒度电位仪测定外膜囊泡的粒径与电位,PCR法（定性）及RT-qPCR法（定量）检测外膜囊泡中携带的tet（X3）基因。【结果】相较于无抗生素对照组[（0.64±0.04） mg/mL],在不同抗菌药物亚抑菌浓度（1/2 MIC和1/4 MIC）处理后,34AB外膜囊泡的产量均有所增加,以头孢他啶[1/2 MIC,（2.83±0.57） mg/mL;1/4 MIC,（2.38±0.29） mg/mL]和美罗培南[1/2 MIC,（2.19±0.11） mg/mL;1/4 MIC,（1.96±0.37） mg/mL]作用最为显著（p<0.01）。同时抗菌药物作用后,各组外膜囊泡粒径和电位均有所降低,而携带的tet（X3）基因拷贝数均有所上升（2.80×10⁴-2.63×10⁷copies/μL）。【结论】抗菌药物的临床应用可能会导致耐药细菌外膜囊泡产量及携带的耐药基因丰度增加,进而增强其作为水平基因转移载体传播耐药基因的风险。     

Isolation, characterization and protein and polar lipid compositions of Paracoccus denitrificans outer membrane

Sucrose density gradient centrifugation of Paracoccus denitrificans strains ATCC 13543 and ATCC 17741 cell envelopes plus poly-β-hydroxybutyrate, isolated from organisms broken using a French pressure cell, revealed three bands of densities: I, 1.16 g/ml; II, 1.19 g/ml; III, 1.24 g/ml. On the basis of chemical and enzymatic assays and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis the bands were identified as: I, cytoplasmic membrane; II, poly-β-hydroxybutyrate; III, outer membrane plus poly-β-hydroxybutyrate. Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate was removed by increased low-speed centrifugation before deposition of cell envelopes. Density gradient centrifugation of cell envelopes gave a simple pattern of two bands, cytoplasmic and outer membranes. In both strains outer membranes showed a broad protein band at M_r 70 000–83 000 upon SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of samples solubilized at 25°C, which was not present in samples solubilized at 100°C, where a single major band was present of M_r 32 000 in strain ATCC 13543 and 35 000 in strain ATCC 17741. The major outer membrane protein stained positively for lipid in both strains, as did an M_r 70 000 protein, which was the second major protein in strain ATCC 17741. The second major outer membrane protein of stain ATCC 13543 had an M_r of 20 000 in unheated samples but 23 000 in heated samples. This protein was not present in strain ATCC 17741. Quantitative data on the polar lipid compositions of cell envelope fractions are presented.     

The role of the carboxy-terminal membrane-spanning fragment in the biogenesis of Escherichia coli K12 outer membrane protein PhoE

Summary PhoE protein of Escherichia coli K12 is an outer membrane protein which is supposed to span the membrane sixteen times. By creating a deletion which removes the last membrane-spanning fragment and studying the localization of the truncated PhoE, we show that this fragment is indispensable for trimerization and outer membrane localization. In addition, circumstantial evidence for the proposed topology model of the protein was obtained. An insertion mutation in a region supposed to be cell surface-exposed, interferes with the binding of a monoclonal antibody which recognizes a cell surface-exposed epitope of the protein.     

PhoE protein pore of the outer membrane of Escherichia coli K12 is a particularly efficient channel for organic and inorganic phosphate

This study was undertaken to investigate the proposed in vivo pore function of PhoE protein, an Escherichia coli K12 outer membrane protein induced by growth under phosphate limitation, and to compare it with those of the constitutive pore proteins OmpF and OmpC. Appropriate mutant strains were constructed containing only one of the proteins PhoE, OmpF or OmpC, or none of these proteins at all. By measuring rates of nutrient uptake at low solute concentrations, the proposed pore function of PhoE protein was confirmed as the presence of the protein facilitates the diffusion of P_i through the outer membrane, such that a pore protein deficient strain behaves as a K_m mutant. Comparison of the rates of permeation of P_i, glycerol 3-phosphate and glucose 6-phosphate through pores formed by PhoE, OmpF and OmpC proteins shows that PhoE protein is the most effective pore in facilitating the diffusion of P_i and phosphorus-containing compounds. The three types of pores were about equally effective in facilitating the permeation of glucose and arsenate. Possible reasons for the preference for P_i and P_i-containing solutes are discussed.     

Nature of the (Ca + Mg)-ATPase activator protein which associates with human erythrocyte membranes

(Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺)-ATPase activator protein associated with human erythrocyte membranes could be extracted with EDTA under isotonic condition at pH 7.6. No activator was released, however, using isotonic buffer alone. Like calmodulin, the activator in the EDTA extract migrated as a fast moving band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It was also heat-stable, was capable of stimulating active calcium transport and could stimulate (Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺)-ATPase to the same extent. When chromatographed on a Sephacryl S-200 column, it was eluted in the same position as calmodulin and a membrane associated (Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺)-ATPase activator prepared according to Mauldin and Roufogalis (Mauldin, D. and Roufogalis, B.D. (1980) Biochem. J. 187, 507–513). Furthermore, both Mauldin and Roufogalis protein and the activator in the EDTA extract exhibited calcium-dependent binding to a fluphenazine-Sepharose affinity column. On the basis of these data, it is concluded that the activator protein released from erythrocyte membranes by EDTA is calmodulin. A further pool of the ATPase activator could be released by boiling but not by Triton X-100 treatment of the EDTA-extracted membranes. This pool amounted to 8.9% of the EDTA-extractable pool.     

Fractionation of protein components of plasma membranes from the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata

A procedure has been developed for the separation of intrinsic proteins of plasma membranes from the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata. (Na⁺ + K⁺)-ATPase, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and acetylcholinesterase remained active after solubilization with the nonionic detergent dodecyl octaethylene glycol monoether (C₁₂E₈). These components could be separated by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-25. Fractions enriched in ouabain-sensitive K⁺-phosphatase or (Na⁺ + K⁺)-ATPase activity showed two bands in sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis corresponding to the α- and β-subunits. The (Na⁺ + K⁺)-ATPase was shown to have immunological determinants in common with a 93 kDa polypeptide which copurified with the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, also after solubilization in Triton X-100 and chromatography on Naja naja siamensis α-toxin-Sepharose columns. The data suggest that the α-subunit of (Na⁺ + K⁺)-ATPase associates with the acetylcholine receptor in the membranes of the electric organ.     

Isolation, cloning and expression analysis of EcPMA1, a putative plasma membrane H-ATPase transporter gene from the biotrophic pathogenic fungus Erysiphe cichoracearum

Little is known at the molecular level about the transporters involved in nutrient transfer in the plant/powdery mildew interaction. A PCR-based approach was used to identify and isolate a partial-length cDNA coding for an isoform of the plasma membrane H⁺-ATPase (EcPMA1) in the biotrophic pathogenic fungus Erysiphe cichoracearum. Southern analysis suggests that EcPMA1 exists as a single-copy gene. Sequence analysis indicated a high similarity of EcPMA1 to other fungal H⁺-ATPases. Expression of EcPMA1 increases in infected Arabidopsis leaves as the disease progresses, correlating with the growth of the pathogen.